LAB MANUAL

MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

Experiment 1

To study the hot air oven and study its different parts

Reference:  Nand Pratibha, Khar Roop K “ A text book of hospital and clinical
th
 pharmacy” Theory and Practical,6 edition, Birla publications(p) Ltd Delhi, page
no:473.
Theory: sterilization can be defined as a pharmaceutical
pharmaceutical process in which almost
99.9% of micro-organisms are removed from the Pharmaceutical products or
equipments by the application of a single or multiple techniques. An article would
 be deemed sterile only
only when there is complete
complete absence of viable micro-organisms
micro-organisms
from it. The methods for sterilization can be divided in to three main categories.

I. Phys
Physic
ical
al metho
ethods
ds
Dry hear sterilization, moist heat sterization
Radiation sterilization
II. Chemic
Chemical
al methods
methods::
Sterilization by heating with bactericide
Gaseous sterilization

III Mechanical methods

Ceramic filter, Sintered glass filter Membrane filter 

Hot air Oven (Dry heat sterilization): This process is suitable for heat-stable,
non-aqueous products,
products, powders as well glassware and metal equipments.
equipments. A
 preparation to be sterilized
sterilized by dry heat is distributed in the final containers
containers which
are then either finally sealed or temporarily closed to exclude micro-organisms and
then heated so as to ensure that the entire contents of each container are maintained
for an effective combination of time and temperature to provide an adequate
assurance of sterility. Cycles of a minimum of 180º for not less than 30 minutes, a
minimum of 170º for not less than 1 hour or a minimum of 160º for not less than 2
1
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

hours may be employed but other combinations of time and temperature may be
necessary for certain preparations. Containers that have been temporarily closed
during the sterilisation procedure are then finally sealed using aseptic technique so
as to exclude micro-organisms.

Dry heat sterilization is usually carried out in a sterilizing oven designed

specifically for the purpose. The oven is supplied with heated, filtered air,
distributed uniformly
uniformly throughout the chamber and employing
employing a blower system with
devices for sensing, monitoring,
monitoring, and controlling the critical
critical parameters. A vent is
 provided on both sides
sides for the escape of vapors. A thermometer
thermometer is provided in door
side to record the inside temperature
temperature of the chamber.

During dry heat sterilization

sterilization the micro-organisms
micro-organisms and bacterial spores are killed
 by oxidation. Since dry heat is less effective
effective than moist
moist heat, hence higher
temperature and longer period is required.

Applications: Material/equipment(s)
Material/equipment(s) which is sterilized by dry heat include: Fixed
oils, glycerine, liquid paraffin, propylene glycol, glasswares, powders, surgical
instruments etc.

Disadvantages:

1. It requires
requires long
long heating
heating,, high temperat
temperature
ure and
and long exposur
exposure,
e, unsuitab
unsuitable
le for
thermolabile substances.
2. Moist medicaments,
medicaments, rubber and plastic articles
articles are
are destroyed by this
this method.
3. Preparations containing water, alcohol
alcohol or other volatile
volatile substances
substances cannot be
sterilized by this method.
4. It is unsuitable
unsuitable for surg
surgical
ical dressings
dressings

Experiment 2

2
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

To study the Autoclave

Autoclave and study its different
different parts
parts

Reference:  Nand Pratibha, Khar Roop K “ A text book of hospital and clinical
th
 pharmacy” Theory and Practical,6 edition, Birla publications(p) Ltd Delhi, page
no:478.

Theory: This process involving heating in an autoclave with saturated steam under
 pressure should be used whenever possible for
for aqueous preparations
preparations and for
for
surgical materials. An aqueous product which is to be sterilized by this method is
distributed into suitable containers which are then sealed so as to exclude micro-
organisms. It is than exposed to saturated steam for a time sufficient to ensure that
the entire contents of each container are maintained for an effective combination of
time and temperature to ensure sterility.

The following combinations of temperature and time are normally employed.

Minimum
Holding
holding time
temperature (ºC)
(minutes)
115 to 118 30
121 to 124 15
126 to 129 10
134 to 138 3

In this method micro-organisms are killed due to coagulation or denaturation of

 proteins in living cell
cell of micro-organisms.
micro-organisms. It
It is more effective than dry heat
 because saturated steam
steam has more penetrating
penetrating power than dry heat. More over the
thermal capacity of steam is much higher than the thermal capacity of dry heat.

