Project Proposal

On
“EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND CFD ANALYSIS OF
AN SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE C.I. ENGINE
EXHAUST SYSTEM”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
Mr. Bipin Kumar [EU 00156]
Mr. Chandan Jha [EU 00228]
Mr. Durgesh Sharma [EU 00232]
Mr. Sachin Chorge [EU 00225 ]
Under The Guidance of

Mr. Shivaji Shelar

(Assistant Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ST. JOHN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
2019-2020
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 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that it is a bonafide record of project work entitled

“EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND CFD ANALYSIS OF AN

SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE C.I. ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEM”

by

Mr. Bipin Kumar [PID 00778]

Mr. Chandan Jha [PID 00665]

Mr. Durgesh Sharma [PID 00445]

Mr. Sachin Chorge [PID 00222]

Submitted to the University of Mumbai for the project topic proposal in partial fulfilment of the

requirement award of the degree of “Bachelor of Engineering” in “Mechanical Engineering”.

Mr. Vinod Surange Mr. Rajesh Bisane Dr. Ajoy Kumar

(Guide) (Coordinator) (Vice Principal & HOD)

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that

a. The written submission represents our ideas in own words and where other ideas or words

have been included.

b. We have adequately cited and referenced the original sources.

c. We will adhered to all principles of academic honesty and have not misrepresented or

fabricated or falsified any ideas/data/source in our submission.

d. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the

institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have not been properly

cited or from whom proper permission has been not taken when needed.

________________ ________________

Mr. Bipin Kumar Mr. Durgesh Sharma

[PID 00778] [PID 00778]

Add all 4 names 1 by 2 and sign

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 REFERENCES
1. Books:
Author A. & Author B. “Title of book”, publication, year, edition, page no. from ---- to.

e.g. V. Ganesh “ Internal combustion engine” Tata McGraw-Hill 2006, 5th ed. 206-311.

2. Journals/ articles:

Author a & Author B., title of paper/article, Journals name, volume.issue.page.no

e.g. Even w. & Steven D. “ Reduction of emissions by intensifying air swirl in a single cylinder DI
engine with modified exhaust system” ISSN2277-212 X 2011, Vol.4(2), pp.110-122.

3. Internet Wed/ Documents:

direct given link should be copy as it is.

e.g. http://esatjournals.net/ijret/2015v04/i02/IJRET20150402003.pdf

4. Newspaper article:
Name of Newspaper, Title of article, day -month-year of publish, page no. column no.

e.g. The times of India,” St. John college college mechanical students invents solar power car.” 25
June 2015 pp.4 (2)

5. Thesis:
Author A & author B, title of thesis, type of thesis, university name, publication year

e.g. Ashish C. and Dr. Faye A. “The heat transfer enhancement in porous media” Ph.D.
Rashtrasant tukdoji maharaj nagpur university Nagpur,2014

Page no 1 should be start from introduction and upper all are in roman
like I ii iii iv v vi small letters

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 1. INTRODUCTION
One of the major concerns worldwide is related with eventual depletion of fossil fuels, growing
ambient pollution and global warming hazards occurring on regular basis [1], mainly owing to
increased exhaust emissions such as that of Carbon Dioxide(CO2) [1 – 2]. Internal combustion
engines used for transportation and agricultural vehicles consume more fossil fuels and emit
significant amounts of atmospheric pollutants [4 – 5].. Researchers and environmental policy makers
notify that emissions have been recognized as a growing problem and give an impact to an
environmental pollution [3-4]. . The Carbon Monoxide (CO) formed due to rich mixture of fuel with
lower value of A/F ratiowhich slowsratio slows down physical and mental activity, particularly
produces causing headaches. Hydrocarbon (HC), Couse caused due tounburned to unburnt fuel,
uncompleted incomplete combustion, too rich or too lean mixture which can also affects central
nervous nerves system. [7-8]. India’s annual fuel demand is estimated to grow at the rate of 5.96% in
2019, which is significantly higher than 2018 [9].Nitrogen Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) Couse
dueformed due to leanlean A/F Mixturemixture, Poor combustion, Misfirewhich eaffect son
respiratory system, as well as cause irritation of Eyes eyes and nasal irritationnose. Particulate Matter
(PM) Couse due toformed during cold start, because of late injection of fuel, insufficient oxidantizers
s which ccause chronic diseases of lungs or hearts [610]. At the end India’s annual fuel demand is
estimated to grow at the rate of 5.96% in 2019, which is significantly higher than 5.30 % of 2018 [7-
8], Hence, there is essential need to have complete combustion of fuel with proper air fuel ratio as
well as re – use of exhaust gases, which would otherwise cause environmentally harmful emissions
[9]. The best way to optimize the utilization of exhaust gases is Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
system which encourages the usage of exhaust driven turbocharger as well as crank driven
supercharger technologies [10-11]. It has been observed that the turbo engine have a turbo – lag
problem, during which the turbocharger does not function until sufficient amount of exhaust gases is
created [13]

