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ALUMINUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS

A. BACKGROUND
1. General review
Elements of boron, aluminum, gallium, indium and thallium is a group 13. Group 13
generally forms compounds with levels oxidation +3, but Ga, In, and Tl can also form levels
the other oxidation is +1. The stability of ionic state grou 13 is related to the hydration of the
metal ion in equation for example, the tripositive aluminum. The name of aluminum is
derived from the word alum pointing on compound KAI double salt (SO 4)2.12H2O. This word
comes from Latin alumen which means bitter salt. By Humphry Davy, this metal from double
salt is proposed as aluminum and then turn into aluminum. However, even this name soon
modified to aluminum which became popular throughout word except in the North American
Place of the American Chemical Society (Associaton of American Chemical Societies)
decided in 1925 still use the term aluminum in its publication
(Sugiyarto and Suyanti, 2010: 151-153).
Aluminum is a white metal that has ductile and malleable metal properties, and the
powder of the aluminum is grey. At the 659°C temperatures aluminum can melt. If the
aluminum contact the air, aluminum objects are oxidized on the surface, and the oxide layer
protects the object from further oxidation. The dissolution metal readily if the aluminum
dilute white hydrochloric acid dissolves, and slower if the aluminum dilute white the
sulphuric or nitric acid:
2Al + 6H+ → 2 Al3+ + 3H2↑
The dissolution process can be speeded up by the addition of some mercury(II) chloride to the
mixture (Shevla, 1979: 250).
Aluminum that has a protective coating of aluminum oxide is less reactive than
elemental aluminum. Aluminum forms only tripositive ions. It reacts with hydrochloric acid
as follows:
2Al(s) + 6H+(aq) → 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2(g)
The other Group 3A metallic elements form both unipositive and tripositive ions. Moving
down the group, we find that the unipositive ion becomes more stable than the tripositive
ion (Chang and Overby, 2011: 272).
Aluminum (Al) is a metal with a high strength-to-mass ratio and a high resistance to
corrosion; thus it is often used for structural purposes. Compute both the number of moles of
atoms and the number of atoms in a 10.0-g sample of aluminum. The mass of 1 mole (6.022 x
1023 atoms) of aluminum is 26.98 g. The sample we are considering has a mass of 10.0 g.
Since the mass is less than 26.98 g, this sample contains less than 1 mole of aluminum atoms.
We can calculate the number of moles of aluminum atoms in 10.0 g as follows:
1 mol AL
10,0 g Al x = 0.371 mol Al atoms
26,98 g Al
(Zumdahl, 2007: 84).
The electronic configuration of aluminum is [10Ne] 3s2 3P1 has oxidation rate of +3
in the compound. Aluminum metal resistant to air corrosion because of the reaction between
aluminum metal with oxygen and its oxidant yield Al2O3, which is nonpore layer and wrap the
metal surface so never reacted. On the basis of these properties, aluminum metal very many
benefits, the properties of aluminum is aluminum has a point high melting which is around
6600C, moderate soft and soft-weak if in a pure state, but becomes hard and strong when
made of alloy with other metal. The density is very light, which is equal to 2.73 gcm -3.
Aluminum is a heat conductor and an electrical conductor the good, but this trait s lower than
the nature copper conductor (Sugiyarto and Suyanti, 2010: 154-155).
In earth, Aluminum is one of the most abundant elements, ranking third behind
oxygen and silicon. Since aluminum is a very active metal, it is found in nature as its oxide in
an ore called bauxite (named after Les Baux, France, where it was discovered in 1821).
Production of aluminum metal from its ore proved to be more difficult than production of
most other metals. In 1782 Lavoisier recognized aluminum to be a metal “whose affinity for
oxygen is so strong that it cannot be overcome by any known reducing agent.” As a result,
pure aluminum metal remained unknown. Finally, in 1854 a process was found for producing
metallic aluminum using sodium, but aluminum remained a very expensive rarity. In fact, it is
said that Napoleon III served his most honored guests with aluminum forks and spoons, while
the others had to settle for gold and silver utensils (Zumdhal, 2007 :821-822).
Bauxite is one example that has obtain aluminum. A mineral is a naturally occurring
inorganic solid substance or solid solution with a definite crystalline structure. Thus a mineral
might be a de finite chemical substance, or it might be a homogeneous solid mixture. For
example, bauxite, from which we obtain aluminum, is a rock (a naturally occurring solid