Working: autoclave is a strong metallic chamber usually made up of stainless

steel. The material to be sterilized is packed in a clean fabric cloth and is placed in

3
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

 perforated chamber
chamber of an autoclave. The water
water level is checked so that it should
not touch the bottom perforated metallic chamber.
chamber. The lid is closed with the help
of nuts and bolts. Autoclave is switched on and water is allowed to boil. Remove
the trapped air. Steam vent is then closed and pressure is allowed to rise up to 15
o
lb/sq inch and at this pressure saturated steam has a temperature of about 121 C.
The pressure is maintained for 30 min. the autoclave is switch off allowed to cool,
remove the steam and open it.

Applications:

This method is used to sterilize

sterilize bulk solutions, glassware,
glassware, surgical dressings,
dressings,
rubber gloves, culture media and surgical instruments are efficiently sterilized by
this method. Solutions packed in sealed containers such as SVP, LVP can be
sterilize by this method.

Disadvantages:

1. It requires
requires high temperature
temperature and moisture, unsuitable for thermolabile
thermolabile
substances.
2. This method
method cannot
cannot be used
used for oily
oily injection
injections,
s, fats,
fats, powders,
powders, ointme
ointments
nts
 because steam cannot
cannot penetrate them.
them.
3. Moist medicaments,
medicaments, rubber and plastic articles
articles are
are destroyed by this
this method.
4. Preparations containing water, alcohol
alcohol or other volatile
volatile substances
substances cannot be
sterilized by this method.
5. It is unsuitable
unsuitable for surg
surgical
ical dressings
dressings

4
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

Experiment 3

To sterilize conical flask by Dry heat sterilization

sterilization

Reference:  Nand Pratibha, Khar Roop K “ A text book of hospital and clinical
th
 pharmacy” Theory and Practical,6 edition, Birla publications(p)
publications(p) Ltd Delhi, page
no:473.

Requirement: absorbent cotton, brown paper, warm water,

warm water, alcohol,
alcohol, soap solutio
solution,
n,
chromic acid, hot air oven and conical
conical flask.
flask.

Theory: This process is suitable

suitable for heat-stable,
heat-stable, non-aqueous products,
products, powders as
well glassware and metal equipments. A preparation to be sterilized by dry heat is
distributed in the final containers which are then either finally sealed or
temporarily closed to exclude micro-organisms and then heated so as to ensure that
the entire contents of each container are maintained for an effective combination of
time and temperature to provide an adequate assurance of sterility. Cycles of a
minimum of 180º for not less than 30 minutes, a minimum of 170º for not less than
1 hour or a minimum of 160º for not less than 2 hours may
may be employed but other
combinations of time and temperature may be necessary for certain preparations.
Containers that have been temporarily closed during the sterilization procedure are
then finally sealed using aseptic technique so as to exclude micro-organisms.
During dry heat sterilization the micro-organisms and bacterial spores are killed by
oxidation. Since dry heat is less effective than moist heat, hence higher
temperature and longer period is required.

5
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

Procedure:

I) Preparatio
Preparation
n of articles
articles before
before loading
loading in hot air oven:
oven:
a. Conical
Conical flask
flask should
should be thorough
thoroughly
ly washed
washed in followi
following
ng order 
Acid wash (chromic acid), detergent wash, rinse with distilled
water followed by rinsing with alcohol.
o
 b. Dry the container at 65 C
c. The flask
flask should
should be stopped
stopped with the
the help of cotton
cotton and
and a piece of
 paper and with a thread.
thread.

II: Loading of articles in hot air oven:

a. The container
container should
should be placed
placed inside
inside the
the hot
hot air oven.
oven.
 b. Close the door and switch
switch it on
o
c. Adjust
Adjust the temper
temperatu
ature
re at
at 180
180 C, wait for the temperature to rise up
o
to 180 C. Maintain the temperature for 30 minutes.
d. Switch
Switch off the source
source and
and wait for
for 15 to 20 minute
minutess until the
the
o
temperature of hot air oven fell down below 60 C.
e. Open the hot
hot air oven,
oven, unload
unload the materia
materials
ls and
and transfer
transfer to asept
aseptic
ic
room for further processing.
processing.

Conclusion: The Conical flask

flask was sterilized
sterilized and submitted.

