SOLUTIONS TO PAPER 2

CAPE PURE MATHEMATICS

UNIT 2
2013-05-28

(1)
(a) This problem has technical issues. It seems that this function is not defined
at the point (1, 0). Thus it is not continuous at that point. Hence it is not
differentiable at that point. CXC made an error.
(b) f (x, y, z) = 3yz 2 − e4x cos 4z − 3y 2 − 4 = 0. Now

∂f
= 6yz − -4e4x sin 4z − 0 − 0


∂z
= 6yz + 4e4x sin 4z

and

∂f
= 3z 2 − 0 − 6y − 4
∂y
= 3z 2 − 6y

Hence,

∂f
∂z ∂y
= - ∂f
∂y ∂z
6yz + 4e4x sin 4z
=-
3z 2 − 6y

(c) de Moivre’s theorem states that

(cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ

So

(cos θ + i sin θ)5 = cos 5θ + i sin 5θ

=⇒ cos 5θ + i sin 5θ = cos5 θ + 5 cos4 θ (i sin θ) + 10 cos3 θ (i sin θ)2 +
10 cos2 θ (i sin θ)3 + 5 cos θ (i sin θ)4 + (i sin θ)5

By equating real parts we get

cos 5θ = cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ + 5 cos θ sin4 θ

2
= cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ 1 − cos2 θ + 5 cos θ 1 − cos2 θ

= cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ 1 − cos2 θ + 5 cos θ 1 − 2 cos2 θ + cos4 θ

= cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ + 10 cos5 θ + 5 cos θ − 10 cos3 θ + 5 cos5 θ

= 16 cos5 θ − 20 cos3 θ + 5 cos θ

(d) √ √ √
3π 3π
(i) If z = (-1 + i) then |z| = -12 + 12 = 2 and arg z = 4
. So z = 2ei 4

1
SOLUTIONS TO PAPER 2 CAPE PURE MATHEMATICS UNIT 2 2013-05-28 2

Figure 0.1.

√ 3π
(ii) Since (-1 + i) = 2ei 4 , we have

√ 3π
2ei 4
(-1 + i) =
√ 3π 7
=⇒ (-1 + i)7 = 2ei 4
√ 7 21π
= 2 ei 4

√
7
We can view this as a complex number with magnitude 2 and argu-
21π 5π
ment 4 = 4π + 4 . The argument is two complete revolutions about the
origin plus an angle of 5π
4
. Hence arg (-1 + i)7 = 5π
4
. Therefore we have the
following Argand diagram.

Figure 0.2.

Using the length of (-1 + i)7 (its modulus) and the angle it makes with the
√
7
negative arm of the x-axis we get the real part of (-1 + i)7 is - 2 cos π4 =
-8. Similarly, the imaginary part is -8.
 SOLUTIONS TO PAPER 2 CAPE PURE MATHEMATICS UNIT 2 2013-05-28 3

Alternatively, we can write

√ 7 21π √ 7 5π
2 ei 4 = 2 ei(4π+ 4 )
√ 7   5π
 
5π

= 2 cos 4π + + i sin 4π +
4 5
√ 7  5π 5π

= 2 cos + i sin , since coshas a period of 2π.
4 5
√ 7  1 1

= 2 -√ − √ i
2 2
√ 6
=- 2 (1 + i)
= -8 (1 + i)

(2)
(a)
(i)

ˆ ˆ
sin x 1 − 2 sin2 x dx


sin x cos 2x dx =
ˆ ˆ
= sin x dx − 2 sin3 x dx
ˆ
= - cos x − 2 sin x sin2 x dx
ˆ
= - cos x − 2 sin x 1 − cos2 x dx

ˆ ˆ 
2
= - cos x − 2 sin x dx + sin x cos x dx
 
1 3
= - cos x − 2 - cos x + cos x + K , where Kis a constant
3
2
= - cos x + 2 cos x − cos3 x + 2K
3
2
= cos x − cos3 x + A, where A = 2K.
3

Alternatively, we can integrate by parts

ˆ ˆ
sin x cos 2x dx = u dv

where u = cos 2xand dv = sin x dx.

ˆ
= uv − v du
ˆ
= cos 2x (- cos x) − - (cos x) 2 (- sin 2x) dx
ˆ
= - cos x cos 2x − 2 cos x sin 2x dx
ˆ
= - cos x cos 2x − 2 w dy
 SOLUTIONS TO PAPER 2 CAPE PURE MATHEMATICS UNIT 2 2013-05-28 4

where w = sin 2xand dy = cos x dx.

 ˆ 
= - cos x cos 2x − 2 wy − y dw
 ˆ 
= - cos x cos 2x − 2 sin x sin 2x − (sin x) 2 cos 2x dx
ˆ
= - cos x cos 2x − 2 sin x sin 2x + 4 sin x cos 2x dx
ˆ
=⇒ -3 sin x cos 2x dx = - cos x cos 2x − 2 sin x sin 2x + R, where Ris a constant
ˆ
1 1
sin x cos 2x dx = [cos x cos 2x + 2 sin x sin 2x] + B, where B = - R
3 3
Another alternative is1
ˆ ˆ
1
sin x cos 2x dx = (sin 3x − sin x) dx
2
  
1 1
= - cos 3x + cos x + S, were Sis a constant
2 3
1 1
= - cos 3x + cos x + S
6 2
(ii)
ˆ π   π2
2 2 3
sin x cos 2x dx = cos x − cos x
0 3 0
1
=0−
3
1
=-
3
(b) For four intervals we require each interval to have a width of 2.25−-0.75 4
= 34 . The
3 3 3 9 9 9 9 81
x’s are - 4 , 0, 4 , 2 , 4 . The corresponding values of f are − 16 , 0, 16 , 4 , 16 respec-
tively. By the trapezium rule the estimated area is
 
