Experiment 107: Latent Heat of Fusion

CONCLUSION
The principle of calorimetry is to make a quantifiable measurement of the
amount heat energy transferred in a system and its relation to temperature. The
principle of calorimetry departs from the classical view point that heat is composed
of a fluid called caloric which flows from a relatively hotter body to the colder
body. The idea that heat energy is a measurement of change in temperature of the
body was evolved at a much later time after a series of experiments were
conducted using instruments called calorimeters.
The Law of Heat Exchange states that the transfer of heat can cause a
substance to undergo a change in temperature or change in phase where the amount
of heat is directly proportional to the mass of the substance, depending on the
nature of the substance.
In summary, the relationship does not apply if a phase change is
encountered, because the heat added or removed during a phase change does not
change the temperature. This is explained by the formula:
𝑄𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆 + 𝑄𝐺𝐴𝐼𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 0 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑡
In conclusion, by this formula, one can see the relationship of heat to mass
and temperature. Heat is directly proportional to mass and change in
temperature. The object needs more heat, which means greater final temperature,
if there is greater mass, and vice versa. The mass of ice is inversely proportional
to the latent heat. The more weight the ice contains, the lesser the latent heat of
fusion.
There are some possible factors that explain the errors of the experiment.
The room temperature, since we are performing in the laboratory with air
conditioned room; it can be minimized by performing the experiment fast and
consistent. The mass of ice before and after putting it in the calorimeter, a sudden
change in the mass of ice will result to an error. In able to minimize the error, we
must wipe off the excess water in the ice before putting it in the calorimeter. The
measurement of temperature, it can be minimize be measuring it near the boiling
water to avoid the cold air that also affect the experiment.
 Experiment 107: Latent Heat of Fusion
ANALYSIS

Introduction
In calorimetry it is often desirable to know the heat capacity of the
calorimeter itself rather than the heat capacity of the entire calorimeter system. The
law of heat exchange states the heat loss by the environment must be equal to the
heat gained by the object, or as showed by the equation:
As a form of energy, the SI unit for heat is the joule (J), though heat is
frequently also measured in the calorie (cal), which is defined as "the amount of
heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14.5 degrees
Celsius to 15.5 degrees Celsius." Heat is also sometimes measured in "British
thermal units" or Btu.

Abstract of the Experiment

In fluids, heat is often transferred by conduction. In the experiment, the ice
will be submerged in the hot water to determine if the mass of the ice can be
calculated including its latent heat of fusion with the corresponding percentage
error computed from the experimental value compared to the accepted value.

Materials
1 pc beaker 1 pc electric stove 2 pcs thermometer
1 pc calorimeter with 1 pc extension cord 1 pc digital weighing
stirrer scale (from other group)

Calorimeters are designed to be well-insulated, so no heat is gained from or

lost to the surroundings. If no heating element is used to introduce heat in the
system, the total heat transferred (q) for the entire calorimeter system must equal
zero. The total heat can be split into heats for each component in the system.
Procedure
In the second part of the experiment, we are required to get the latent heat of
fusion of ice. Same in part one we measure the calorimeter, water and the
temperature of water and ice. We put the ice in the calorimeter and melt it.
Our initial temperature of ice is 0ºC. Since, it is hard to determine the initial
temperature of ice; we assume the initial temperature of ice by means of its
property that ices have a freezing point of 0ºC and melting point of 0ºC.
After which, we get the value of mass of ice by subtracting the total mass
from the water and calorimeter. And once the ice is being moved into the
calorimeter, it is important to wipe off the water from the surface of the ice,
because excess water can affect the mass of the ice when measuring it after melting
it in the calorimeter. Since we don't need the excess water, we could rather wipe it
off to get less error.
If there will be a different mass of ice, then the latent heat will depend on the
mass of the ice. Mass of ice is inversely proportional to the latent heat. If mass of
ice is greater than its initial, then the latent heat will decrease. We computed the
latent heat of fusion and percentage of error. Temperature changes with time.
Phase changes are indicated by flat regions where heat energy used to overcome
attractive forces between molecules.