Experiment 4
6
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

To prepare 5%w/w dextrose solution and sterilize by autoclave

Reference:  Nand Pratibha, Khar Roop K “ A text book of hospital and clinical
th
 pharmacy” Theory and Practical,6 edition, Birla publications(p) Ltd Delhi, page
no:481.

Requirement: Dextrose, distilled

distilled water, Conical flask, autoclave.

Theory: In this method micro-organisms

micro-organisms are killed due to coagulation or
denaturation of proteins in living cell of micro-organisms.
micro-organisms. It is more
more effective than
dry heat because saturated steam has more penetrating power than dry heat. More
over the thermal capacity of steam is much higher than the thermal capacity of dry
o
heat. The standard operating conditions are at 121 C for 15 minute
minutess at 15 lb/sq
inch.

Procedure:

I) Preparatio
Preparation
n of Mater
Material
ial for
for loading
loading in autocl
autoclave
ave

First weight 2.5 gm dextrose and make volume up to 50ml with water in conical
flask. Then flask used is plugged with non-absorbent cotton wool, and then it is
covered with brown paper, held by string.

II) Loading inside

inside an autoclave:
autoclave:
The sufficient water was placed inside an autoclave and place the tray
 just above it. Close
Close the lid of autoclave,
autoclave, switched on and water is allowed
to boil. Remove the trapped air. Steam vent is then closed and pressure is
allowed to rise up to 15 lb/sq inch and at this pressure saturated
saturated steam has
o
a temperature of about 121 C. The pressure is maintained for 30 min. the
autoclave is switch off allowed to cool, remove the steam and open it.

Conclusion: The Conical flask

flask was sterilized
sterilized and submitted.

Experiment 5

7
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

To carry out filling and sealing of given ampoules

Reference: Remington’s
Remington’s The Science & Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing
Co. Easton, PA

Requirements: Sodium chloride, distilled water, syringe, methylene blue, beaker,

Bunsen burner, forceps, ampoules.

Theory: Glass Ampoules

Ampoules are primary containers
containers used packaging of single
single dose
small volume parenterals. The product is filled in to ampoules with semi-automatic
semi-automatic
or automatic machines under aseptic conditions. The materials to be used must be
sterile. The filling of materials can be done with hypodermic syringe attached with
long needle. While filling in to ampoules,
ampoules, precautions should be taken that needle
don’t touch to the site of ampoules to prevent cracking and staining at the time of
sealing. The filling and sealing operation should be carried out under aspetic
conditions. The sealing of ampoules can be done by two methods

1. Tip
Tip sea
seali
lin
ng
2. Pull
Pull sealin
sealing
g metho
method.
d.

Procedure:

1. Prepare sodium
sodium chloride
chloride solution by dissolving
dissolving 0.9 gm of sodium chloride
chloride in
100 ml of distilled water, filter it.
2. Transfer the sodium
sodium chloride solution
solution in to ampoules
ampoules with
with hypodermic
hypodermic
syringe.
3. Ampoule tip was melted
melted using Bunsen burner
burner with continuous rotation
rotation of
the ampoule.
4. When the glass was
was melted, the tip of
of the ampoule was stretched by using
forcep.
5. Now the
the sealing
sealing of ampoule
ampoule completed.
completed.

8
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

6. Put the sealed

sealed ampoules
ampoules in methyle
methylene
ne blue solutio
solution
n to detect the leakage.
leakage.
7. Take out
out the ampoule
ampouless from the methyl
methylene
ene blue solutio
solution,
n, wash
wash the extern
external
al
surface. And observe under light.
8. Color of the solution in the ampoules
ampoules should
should remain unchanged. If blue color
observed, discard the ampoule.
9. Label the
the ampoule
ampoule and
and stored
stored for
for steriliza
sterilizatio
tion.
n.

Result: Filled, sealed and the labeled ampoules are submitted to laboratory.

Experiment 6

To prepare Calcium Gluconate I.V Injection

9
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

Reference: Controller of Publications, ministry of Health and family

family welfare, GOI,
“Indian Pharmacopoeia”2007, Vol II, page no:841

Requirement: Bunsen burner, syringe,

syringe, beaker,
beaker, ampoules, water
water for injection,
calcium gluconate, Methylene blue.