 Supercharger:
Supercharger use of crankshaft for its energy and produces power for
engine. It is directly coupled on crankshaft or connected with engine
through a belt. The atmospheric air get compressed and boost air
supplied to inlet. The supercharger does not have waste gate hence
emissions are more compare than turbocharger.
Advantages of super charger.

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 1. Due to the lower volumetric displacement of supercharged engine, frictional and thermal losses
are less.
2. Brake power will increase about 30-45 % because of increase in supercharged pressure as more
Amount of fuel will be burnt within the same period as the mass taken per stroke is increased.
3. The supercharged engine’s installation space requisite is smaller than that of naturally
Aspirated engine.
 Turbocharger:
Turbocharger use exhaust stream for its energy that run through a
turbine that itself spin the compressor. A turbocharged engine can be
more efficient than a naturally aspirated engine because the turbine
forces more intake of air, proportionately more fuel, into the
combustion chamber. In turbo charging, the turbocharger is being
driven by a gas turbine utilizing exhaust gases and has alternative
equipment that lower the carbon emission.
Advantages of turbocharger.
1. It produces more power than the same size naturally aspirated engine.
2. Better thermal efficiency than naturally aspirated and supercharged engine, because exhaust is
being used to do the work which otherwise would have been wasted.
3. Better fuel economy.
4. Better volumetric efficiency.
5. High speed obtained.
Add your data

Hence there is sheer utterneed to have complete combustion of fuel, proper air fuel ratio, and use
of exhaust gaseswhich cause emissions. The best wayway is to optimize the utilization of exhaust
waste gases is Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system which encouraging encourages the usage of
exhaust driven turbocharger and as well as crank driven supercharger technologies [24] (Properly
organize this reference). It has been observed that the turbo engine have a turbo -– lag problem,
during which the turbocharger does not function that is until the sufficient amount of exhaust gases is
created. Furthermore, turbocharger may experience severe vibrations as well as damage of exhaust
gate due to this problem.creates turbocharger not works also having more vibration, damage of waste
gate [18,22], more emission, and becomes somewhat noisy. and Also, Supercharger supercharger
efficiency reduces drastically after 30,000 km runsrunning, . It may also face there is timing problem,
6
sleep of belt and engine brake down. Sometimes bad and misfire. may also occur. Super-
turbocharged (Twin-charged) technology are used but the crank driven supercharger consumes
around 22 % of output power of engine. On the other side, Plastics plastics are high demand materials
[18, 20], Polyethylene or polythene is the most common. As of 2018, over 110 million tonnes of
polyethylene resins are produced annually accounting for 34% of the total plastics market. Its primary
use is in packaging (Plastic bags, films, geomembranes, and bottals), etc. [30]. The economic analysis
shows that the pyrolysis oil is able to replace diesel in terms of engine performance and energy
output, if the price of pyrolysis oil is not greater than 85% of diesel oil. Plastic Pyrolysis oil also
produced produces lower NOX, UHC, CO and CO2 emissions than the those produced due to oil
produced at a higher temperature, although diesel emissions were lower [31]. Today, also govt. of
India is also looking for replacement of diesel by other alternatives fuels, . this This tends to look for
the use of plastic in replacement of diesel [3]. Following table shows the Properties properties of
pyrolysis oil compared with Diesel diesel oil. [18-19]