Formula used in obtaining the value of latent heat of

fusion:

m – mass
s – heat capacity
T - temperature

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of Experiment Set-up

Results
Determining Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice
Mass of Calorimeter 47.1000 grams
Mass of Water 190.0000 grams
Mass of Mixture 237.1000 grams
Mass of Ice 19.9000 grams
Initial Temperature of Ice 0.0000 ℃
Initial Temperature of Calorimeter 53.0000 ℃
Initial temperature of Water 53.0000 ℃
Final Temperature of Mixture 40.0000 ℃
Experimental Latent Heat of Fusion 84.1206 calories/grams
Actual Latent Heat of Fusion 80.0000 calories/grams
Percentage Error 5.1508 %

Factors of the Percentage Error (5 %)

Possible errors are:

1. The room temperature, since we are performing in the laboratory with air
conditioned room; it can be minimized by performing the experiment fast
and consistent.
2. The mass of ice before and after putting it in the calorimeter, a sudden
change in the mass of ice will result to an error. In able to minimize the
error, we must wipe off the excess water in the ice before putting it in the
calorimeter.
3. The measurement of temperature, it can be minimize be measuring it near
the boiling water to avoid the cold air that also affect the experiment.
Calculating the Latent Heat of Fusion

The conditions at the start of an actual trial run of the experiment are shown
below. Tinitial is the temperature of the water water before the ice was added,
Mwater is the mass of the warm water (note the mass is actually determined by
measuring the intial volume of the water). We assume that the ice has an initial
temperature of 0o C because we let the ice sit at room temperature until it had
started to melt.

𝑄𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆 + 𝑄𝐺𝐴𝐼𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 0

𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒−𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑓 = −𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

−𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒−𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑚𝑖 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝐿𝑓 =
𝑚𝑖

The experimental value of the latent heat of fusion is 84.1206 calories/grams

while the accepted value is 80.0000 calories/grams.

Finding the Percent Error

The percent error of these values can be calculated through

the formula below:

|𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|

% 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

The percent error calculated is 5.1508 %.

 Further Analysis on Latent Heat of Fusion

Latent heat of the solid means that amount of heat energy absorbed when 1
kg of a substance changes from solid to liquid at its melting point is called latent
heat of fusion of the solid. example : Change if ice into water requires a certain
heat level so, that it can broke its compactly arranged particles.

Where does the amount of heat absorbed by ice go if its temperature remains the
same?

When you heat ice, its temperature rises but as soon as the ice starts to melt,
the temperature stays constant until all the ice has melted. This happens because all
the heat energy goes into breaking the chemical structure of ice.

Concept Behind Latent Heat of Fusion

When heat is added to a substance, a temperature change is generally observed to

occur. The heat added, Q. that causes a temperature change ∆T is Q = mc∆T
(1) where rn is the mass of the substance and c is its specific heat, which is
assumed to be constant over the temperature change, ∆T.

However, situations exist where heat added to a substance does not caust- a
change in the temperature. In these cases, the added heat causes a change in phase
to occur. Two commo changes in phase are from solid to liquid and from liquid to
gas. The amount of heat required to accomplish a phase change is called the heat of
transformation. More specifically, for a solid to liquid phase change, it is referred
to as the heat of fusion; and for a liquid to gas phase change, the heat of
vaporization. The heat of fusion or vaporization can be expressed mathematically
as Q – mL (2) where L is the latent heat of fusion or vaporization, depending on
the phase transition that

occurs. In this experiment, an ice cube of mass mt, assumed to be at 0 degrees

Celsius, is placed in a calorimeter containing a mass of water rnw. at temperature
T1. After the ice cube melts, the temperature of the system is T2. When the heat
lost is equated to the heat gained, and the resulting equation solved for the latent
heat of fusion L, the result is

−𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒−𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑚𝑖 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝐿𝑓 =
𝑚𝑖

In order to calculate the heat of fusion of ice from (3), it is necessary to first
determine the water equivalent of the calorimeter. The value mccc is found by
mixing known quantities of warm water and cool water in the calorimeter.
Suppose the Calorimeter contains a mass of warm water mww, at
temperature Tw. If a mass of ool water mcw, at temperature Tc is mixed with the
warm water in the calorimeter. Thermal equilibrium will be established at an
intermediate temperature T When the heat lost and the heat gained are equated, and
the resulting equation solved for the water equivalent of the calorimeter. The
expression becomes

𝐿𝑓
−𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙−𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
=
∆𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
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