Theory: Pharmaceutical injections are sterile dosage forms meant to introduce

 parenterally ( i.v, i.m,
i.m, s.c, etc).

Calcium gluconate is White,

White, crystalline powder
powder or granules, Sparin
Sparingly
gly soluble in
water  but
 but freely soluble in
in boiling water ; insoluble in ethanol (95%).it is used as
Calcium replenisher. pH of the injection should be Between 6.0 and 8.2

Usual strengths: The equivalent of 500 mg calcium

calcium gluconate in 5 ml;
ml; the
equivalent of 1 g of calcium gluconate in 10 ml (10% w/v).

Procedure:

1. Take washed and sterilized glassware.

2. Weight
Weight 10 gm of calciu
calcium
m glucona
gluconatete powder
powder dissol
dissolve
ve in 100ml
100ml of
of water
water for
injection by boiling.
3. Allow to cool the solution
solution and make
make up to to 100ml with water for injection.
4. Check the
the pH of the
the solutio
solution,
n, Filter
Filter the solution.
solution.
5. Transfer
Transfer 2ml of calcium
calcium gluconate
gluconate solution
solution in to glass ampoule
ampouless with
hypodermic syringe aseptically.
6. Seal the filled
filled ampoules,
ampoules, perform
perform the leakage test test using methylene blue and
sterilize by autoclave.
7. The steriliz
sterilizee ampoules
ampoules are
are taken out,
out, labeled
labeled and
and submit.
submit.

Report: Calcium gluconate i.v injection was prepared and submitted .

Experiment 7

To prepare
prepare water for injection (2ml)

10
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

Reference:  Nand Pratibha, Khar Roop K “ A text book of hospital and clinical
th
 pharmacy” Theory and Practical,6 edition, Birla publications(p) Ltd Delhi, page
no:485.

Requirements: Distillation still,

still, autoclave, ampoules,
ampoules, syringe, Bunsen burner,
burner,
forceps.

Theory: This article is water purified by distillation or by reverse osmosis and it

meets the purity requirements stated under Purified Water (see IP monograph).
monograph). It is
not intended to be sterile but should comply
comply with the tests for pyrogens,
pyrogens, or with the
test for a limit of bacterial endotoxins,
endotoxins, it must be produced, stored and distributed
distributed
under conditions designed to prevent production of pyrogens or endotoxins.

The bacterial endotoxins test (BET) measures the concentration of bacterial

endotoxins that may be present in or on the sample of the article to which the test is
applied using a lysate derived from the hemolymph cells or amoebocytes from the
horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus
polyphemus . The Endotoxin
Endotoxin limit for a given test
test material
of preparation is calculated from the expression K/M, where K is the maximum
number of Units of endotoxin which the patient may receive without suffering
toxic reactions and M is the maximum dose administered to a patient per kg per
hour. The value of K is 5.0 EU/kg for injectable preparations except for those
administered intrathecally and is 0.2 EU/kg for intrathecal preparations. For this
calculation, it is assumed that the average person weights 70kg.

Procedure:

1. Glass distillati
distillation
on unit
unit is used
used for preparing
preparing water
water for
for injectio
injection.
n.

11
LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

2. The ampoules
ampoules and
and glassw
glassware
are to be
be used
used should
should be treated
treated with
with chromic
chromic acid,
acid,
followed by washing with purified water.
3. Switch
Switch on the
the distill
distillat
ation
ion unit.
unit.
4. Reject
Reject the first
first part
part of the distil
distillate.
late.
5. Collect
Collect the water
water for
for injection
injection in a receiver.
receiver.
6. Transfer
Transfer 2 ml of water
water for injection
injection in to an ampoule
ampoule with the
the help of
syringe.
7. Seal
Seal the ampou
ampoule
le immed
immediat
iately
ely..
8. Sterilize
Sterilize with
with in 12 hr of
of production
production,, label and submit.
submit.

Report: the water for injection was prepared, labeled and submitted to the
laboratory.

Experiment 8

To sterilize the rubber gloves by Moist Heat Sterilization

12
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

Reference:  Nand Pratibha, Khar Roop K “ A text book of hospital and clinical
th
 pharmacy” Theory and Practical,6 edition, Birla publications(p) Ltd Delhi, page
no:479.

Requirements: Autoclave, conical flask, cotton, rubber gloves.