Table 1.1. Properties of pyrolysis oil [7-8]

Property Polyethylene Diesel Pyrolysis oils from waste tire and waste
PE700
plastic are preparedare prepared and
Density@15 °C (kg/l) 0.844 0.8398
Kinematic viscosity@40 °C 3 2.62 apply withapplied onewith
(cSt)
Cetane index 47.99 49.5 cylinderone cylinder multipurpose
Aromatic content (%) 39.1 29.5 agriculture diesel engine. It is found
Poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (%) 8.9 2.9
Acid number (mg KOH/g) 19.4 0 that without engine modification, the tire
LHV (MJ/kg) 42.4 42.9 pyrolysis offers better engine
Ash content (wt.%) 0.006 <0.001
performance whereas the heating value
Hydrogen content (wt.%) 12.8 13.38
Carbon content (wt.%) 85.8 86.57 of the plastic pyrolysis oil is higher [33].
Oxygen content (wt.%) 1.4 0.05
Nitrogen content (wt.%) <0.1 <0.1
EVA900 presented longer ignition delay
Distillation temp @10% (°C) 148 196 period, lower efficiency (1.5–2%),
Distillation temp@50% (°C) 295 267.6
higher NOX and UHC emissions and
lower CO and CO2 in comparison to diesel ([34).]. RCCI uses in-cylinder fuel blending with at least
two fuels of different reactivity and multiple injections to control in-cylinder fuel reactivity to
optimize combustion phasing, duration and magnitude. The process involves introduction of a low
reactivity fuel into the cylinder to create a well-mixed charge of low reactivity fuel, air and
recirculated exhaust gases. The high reactivity fuel is injected before the ignition of the premixed fuel

7
occurs, using single or multiple injections directly into the combustion chamber. Plastic pyrolysis oil
could improve performance by modifying engine like RCCI engine which uses in-cylinder fuel
blending with at least two fuels of different reactivity and multiple injections to control in-cylinder
fuel reactivity to optimize combustion phasing, duration and magnitude. The process involves
introduction of a low reactivity fuel into the cylinder to create a well-mixed charge of low reactivity
fuel, air and recirculated exhaust gases [25-28]
Table 1.2Pyrolysis Oil Supply (7-8)
Years 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Tonnes 99 240 940 2222 3655 5001
Table 1.3 Pyrolysis Oil Cost per litter with comparison to Diesel Oil. ([7-8)]
Type Pyrolysis Oil Diesel Oil Difference
Cost/ Lt. in (Rs.) 42 66 24
2. The following study has focused on the impact of different modification made in
CI engine in terms of supercharged, turbocharged, and Tri-charged engines in
order to work at their optimum level of performance along with RCCI
combustion and emission optimization with the use waste plastic pyrolysis oil as a
fuel.
MOTIVATION
Through the working experience, survey and feedback of village farmers,
the initial cost and maintenance cost of 3 or 4 cylinder high HP engine tractor
engine is not affordable. They can afford single cylinder Tractor tractor cost but
the engine have less power and efficiency over various farm operation, . this This
inspired us to develop higher efficient and powerful single cylinder engine.
World’s 20 most polluted cities are located in India and poor air quality is already
a major public health issue. this This leads to reduced emission and as well as
saves the people’s life of people and national resources. In the New Policies
Scenario (NPS), Global global energy demand grows by more than a quarter to
2040. Non -– OECD countries will drive global oil demand in 2019, adding 1.1
million barrels per /day of growth, with China and India growing by 0.7 million
barrels per daymb/d. Demand in 2040 is expected to become about 106 million
barrels per daymb/d, which will be 11 million barrels per daymb/d greater than it
is today. The US dominates production growth to 2025: production increases by
over 5 million barrels per daymb/d during that period to a peak of 18.5 million
barrels per daymb/d, it is difficult to fulfill the fuel demand ,(IEA May 2019).
Furthermore, Production production and use of plastic is increase
increasing day by day, cause causing more pollutant pollution and harmfulharm

8
to the environment. Hence, there is need to use the waste plastic to save
environment and as well as reduce fossil fuel consumption.
BRIEF REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Read the papers and write main outcome from the paper in your language

The review of the literature exhibited that the studies within the purpose of this work can be classified
into two folds: i) Engine Performance and Emission and ii) Use of Pyrolysis oil in terms of
replacement of diesel.