material composed of one or more minerals) that contains several aluminum minerals,
including gibbsite, a mineral form of aluminum hydroxide. Corundum is an oxide mineral of
aluminum, Al2O3. Some of the aluminum atoms in corundum may be re placed by chromium
atoms, forming a mineral that is a red solution of Al2O3 and Cr2O3. When this mineral is of
gemstone quality, it is known a s ruby. An ore is a rock or mineral from which a metal or
nonmetal can be economically produced. Thus bauxite is the principal ore of
aluminum (Ebbing and Gammon, 2007: 870).
2. Review of result
The role of concentration on the reaction speed quantitatively can only be known from
the results of the study. When viewed from the results of experiments with variable percent
concentration of sulfuric acid indicates that the higher the concentration of sulfuric acid, the
greater the amount of aluminum oxide produced. This can happen because he higher the
percentage value of sulfuric acid, the lower the water dissolved in sulfuric acid, so thst the
solvent power of sulfuric acid increases (Nisah, 2016: 8-9).
The anodizing surface characteristics of aluminum metal in the form of thickness and
width of the aluminum oxide pore are obtained based on the results of the scanning electron
microscope. The equality of aluminum metal anodizing is determined by the density, width
and thickness of the formed pore. An increase in the amount of aluminum oxide results from
an increase in the potential difference given (Kusuma et al, 2014: 142).
The hardness of the casting material has increased after going through the aging
process. And it tends so decrease after 4 hours of aging. Original piston microstructure
material has Al-Mg2Si phase where Al phase (brightly colored) and Mg2Si phase (blackish
gray color) in the presence of this phase will increase the strength and hardness of aluminum
alloy (Saefuloh et al, 2018:58-60).
Use of aluminum for manufacturing of automotive engines is mainly because of its
light weight as compared to other materials. Light weight of pistons requires less amount of
energy to move up and down and hence increases efficiency. But aluminum itself does not
satisfy the properties required it has be alloyed with various materials. Cost and ease of
manufacturing also plays important role in use of aluminum. Cost of aluminum is higher than
the cost of cast iron. Major disadvantage of use of aluminum for piston and engine block is
that they produces large amount of friction. This problem can be solved by using one as
aluminum and other by cast iron. Layer of cast iron or steel can also be used between the two.
Because of its thermal conductivity it provides better cooling for engines hence over heating
of the engines is not an issue (Sarath, 2016:8686).
This reaction occurs thermodynamically from room temperature that is of a nature
exotherm. This reaction must also occur spontaneously. However, in practice a piece of
aluminum falling into the water will not react in room temperature conditions, or even with
boiling water. This is because aluminum react slowly with water because it easily reacts with
oxygen to form an aluminum layer oxide (Al2O3) on the surface and this alumina layer
prevents the reaction (Wahyuni et al, 2016: 96).
Aluminum material widely uses for manufacturing the automobile engine cylinder
block, piston, connecting rod and cylinder liners. Aluminum materials light in weight &
rapidly increase & decrease temperature, this is helpful for engine overall performance. So
according to this we are considering the cylinder block, piston, connecting rod in this study.
Aluminum alloys have been successfully used for manufacturing high performance diesel and
direct fuel injection gasoline engines, with increase in the power of engine, engine
components will require high fatigue strength, high wear resistance and sustainability at high
temperature (Sarath, 2016: 8685-8686).
B. OBJECTIVE OF EXPERIMENT
To learn about the properties of aluminum metal and its compounds
C. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS
1. Apparatus
a. Test tube 16 units
b. Sprits burner 1 unit
c. Graduated cylinder 10 mL 2 units
d. Drop pipet 4 units
e. Spatula 2 units
f. Clem 1 unit
g. Watch glass 2 units
h. Analytical balance 1 unit
i. Rough cloth 1 unit
j. Smooth cloth 1 unit
2. Chemical
a. Metal/ aluminum tape Al
b. Metal/ magnesium tape Mg
c. Aluminum powder Al
d. Universal indicator
e. Aluminum chloride anhydrous AlCl3
f. Aluminum oxide Al2O3
g. Magnesium oxide MgO
h. Dilute hydrochloric acid HCl
i. Sodium hydroxide 0,1 M NaOH
j. Ammonium NH3
k. Metil violet
l. Magnesium chloride 0,1 MgCl2
m. Tissue
D. WORK PROCEDURES
1. Properties of aluminum hydroxide
1.