1 3 9 9 9 81 135
· +2·0+2· +2· + =
2 4 16 16 4 16 32

Figure 0.3

(c)
1This requires you to know that sin α cos β = 1
[sin (α + β) + sin (α − β)]. Go ahead and prove it!
2
 SOLUTIONS TO PAPER 2 CAPE PURE MATHEMATICS UNIT 2 2013-05-28 5

Figure 0.4

(i)
2 4 2 (x2 + 4) − 4
− =
x2 + 4 (x2 + 4)2 (x2 + 4)2
2x2 + 8 − 4
=
(x2 + 4)2
2x2 + 4
=
(x2 + 4)2
Alternatively, suppose that
2x2 + 4 a b
2 ≡ 2 + 2
(x2 + 4) (x2 + 4) (x + 4)
2 2


=⇒ 2x + 4 ≡ a + b x + 4
By equating coefficients we get
b = 2 and
a = -4
(ii) Let x = 2 tan θ. Then dx = 2 sec2 θ dθ
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2x2 + 4 2 4
2 dx = dx − dx
2
(x + 4) 2
x +4 (x + 4)2
2
ˆ ˆ
2 · 2 sec2 θ 4 · 2 sec2 θ
= dθ − 2 dθ
4 tan2 θ + 4 (4 tan2 θ + 4)
ˆ ˆ
sec2 θ 8 sec2 θ
= dθ − 2 dθ
tan2 θ + 1 16 (tan2 θ + 1)
ˆ ˆ
1 sec2
= 1 dθ − dθ
2 (sec2 θ)2
ˆ
1 1
=θ− dθ
2 sec2 θ
ˆ
1
=θ− cos2 θ dθ
2
ˆ
1 1
=θ− · (cos 2θ + 1) dθ
2 2
 
1 1
=θ− sin 2θ + θ + C where Cis a constant
4 2
3 1
= θ − sin 2θ
4 8
We need to write θ and sin 2θ in terms of x. θ = tan-1 x2 . We can get sin 2θ


by writing sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ and using the following triangle. From the
triangle we get sin θ = √xx2 +4 and cos θ = √x22 +4 . So sin 2θ = x24x+4 . Making
the relevant substitutions we get
ˆ
2x2 + 4 3 x
2 dx = tan-1 x + 2
(x2 + 4) 4 2 (x + 4)
2 tan θ
Alternatively we can use the formula sin 2θ = 1+tan2 θ
, together with x =
2 tan θ and obtain the same result.2
(3)
√
(a) Now {an } is defined by a1 = 1, an+1 = 4 + 2 3 an . We assert that 1 ≤ an ≤ 8.
Proof. By induction on n.
Base step:
Since a1 = 1, 1 ≤ a1 ≤ 8, so the statement is true for n = 1.
Inductive step:
2We can prove this formula by noting that sin 2θ = 2 sin θ1 cos θ . Multiplying numerator and denominator
2
by sec θ gives the formula. Go and prove the formula yourself and use it to obtain sin 2θ in terms of x.
 SOLUTIONS TO PAPER 2 CAPE PURE MATHEMATICS UNIT 2 2013-05-28 6

Suppose that the statement is true for n = k, where k ≥ 1. That is, suppose
that 1 ≤ ak ≤ 8 for all n ∈ N. Now
√
ak+1 = 4 + 2 3 ak
3
We must show that 1 ≤ ak+1 ≤ 8. From the inductive hypothesis we have
1≤ ak ≤8
√
3 √ √3
=⇒ 1 ≤ 3 ak ≤ 8
√
=⇒ 1 ≤ 3 a
k ≤2
√
=⇒ 2 ≤ 2 ak
3 ≤4
√
=⇒ 6 ≤ 4 + 2 3 ak ≤8
√
=⇒ 1 ≤ 4 + 2 3 ak ≤8
=⇒ 1 ≤ ak+1 ≤8
Therefore, if 1 ≤ ak ≤ 8 then 1 ≤ ak+1 ≤ 8. Hence, by the principle of mathe-
matical induction, 1 ≤ an ≤ 8 for all n ∈ N. 
(b)
(i)
(A)
1 1
f (k) − f (k + 1) = −
k 2
(k + 1)2
(k + 1)2 − k 2
=
k 2 (k + 1)2
2k + 1
=
k (k + 1)2
2

(B)
n   X n
X 1 1
− = [f (k) − f (k + 1)]
k=1
k 2 (k + 1)2 k=1
f (1) −
 
f
 (2)
 + 
(2) −
 
 f  f
 (3) 
+
 
 
f (3) − f(4)
   
=  
+

 
 . .. 
 .. − . 
 
 + 
f  − f (n + 1)
(n)


= f (1) − f (n + 1)
1
=1−
(n + 1)2
(ii) From 3(b)iA we have
∞ n
X 2k + 1 X 2k + 1
2 = n→∞
lim
k=1
2
k (k + 1) k=1
k (k + 1)2
2

n
X
= lim [f (k) − f (k + 1)]
n→∞
k=1
1
= lim 1 −
n→∞ (n + 1)2
1
= 1 since → 0 as n → ∞.
(n + 1)2
0 00 000 (a)
(c) Taylor’s Theorem states f (x) = f (a)+ f 1(a) (x − a)+ f 2!(a) (x − a)2 + f 2!
(x − a)3 · · ·

3Note that we are allowed to use the second definition of an since k + 1 > 1.