1.1 Engine Performance and Emission

The trials on four cylinder diesel engine has been carried out by Algirdas Janulevius and Antanas
Juostas Algirdas J. et al. (2013) and several operations like plouthing, spike harrowing, rotary
harrowing, sowing and rolling were monitored on effective working, turns and stops, . it It is found
out that fuel consumption, CO2 and CO emissions are more during various working condition and
Nox NOx emission during stop. In another case study on A a John Deere 3140 tractor with multi
cylinder equipped with turbocharger done by ZunqingZheng and Hao Feng ZunqingZheng et al.
(2018) , was selected for trial it has been find out that the maximum power increased from 63.1 kW to
77.1 kW compared to naturally aspirated tractor. also Also lower emission as exhaust temperature
reduced from 640°C to 610°C. Through the field test on tractor and analyze the power required and
fuel consumption for various operation. Saurabh G. et al. (2016) has been concluded that farmers
are purchasing oversize tractors to which single cylinder low cost tractor is much suitable for various
operation.

only Only for few operation there is requirement of high power which can be
fulfilled by increasing power of single cylinder engine. A. Roagnoli et al. 2017 has
been conducted experimental evaluation on high-pressure multi-stage boosting
system i.e. turbo-super system, and he found out the that increase in pressure
does not affects the supercharger efficiency but while increasing temperature,
efficiency increases by 30.7%. further Further it can be improved up to 50%. it It
potentially uses supercharger with optimum controlled combustion condition i.e.
Reactivity Controlled Combustion Ignition (RCCI). The patent has been received
by John C . Hedrick and Steven G (2018) Fritz on Intake boost system for two
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cylinder engine having turbo-supercharging in which they suggested that the
Turbo-supercharged can be implement on multi-cylinder i.e. 12 and 16 cylinder
high HP engine successfully due to high pressure requirement. Mr. Marius Paul
et al. 2019 claim for patent on combination of turbocomprssor with positive
displacement of Wankel type rotary compound compressor system and found
reduction in emission and improvement of power, but after use for long time, the
wear and tear on blades of Wankel compressor and loss in power. Marius A. Paul
1991. Hence the centrifugal compressor be the suitable for the long life
application. Joseph F. Moody. 1986 Variable geometry turbo-charging with
electronic control, interfacing with the Engine Control Module (ECM), was
tested. This reduces turbo lag commonly associated with turbocharged engines.
Michael Buchman et al. 2018 has been proposed a method for turbo-charging
single-cylinder, four-stroke engines. They adds added an air capacitor-an
additional volume in series with the intake manifold, between the turbocharger
compressor and the engine intake-to buffer the output from the turbocharger
compressor and deliver pressurized air during the intake stroke the zero inertia,
and the infinite inertia model-were investigated.
4. Use of Pyrolysis oil in terms of replacement of diesel.
5. Serious challenge posed to the environment by the waste plastic in
terms of its non-degradability is threatening the human sustainability. Both
these issues can be addressed by converting the waste plastic into useful
energy. IoannisKalargaris et al. (2018), prepared the fuel from waste plastic
at 700 °C (PP700) and 900 °C (PP900) and used on a four cylinder diesel
engine. The engine’s combustion, performance, and emission characteristics
were analysedanalyzed and compared to diesel operation. It has been found
out that the both PP700 and PP900 enabled stable engine operation, with
PP900 performing slightly better in terms of efficiency and emissions.
However, PP700 and PP900 were found to have longer ignition delay
periods, longer combustion periods, lower brake thermal efficiencies,
higher NOX, UHC and CO emissions, and lower CO2 emissions in
comparison to diesel operation. B. K. Raj et al (2019) presents in his article,
blends of diesel and oils derived from waste plastic and waste tire were used
in a diesel engine, without any engine modifications and it has been found
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 out that, blending the pyrolysis oils to 10% with diesel could not improve
the thermal efficiency but the change in the brake specific fuel consumption
was to significant level. The oil was analysed by IoannisKalargaris et.al
(2017) and it was found that its properties are similar to diesel fuel. The
plastic pyrolysis oil was tested on a four-cylinder DI diesel engine running
at various blends of plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel from 0% to 100% at
different engine loads from 25% to 100%.%. The engine combustion
characteristics, performance and exhaust emissions were analysedanalyzed
and compared with diesel fuel operation. The results showed that the engine
is able to run on plastic pyrolysis oil at high loads presenting similar
performance to diesel while at lower loads the longer ignition delay period
causes stability issues. The brake thermal efficiency for plastic pyrolysis oil
at full load was slightly lower than diesel, but NOX emissions were
considerably higher. The results suggested that the plastic pyrolysis oil is a
promising alternative fuel for certain engine application at certain
operation conditions.B. K. Raj et al (2019), ) the conducted economic
analysis shows showing that the pyrolysis oil is able to replace diesel in
terms of engine performance and energy output if the price of pyrolysis oil
is not greater than 85% of diesel oil.
6. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