10 drops of
10 tetes NH3
NH3 NH3 3berlebih
NH is excess
2 mL garam
aluminium
2 mL of
aluminu
m salt
mengamati mengamati
Observe the
perubahan Observe the
perubahan
change change
2.

1010
tetes NaOH
drops of
NaOH NaOH HCl
2 mL garam
2 mL of
aluminium
aluminu
m salt
terbentuk endapan, 1 2 1 2
Formed
dibagi 2 two
layers

1 2
mengamati yang terjadi
Observe the change
3 garam aluminium
Aluminum salt NaOH diluted
NaOH encer metiiviolet

saring dicuci
Filtered
endapan the Washed
precipitate

2. Comparing aluminum chloride with magnesium chloride

Observed
mengamati
kristal AlCl 3
AlCl3 anhydrous kristal MgCl 2
MgCl2 anhydrous
anhidrat
crystal anhidrat
crystal

1 2
AlCl3 H2O setetes
kristal AlCl 3 Drop by
anhydrous demi setetes kristal
MgCl2MgCl 2 H2O setetes
anhidrat drop H2o Drop by
s crystal anhidrat
anhydrous demi setetes
drop Ho
2

mengukur pH diamati
Measured Observed mengukur
Measured pH diamati
the pH the pH Observed

3. Comparing the properties of acid-base Al2O3 and MgO

kristal Al2O3
Al2O3 crystal kristal MgO
MgO crystal
3 mL air 3 mL air

dikocok mengukur pH dikocok


Shake Measured mengukur pH
Shake Measured
it the pH it the pH

3 mL HCl 3 mL HCl
kristal Al2O3
Al2O3 crystal kristal MgO
MgO crystal

dikocok mengukur pH dikocok mengukur pH


Shake Measured Shake Measured
it the pH it the pH

4. Comparing the properties base of aluminum ion and magnesium ion


3 3 mlmL
Al salt 3 3 ml Mg
mL salt
garam Al garam Mg

NaOH encer
NaOH encer
sampai ada
Diluted the sampai ada
endapan
NaOH until endapan
Diluted the
mengukur
Measured pH formed NaOH until
the pH precipitate formed
precipitate