Theory: Autoclave is a strong metallic chamber usually made up of stainless steel.

The material to be sterilized is packed in a clean fabric cloth and is placed in
 perforated chamber
chamber of an autoclave. The water
water level is checked so that it should
not touch the bottom perforated metallic chamber.
chamber. The lid is closed with the help
of nuts and bolts. Autoclave is switched on and water is allowed to boil. Remove
the trapped air. Steam vent is then closed and pressure is allowed to rise up to 15
o
lb/sq inch and at this pressure saturated steam has a temperature of about 121 C.
The pressure is maintained for 30 min. The autoclave is switch off allowed to cool,
remove the steam and open it.

Procedure:

1. The rubber
rubber gloves
gloves require
require packing
packing in such a way that
that it should
should allow
allow the
steam penetration inside the fingers and all the surface of the gloves.
2. The gloves
gloves are lubricated
lubricated with talcum
talcum powder
powder or starch powder
powder before
before
sterilization.
3. The wrist
wrist are turned back so that
that the outside
outside need not be handled
handled when the
gloves are put on
4. Close
Close the lid of the
the autocla
autoclave,
ve, Remove
Remove the trappe
trapped
d air. Steam
Steam vent is then
closed and pressure is allowed to rise up to 15 lb/sq inch and at this pressure
o
saturated steam has a temperature of about 121 C. The pressure is
maintained for 30 min. the autoclave is switch off allowed to cool, remove
the steam and open it.

Precautions:
13
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

1. Don’t
Don’t open
open the
the lid imme
immedia
diatel
tely.
y.
2. While
While loading the
the autoclave,
autoclave, each
each article
article should
should be placed in such
such a way that
it should be exposed to the steam uniformly.
3. The complete
complete wrappi
wrappingng of the material
material is essent
essential
ial to avoid
avoid the
contamination by non-sterile factors.

Report: The rubber gloves were sterilized by moist heat sterilization.

Experiment 9

To Evaluate the Given Prescription

Reference:  Nand Pratibha, Khar Roop K “ A text book of hospital and clinical
th
 pharmacy” Theory and Practical,6 edition, Birla publications(p) Ltd Delhi, page
no:278.

14
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

Theory: Prescription drug order is defined as a lawful order from a practitioner for
a drug or device for a specific patient, including orders derived for collaborated
Pharmacy practice that is communicated directly to a pharmacist,
pharmacist, in a licensed
 pharmacy.

The terms prescription drug order, prescription order and prescription are one and
the same used interchangeably by health care workers and the public.

Prescriptions are most commonly used to describe drug orders for ambulatory
 patients (out patients)
patients) who get their prescribed medications from
from retail pharmacies.
pharmacies.

The term medication order

order is usually used when referring
referring to drug orders for
 persons who are patients
patients in hospitals.
hospitals. These
These patients are referred
referred to as in patients.

Different parts of Prescription:

Prescription:

1. D at e
2. Name, age, gender
gender and address
address of the patie
patient
nt
3. Supe
Supers rscr
crip
ipti
tion
on
4. Insc
Inscri
ript
ptio
ion
n
5. Subs
Subscr crip
ipti
tion
on
6. Sig
Signatu
naturra
7. Renewa
Renewall instru
instructi
ction
onss
8. Signature,
Signature, address
address and
and registration
registration number
number of the Physician
Physician

H O S H I AR
AR P U R M E D I C A L C E N T R E A L - M A D I NA
NA S T R E E T

HOSHIARPUR, PUNJAB Rx 1120

Nam e : S URI NDER Date : 00/00/00

15
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

AddressL 110, MAIN STREET, Age: 40 yr.

CENTRAL TOWN, HOSHIARPUR

Wt:

Ht:

Rx

P H E N O B AR
AR B I T O N E T A B L E T – 1 0 m g

ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE TABLETS

# 30

S i g : 1 Ta
Ta b E a c h t . i . d . f o r 1 0 d ay
ay s

Refill: 0

Dr. N.K SHARMA, MD

R E G N o . _ _ __
_ _ _ __
__

Report: The given prescription was evaluated.