Through the literature review it is clear that ___________________________

Add what you got from the literature reviewtransportation vehicles and off road vehicles
have more pollutions and single cylinder engine is less efficient and power for various form
operations, need to use technology which can reduced emission of engine and improve efficiency,
while Tricharged engine for the same can be utilized to improve the efficiency and power capacity
of engine with reduction in emissions. Also, plastic waste causes serious environmental problems
such as soil and water contamination. furthermoreFurthermore, these plastics includes a
significant amount of energy that could be utilisedutilized to replace conventional fossil fuels.

7. RESEARCH GAP

Through the literature review it has been found that_____________________________, turbo

engine have turbo lag and correction factor problem, and supercharger consume output power, both
combine used effectively in milticylinder multi-cylinder engines. Variable geometry turbocharger
overcomes the turbo lag but more it is costlier, complicated, and difficult to maintain. The pyro diesel
were prepared from waste plastic and tested on multicylinder diesel engine in different proportions, .
11
henceHence, there is scope to implement analyze the performance of a single cylinder engine which
will run on pyro diesel, along with the combination of electrical driven supercharger and exhaust
driven turbocharger with reactivity control condition

Add after reading all the papers what you got from the literature review.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Write what you will do in your project from the research gap of your
work. What X done and what Y need to do.Today global warming, cost
fluctuation and depletion of fossil fuels (Petrol, Diesel), increase in energy
demand reveal the urgent necessity of developing reliable alternative energy
source. Recently, government of India is also looking to change conventional
I.C engines by electrical vehicles by 2030, but it is no more successful for the
heavy vehicles like tractors for various farm operations, trucks for load
carrying capacity, and marine engines. Also, A lack of charging infrastructure
and supply of grid power, has been a concern for automobile players looking
to enter the EV space. Hence there is a need to look for hybrid engines and
use of alternative fuel. The diesel engine has efficiency about 36 % only. most
Most of energy (around 25 %) is lost in exhaust and cause more emissions.
The exhaust driven turbocharger is can be used to utilize waste exhaust
energy to improve power, efficiency and reduce the emissions, but it has
turbo-lag problem as big disadvantage. The variable flow turbocharger (VGT)
turbocharger overcomes turbo-lag problem to some extent, but has high initial
and maintenance cost, The crank driven supercharger is one of the option for
improve performance of diesel engine, however, it also has problem of limit of
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 supercharging, slip of belt, and consumes around 22% of output power. The
limitations of both is resolved by twincharged system used efficiently in
multicylinder engines only due to availability of sufficient pressure. Thus,
encouraging the researchers to introduced electrical driven supercharged, and
exhaust and super driven turbocharged (Tricharged) system, to improve
performance of single cylinder engine. Plastic waste is in abundance and can
be converted into high quality oil through the pyrolysis process. This also have
has also driven the researchers to seek ways to convert the waste products into
high quality oils that could replace fossil fuels. This pyro diesel have has less
cetane Cetane no number and turbo charger also have has higher
compression ratio. thisThis may lead to have occurrence of misfire, lean
mixture, and uncompleted combustion. henceHence, this promote researcher
to look at reactivity control combustion ignition engine to optimize combustion
of pyro oil in tricharged engine.