E. OBSERVATION RESULTS
1. Characteristic of aluminum hydroxide
No. Activity Result
a. 2 mL AlCl3 + 3 drops NH3 + 3 drops NH3 Colorless
over
b. 2 mL AlCl3 + 3 drops NaOH until form
precipitate Turbid
1st precipitate add 15 drops NaOH Colorless
2nd precipitate add 3 drops HCl
c. 2 mL AlCl3 + 5 drops NaOH dilute +
filtered + filter the precipitate + wash Purple
with H2O + added 1 drop methyl violet
2. Compare the aluminum chloride and magnesium chloride
No. Activity Result
a. AlCl3 anhydrous + heated Powder not dissolved
b. MgCl2 anhydrous + heated Dissolved and turbid
c. AlCl3 anhydrous + 2 drops H 2O + Colorless and pH 2
measured the pH
d. MgCl2 + 2 drops H2O + measured the pH Colorless and pH 5
3. Determine the properties of acid-base Al2O3 and MgO
No. Activity Result
a. Al2O3 (0.1 g) + 3 mL of H 2O + measured Not dissolved and pH
pH is 5
b. MgO (0.1 g) + 3 mL of H2O + measured Turbid and the pH is 9
pH
c. Al2O3 (0.1 g) + 3 mL of HCl + measured Not dissolved and pH
pH is 1
d. MgO (0.1 g) + 3 mL of HCl + measured Turbid and the pH is 9
pH
e. Al2O3 (0.1 g) + 3 mL of NaOH + measured Not dissolved and pH
pH is 13
f. MgO (0.1 g) + 3 mL of NaOH + measured Turbid and the pH is
pH 13
4. Compare the characteristic base ion of aluminum and ion of
magnesium
No. Activity Result
a. 3 mL of AlCl3 0.1 M added into the test The pH is 3 and
tube + measured pH + added 3 mL of colorless solution and
NaOH dilute white precipitate
b. 3 mL of MgCl2 0.1 M added into thr test The pH is 7 and turbi
tube + measured pH + added 3 mL of
NaOH dilute
F. DISCUSSION
Telah dilakukan percobaan tentang aluminium dan senyawanya
yang bertujuan untuk mempelajari sifat-sifat logam aluminium dan
persenyawaannya. Pada percobaan ini terdiri dari beberapa percobaan
yaitu:
1. Sifat Aluminium Hidroksida
Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari sifat-sifat aluminium dan senyawanya.
Langkah pertama yaitu mempelajari sifat aluminium hidroksida. Dalam percobaan ini, pada
larutan AlCl3 ditambahkan dengan amonia dan menghasilkan larutan bening. Selanjutnya
ditambahkan NH4OH berlebih, larutan tetap bening. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan teori,
seharusnya diperoleh endapan Al(OH)3, ini dikarenakan larutan NH4OH yang digunakan telah
rusak dan kensentrasinya telah berubah. Berdasarkan teori bahwa jika garam aluminium
direaksikan dengan amonia maka akan membentuk endapan Al(OH) 3 yang jika ditambahkan
sedikit berlebih akan terjadi pengendapan sempurna dengan persamaan reaksi :
Al3++ 3NH3+ 3H2O Al(OH)3+ 3NH4+
Perlakuan berikutnya, yaitu penambahan beberapa tetes larutan NaOH pada larutan
AlCl3 diperoelh endapan putih Al(OH)3, lalu endapan yang terbentuk dibagi menjadi dua
bagian, bagian pertama ditambahkan dengan HCl encer yang menyebabkan endapan larut
kembali yang ditandai dengan larutan bening. Bagian kedua ditambahkan dengan NaOH
berlebih sehingga menghasilkan larutan bening karena endapan larut kembali. Hal ini sudah
sesuai dengan teori yang menyatakan bahwa jika garam aluminium ditambahkan dengan basa
(alkali hidroksida) akan membentuk endapan Al(OH)3 yang jika ditambahkan dengan basa
ataupun asam yang berlebih menyebabkan hidroksida yang terbentuk melarut kembali dengan
persamaan reaksi :
Al3++ 3OH- Al(OH)3
Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]-
[Al(OH)4]- + NH4+ Al(OH)3 + NH3 + H2O
[Al(OH)4]- + H+ Al(OH)3 + H2O
[Al(OH)4]- + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2O
Langkah berikutnya, mereaksikan larutan NaOH encer dengan larutan garam
aluminium, lalu endapan disaring dan dicuci dengan aquades.Setelah itu endapan
ditambahkan dengan metil violet sehingga menghasilkan serbuk berwarna ungu. Metil ungu
memiliki trayek pH sekitar 0,5-1,5. Jika pH < 0,5, akan menunjukkan perubahan menjadi
kuning sedang jika pH > 1,5 maka akan menunjukkan perubahan menjadi ungu.