16
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

Experiment 10

To Prepare Distilled Water

Reference:  Nand Pratibha, Khar Roop K “ A text book of hospital and clinical
 pharmacy” Theory and Practical,6th edition, Birla publications(p) Ltd Delhi, page
no:485.
Theory:

Distillation ca n be defined
defined as
as a process
process or unit operation in which the separation

of two different liquids or the separation of impurities from a liquid can be done. It
is based on the boiling point and the volatility of the components present in the
mixture. When two liquids are mixed together, they may be miscible with each
other, such type of liquid mixture is known as binary mixture of liquid 

Example: ethanol and water 

Liquid boils when its vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric vapor pressure.
Simple distillation is conducted at its boiling point of the liquid. So higher the
volatility of liquid, better is the separation by simple distillation.

Applications of distillation:
distillation:

1. Simple distillation
distillation method
method is used for preparation of distilled water and this
can be used further for preparation of water for injection.
2. Volatile
Volatile and
and aromat
aromatic
ic water
water are
are prepare
prepared.
d.
3. Organi
Organicc solven
solvents
ts are
are purifi
purified 
ed 
4. Non volatile
volatile solids
solids are separat
separated
ed from the
the volatile
volatile liquids.
liquids.

Procedure:

The normal tap water was introduced

introduced in to the distillation flask,
flask, was heated to the
 boiling point.

17
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

The vapor is cooled, condensed by the condenser and is collected.

Precautions:
rd 
1. The water
water should
should be filled
filled up
up to 2/3 volume of the flask.
2. The porcelai
porcelainn bits may
may be added as as antibump
antibumping
ing agents.
agents.
3. First
First some part
part of the distill
distillate
ate should
should be discar
discarded.
ded.

Report: Distilled water 50 ml was prepared and submitted.

submitted.

18
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

Experiment 11

To find out the percentage variation in length and width of the given sample
of bandages.

Reference:  Nand Pratibha, Khar Roop K “ A text book of hospital and clinical
th
 pharmacy” Theory and Practical,6 edition, Birla publications(p) Ltd Delhi, page
no:490.

Requirement: Roll of bandage, Meter scale, Thin wire

Theory: It is a strip
strip of plain
plain woven clot
cloth
h for wrapping and binding body parts. It
is available in continuous length which is used along with medicaments on
wounded surface. Fabric is woven from the staples of bleached white cotton having
cotton having no taste or odor. Cloth is free from defects of weaving.

Procedure:

Length: length of bandage is measured after equilibrating the sample in a humidity

o
chamber at 65± 20% humidity and 27± 2 C temperature for 24 hours or more. The
sample of bandage is unrolled and stretched from one end on wards. The sample of
the bandage is unrolled and stretched from one end onwards. The length is
measured from one end to other end with meter scale avoiding any wrinkles or
creases. Percentage of length is calculated from the following formula.

A = % of length = M/D x100

M= Measured length of bandage

D = Declared length of bandage on label.

The variation in length can be calculated as:

V = A-100

Where A = % of declared length available. The variation is indicated by the sign +

or -.

The variation in the width is measured in the same manner.

19
 LAB MANUAL
MANUAL OF HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL PHARMACY
PHARMACY FOR PTU
PTU STUDENTS
STUDENTS

Experiment 12

To perform the identification test for absorbent cotton wool

Reference:  Nand Pratibha, Khar Roop K “ A text book of hospital and clinical
th
 pharmacy” Theory and Practical,6 edition, Birla publications(p) Ltd Delhi, page
no:489.

Requirements: Test tube, Test tube holder, Iodine

holder, Iodine solution, sulphuric acid
hydrochloric acid, ammonical copper oxide solution, formic acid Phenol, acetone.

Identification test

Ignition test:

1. Ignition test can be done by two methods.

a. By advanci
advancing
ng the
the fibre
fibre toward
towardss the
the flame
flame..
 b. By heating in a porcelain
porcelain dish.
c. Cotton
Cotton burns with
with a flame
flame and gives
gives very bitter
bitter odour
odour or fumes.
fumes.

2. Cotton fibres are moistened with N/50 iodine and when dry, 80% w/w.
sulphuric acid is added, blue color is produced.
3. Absorbent cotton wool dissolve completely with uniform swelling in
ammonical copper oxide solution.
4. In sulphuric acid 80% w/w solution, it dissolves.
5. In cold sulphuric acid 60% w/w solution is insoluble.
6. In warm Hcl, it is insoluble.
7. It is insoluble in formic acid and phenol.
8. It is insoluble in acetone.

20