13.METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP.

14.

Prepare Stepwise procedure to do project or tree diagram

Step-1: __________

Step-2:_____________

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Performance evaluation and emission analysis on single cylinder tricharged engine
The trial on single-cylinder four stroke diesel engine , having power 3.50 kW @ 1500 rpm is
carried out , which is shown in Fig. Number 6.2, and engine performance, emission analysis were

investigated.

Fig 6.1: Line Diagram of Tri-charged Engine Setup Fig 6.2: Single Cylinder 4 S CI Engine Test Rig.

in figFig. no 6.2,and engine performance, emission analysis were investigated. 1.Single Cylinder Four
Stroke Diesel Engine, 2. Flywheel 3. Starter Wheel, 4. Starter Motor, 5. Battery, 6. Supercharger, 7. Turbine,
8. Compressor, 9. EC Dynamometer, 10. Turbocharger, 11. Auxiliary Fuel Injector, 12. Intake Manifold, 13.
Exhaust Manifold, C1- Turbocharger, C2- Supercharger, C3- Electrical Charger The turbocharger then

assembled on exhaust manifold and taken trial with same loading conditions as 2 kg, 4 kg, 6 kg, 8 kg,
10 kg and on 12 kg. The auxiliary port then was opened and again compared the performance using
same method which is used for conventional and turbo engine. The engine will be modified with

14
crank driven supercharger with the help of gear and pulley arrangement and performance and
emission analysis will be carried out on same loading conditions as used for conventional engine.
Finally, the trial will be carried out with same loading conditions on combined electrical driven
(Battery powered) supercharged and exhaust driven turbocharged (tri-charged) engine and
performance parameter, . emission Emission analysis were investigate will be carried out and
compared with the conventional, supercharged, and turbocharged engines. The Pyrolysis oil will
prepare from the waste plastic and tested on tricharged engine with the reactivity controlled
conditions, along with and analyze analysis of the performance parameter and emissions.

Fig 6.1: Line Diagram of Tri-charged Engine Setup Fig 6.2: Single Cylinder 4 S CI Engine Test Rig.

1.Single Cylinder Four Stroke Diesel Engine, 2. Flywheel 3. Starter Wheel, 4. Starter Motor, 5. Battery, 6.
Supercharger, 7. Turbine, 8. Compressor, 9. EC Dynamometer, 10. Turbocharger, 11. Auxiliary Fuel Injector,
12. Intake Manifold, 13. Exhaust Manifold, C1- Turbocharger, C2- Supercharger, C3- Electrical Charger

Preparation of Pyrolysis oil

Figure 5 presents the schematic diagram of a fixed

bed pyrolysis reactor. The setup consists of a reactor
(Pressure cooker), condenser and collection tank. The
reactor is fitted with a pressure gauge and the top is
then brazed with copper pipe. This copper pipe is
passed three time in the custom condenser. The
condenser is provided with cold water inlet and hot
water outlet. The other end of condenser pipe is then
brazed to a glass collector of 5 Liters Capacity. The
pyrolysis reactor will fixed with 700 °C temperature
and 30 °C/min heating rate with the help of an,
Fig 6.3: Schematic diagram of the Pyrolysis Reactor
Electrical heater (240 V and 9.5 Amps). The whole
setup is used for pyrolysis of plastic to yield the useful bi-products.
15.
16.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Aim: From the literature review conducted several works has been carried
out for improvement of engine performance of multi-cylinder diesel engine, some
patents on single cylinder also in different part of the world, and not on single
15
 cylinder engine. Pursuant to this, following objectives are proposed in the present
investigation.
To improve power of single cylinder four stroke diesel engine to some extentWhat is the
overall aim of your project?
Objectives: Mention two or three objectives
1. To improve the efficiency of single cylinder four stroke engine

2. To reduce the emissions from the engine by some extendextent.

3. To improve power of single cylinder four stroke diesel engine to some extentd

17.SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED WORK

In view of the afore mentioned problem as specified from the literature review and objective of the
work, following scope is outlined for the present investigation:

a. Experimental evaluation and analysis of tricharged engine in comparison with conventional,

supercharged, and turbocharged engine.