Gambar 1
Precipitate + Metil violet
2. Membandingkan Aluminium Klorida dan Magnesium Klorida
a. Pengujian ini mula-mula serbuk AlCl3 anhidrat dipanaskan, dari hasil yang diperoleh,
serbuk AlCl3 anhidrat tidak meleleh. Sedangkan serbuk MgCl2 setelah dipanaskan
meleleh. Dari hasil percobaan dapat diketahui bahwa serbuk magnesium klorida (MgCl2)
dapat meleleh sedangkann AlCl3 tidak meleleh karena MgCl2 memiliki densitas atau
kerapatan yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan AlCl3.Hal ini disebabkan AlCl3 memiliki
ikatan yang lebih kuat diandingkan MgCl2, yang berarti AlCl3 mempunyai titik leleh lebih
tinggi yaitu 660oC sedangkan MgCl2 mempunyai titik leleh 648oC. Selain itu menurut
aturan Fajans, kation dengan ukuran yang semakin kecil dan muatan positif semakin kuat
maka mempunyai daya mempolarisasi semakin kuat, semakin kuat daya mempolarisasi
maka sifat kovalennya juga semakin besar. Magnesium memiliki muatan +2 (Mg 2+) dan
aluminium memiliki muatan +3 (Al3+) sehingga rapatan muatannya semakin besar
menyebabkan sifat kovalennya lebih besar,sehingga ikatan antar ionnyapun lemah dan
mudah terputus. Adapun reaksi pembakaran yang terjadi adalah:
4AlCl3 + 3O2 2Al2O3 + 6 Cl2
2MgCl2 + O2 2MgO + 2Cl2

b. Langkah berikutnya, AlCl3 anhidrat ditetesi dengan air menghasilkan larutan bening yang
tidak larut sempurna dan yang diperoleh pH = 2 yang menunjukkan bahwa AlCl3 bersifat
asam. Hal ini sudah sesuai dengan teori yang menyatakan jika AlCl3 padat diteteskan
dengan air berlebih akan menghasilkan larutan asam dengan pH 2-3 atau lebih rendah jika
larutan yang diperoleh lebih pekat. Reaksi yang terjadi :
AlCl3(s) + O2 Al2O3
AlCl3(s) + 6H2O [Al(H2O)]3+ + 3Cl-
Pada magnesium klorida, ketika MgCl2 anhidrat ditetesi dengan air, MgCl2diperoleh
larutan beningdan pH-nya yaitu 5. Hal ini telah sesuai dengan teori yang menyatakan
bahwa MgCl2 larut dalam air menghasilkan asam lemah, persamaan reaksi :
MgCl2(s) + O 2MgO + Cl2
MgCl2(s)+ 6H2O [Mg(H2O)]2+ + 3Cl-
Gambar 2
Result the experiment