Add 2 or 3 more

b. Preparation of pyro-diesel from waste plastic through pyrolysis process.

c. Testing of pyrolysis oil on tricharged engine with reactivity controlled combustion.

18.EXPECTED OUTCOMES

a. Efficiency of Single cylinder engine should increase to some extend extent to cope up the
performance of multi-cylinder engines.

b. Emission HC, CO, Nox NOx should reduce to some extent.

3 Or 4 outcomes.
19.TENTATIVE PLAN OF WORK

c. Pyrolysis oil can be the replacement of diesel.

20. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION

16
 The experimentation evaluation is carried out in Apex Innovation research Lab. IC Engine set up
under test is having power 3.50 kW @ 1500 rpm which is 1 single cylinder, four stroke , constant
speed, water cooled, diesel engine, with cylinder bore 87.50 (mm), stroke length 110.00(mm),
connecting rod length 234.00(mm), compression ratio 18.00, Swept volume 661.45 (cc),. observation
Observations are as follows.

Torque BP FP IP BMEP IMEP BTHE ITHE Mech Air Fuel SFC Vol A/F
(Nm) (kW) (kW) (kW) (bar) (bar) (%) (%) Eff. Flow Flow (kg/kWh) Eff. Ratio
(%) (kg/h) (kg/h) (%)
0.64 0.11 2.55 2.66 0.12 2.98 2.06 50.82 4.04 26.53 0.45 4.17 70.49 59.20
3.57 0.59 2.52 3.11 0.68 3.56 9.27 48.62 19.06 26.17 0.55 0.92 70.97 47.78
7.41 1.21 2.36 3.57 1.41 4.14 16.08 47.31 33.99 25.94 0.65 0.53 71.15 40.06
10.97 1.78 2.21 4.00 2.08 4.67 20.45 45.85 44.60 25.64 0.75 0.42 70.96 34.32
14.58 2.34 2.20 4.54 2.77 5.36 22.42 43.43 51.63 25.24 0.90 0.38 70.55 28.16
17.80 2.83 2.12 4.95 3.38 5.92 24.33 42.60 57.12 25.06 1.00 0.35 70.92 25.16
21.37 3.37 2.02 5.39 4.06 6.49 26.36 42.15 62.54 24.72 1.10 0.33 70.47 22.56
Table 10.1: Experimental Evaluation on Conventional Diesel Engine

Table 10.2: Experimental Evaluation on Turbocharged Diesel Engine

Torque BP FP IP BMEP IMEP BTHE ITHE Mech Air Fuel SFC Vol Eff. A/F
(Nm) (kW) (kW) (kW) (bar) (bar) (%) (%) Eff. Flow Flow (kg/kWh) (%) Ratio
(%) (kg/h) (kg/h)