3. Membandingkan Sifat Asam-Basa Al2O3 dan MgO


Pengujian ini dilakukan untuk membandingkan sifat asam dan basa dari aluminium
Oksida (Al2O3) dan Magnesium Oksida (MgO). Al2O3 ditambahkan dengan air, aluminium
oksida tidak larut dan diperoleh pH 5 yang menandakan bahwa aluminium hidroksida bersifat
asam. Menurut teori, Al2O3 tidak dapat bereaksi dengan air dan tidak larut dalam air.
Walaupun masih mengandung ion oksida, tapi terlalu kuat berada di dalam kisi padatan untuk
bereaksi dengan air.
Pengujian pada MgO yang ditambahkan dengan air maka dihasilkan larutan keruh
yang melarut sempurna dengan pH 9 yang menandakan MgO bersifat basa. Hal ini sudah
sesuai dengan teori yang menyatakan bahwa jika serbuk MgO direaksikan dengan air akan
terbentuk Mg(OH)2 yang hanya sedikit larut. Adapun reaksi yang terjadi :
MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2
Pada percobaan selanjutnya, Al2O3 direaksikan dengan NaOH aluminium aksida tidak
larut dan pH nya 1 yang menandakan bahwa aluminium oksida bersifat asam dan direaksikan
dengan HCl aluminium oksida tidak dapat larut dan pH nya adalah 13 yang menandakan
larutan bersifat basa. Hal tidak ini sesuai dengan teori yang menyatakan bahwa Al 2O3 dapat
bereaksi dengan asam klorida encer menghasilkan AlCl3 yang menunjukkan sisi basa dari
sifat amfoternya sedangkan jika bereaksi dengan basa akan menghasilkan larutan natrium
tertahidroksoaluminat yang menunjukkan sisi asam dari sifat amfoternya. Dengan persamaan
reaksi:
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + NaOH 2Na[Al(OH)4]
Gambar 3
Ketika MgO direaksikan dengan NaOH menghasilkan larutan keruh yang lama-
kelamaan akan mengendap dan pHnya 13. MgO juga direaksikan dengan HCl yang
menghasilkan larutan keruh dan lama-kelamaan akan mengendap dan pHnya 9. Hal ini sudah
sesuai dengan teori yang menyatakan bahwa MgO akan bereaksi dengan HCl menghasilkan
larutan MgCl2 yang menunjukkan sisi basa dari oksidanya dengan persamaan reaksi :
MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O
MgO + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaO

Gambar 4
4. Membandingkan Sifat Basa Ion Aluminium dan Magnesium
Sebelum meakukan pengujian ini, pH dari AlCl3dan MgCl2terlebih dahulu diukur dan
diperoleh pH-nya yaitu 3. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa larutan garam aluminium(AlCl3)
bersifat asam, sedangakn pH MgCl2 yaitu 7. AlCl3 berasal dari asam kuat dan basa lemah
sedangkan MgCl2 berasal dari asam kuat dan basa kuat.Selanjutnya ditambahkan NaOH pada
masing-masing larutan, pada AlCl3 membentuk larutan bening dan endapan putih yang
merupakan endapan Al(OH)3 sedangkan MgCl2 membentuk larutan putih. Hal ini sudah
sesuai dengan teori yang menyatakan bahwa jika larutan garam aluminiumdireaksikan dengan
basa (NaOH) akan membentuk endapan Al(OH) 3 sedangkan larutan garam magnesium akan
membentuk endapan Mg(OH)2, dengan persamaan reaksi :
AlCl3 + 3NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl
Gambar 5
G. CONCLUSION
Aluminum hydroxide can dissolved in the acid-base solvent, the characteristic of
Al(OH)3 is acid, Al2O3 not dissolved in water, AlCl3 more acidic than MgCl2,

APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Inorganic Chemistry with the title “Aluminum And Its
Compounds” which created by:
name : Kasriani
ID : 1713440010
class : ICP of chemistry
group : I (One)
after the reporthas checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so the report accepted.

Makassar, May 2019


Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Astriana Dewi Sri Mardiyanti Kasim S. Pd


Knowing by,
Responsibility Lecture

Dr. Muhammad Syahrir S.Pd. M.Si


NIP. 19740907 200501 1004

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Nisah, Khairun. 2016. Ekstraksi Alumina Oksida ( Al2o3) Dari Tanah Liat Dengan Variabel
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Piston Alumunium-Silikon Alloy. Jurnal Teknik Mesin Untirta Vol. IV, No.2.

Sarath R, Nair et al. 2016. Significance Of Aluminium Alloys In Automobile Engine


Components: A Review. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 7,
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Shevla G. 1989. Vogel's textbook of Macro And Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis.
The United States of America: Longman Inc.

Sugiyarto, Kristian H dan Retno D suyanti. 2010. Kimia Anorganik Logam. Yogyakarta:
Graha Ilmu.
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Penghasil Gas Hidrogen Menggunakan Katalis Natrium Hidroksida (Naoh). Jurnal
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