0.66 0.11 2.80 2.91 0.12 3.32 2.35 62.52 3.75 30.11 0.40 3.65 86.610 75.27

3.80 0.63 2.59 3.22 0.72 3.70 10.82 55.38 19.53 32.44 0.50 0.79 89.915 64.88

7.43 1.22 2.53 3.75 1.41 4.34 16.15 49.64 32.53 35.82 0.65 0.53 99.305 67.58

11.10 1.80 2.57 4.37 2.11 5.11 20.70 50.14 41.29 39.54 0.75 0.41 109.61 52.72

14.35 2.31 2.50 4.81 2.73 5.68 23.37 48.69 47.99 44.26 0.85 0.37 122.58 52.07

17.74 2.81 2.41 5.21 3.37 6.26 25.41 47.22 53.82 46.75 0.95 0.34 129.58 49.21

21.52 3.37 2.33 5.70 4.09 6.92 26.35 44.62 59.07 50.96 1.10 0.33 141.25 46.32

Table 10.3: Experimental Evaluation on Turbocharged Engine with Auxiliary System

Load Torque BP FP IP BMEP IMEP BTHE ITHE Mech Air Fuel SFC Vol Eff. A/F
(Nm) (kW) (kW) (kW) (bar) (bar) (%) (%) Eff. Flow Flow (kg/kWh) (%) Ratio
17
 (%) (kg/h) (kg/h)
0 0.56 0.09 2.80 2.90 0.11 3.29 2.03 62.29 3.25 32.24 0.40 4.23 89.38 80.6
2.09 3.79 0.62 2.64 3.26 0.72 3.76 10.73 56.09 19.13 35.10 0.50 0.80 97.29 70.2
4.14 7.52 1.23 2.54 3.77 1.43 4.38 17.63 54.11 32.59 38.38 0.60 0.49 106.39 63.96
6.04 10.96 1.78 2.54 4.31 2.08 5.06 21.84 53.04 41.17 42.54 0.70 0.39 117.91 60.77
7.91 14.35 2.31 2.43 4.74 2.73 5.60 23.35 47.94 48.71 46.54 0.85 0.37 129 54.75
9.89 17.95 2.82 2.33 5.16 3.41 6.22 24.31 44.38 54.77 49.61 1.00 0.35 137.52 49.61
11.77 21.35 3.34 2.29 5.63 4.06 6.84 26.10 44.03 59.27 52.69 1.10 0.33 146.04` 47.9
Sr. No. Activity Tentative deadline Status
1 Literature Review July 2019 Completed
2 Add one by one steps
3
4
5
6

21. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Volumetric efficiency in an internal combustion 160
G.1 X=Load (kg) Y= ɳ Vol
140
(%)
engine design refers to the efficiency with which 120
100
the engine can move the charge of fuel and air 80
60
into and out of the cylinders. The flow restrictions 40 VOL EFF
OPEN
20
in the intake system create a pressure drop in the 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
inlet flow which reduces the density, hence with
the use of turbocharger the volumetric efficiency
is increased from 70.47% which is double to
160
141.25% by using turbocharger and 146.04% 140 G.2 X= Load (kg) Y = NOx (ppm)
120
slightly decreased by using auxiliary turbocharger.
100
800
NOx gases are usually produced from the reaction 600 CO
NV
among Nitrogen and Oxygen during combustion 400
200
of fuels, which has significant impact on the 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
ozone Ozone layer. It has been found out that the
Conventional conventional engine emits NOx at
the rate of 1336 ppm which is reduced using
18
7
6 G.3 X = Load (kg) Y = CO2 (%)
 4
3
turbocharger to 1040 ppm and effectively reduced using auxiliary turbocharger to 915 ppm only,
CO
2
which is shown in graph no (G.2) NV
1
The effect of CO2 is shown in graph no 3.0 It is observed that using auxiliary system for
turbocharger, the CO2 emissions can be reduced to 4.3 %
0 using 2turbocharger,
4 whereas
6 using
8 auxiliary
10 12
turbocharger it is reduced to from 5.9 % to 3.7 % from 5.9 %. Hence using turbocharging, the
emissions of diesel engine can be reduced to great extent.

Fig 11.1: Graphical analysis of Vol. Efficiency NOx, and CO2 Emissions of various conditions

22. CONCLUSION

The experimental investigation developed on single cylinder diesel engine test rig, with
constant speed load operating conditions and analyze analysis of performance characteristics in
comparison with simple turbocharged and auxiliary turbocharged system. The current
experimentation was aimed to confirm and predict the effect of exhaust driven turbocharger systems
with and without auxiliary port, which offers a wide potential to improve efficiency, lower the NOx,
and CO2 emissions and as well as fuel consumption. If it is coupled with electrical driven
supercharger, other problems like turbolag, power loss can be tackled, in particular the strong
influence of RCCI activation on tricharged engine with different proportions of pyrolysis oil to
improve efficiency and reduce emissions of diesel engine. Such a technology has potential to tackle
the issue of operational economy of using single cylinder engine tractor as well as severe
environmental concerns, both, at the same time, without having to substantially modify the existing
engine in terms of its constructional features.

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