ALUMINIUM AND ITS COMPOUND

A. BACKGROUND
1. Overview
To reveal the composition of substances and describe changes qualitative and
quantitative happens during chemical reactions, precise, short and direct, we are
using the chemical symbols and chemical formulas. following the recommendation
of Berzelius (1811), the coat of arms of chemical elements are formed from the first
letter of the name (latin) and for most elements accompanied the second letter
contained in the same name. Letters are written with capital letters such as O
(oxygen), Al (Aluminum) and K (Potassium) (Svehla, 1985: 1).
Electron configuration (ns) 2 (np) 1 and for the lighter elements their
chemistry is dominated by oxidation state +3 is the number of oxidation of the
elements aluminum, gallium, indium and thallium have. Trend group is very
different, however, from those in groups 1 and 2. Al 3+ ion has a ratio of
charge/radius of large and very polarizing, so that significant deviations from the
behavior of simple ionic often considered. Fill the shells (and 4f in period 6) leads to
lower the character electropositive for Ga, in and Tl similar to that shown in group
12. There stabilization of progressive from low oxidation states down the group.
Aluminum is a metallic element most common in the earth's crust, being a
constituent of almost all silicate minerals. Leaves deposits of aluminum Alo very
less attractive, AlO(OH) and Al(OH)3, known together as bauxite, which forms the
main source of trace elements. The metal extracted by electrolysis of the fuse
cryolite Na3[AlF6]. Although reactive when clean, the metal easily forms an oxide
film very resistant, which allows wide applications as a lightweight construction
cooking and other vessels (Cox, 2004: 201).
Group 13, namely the class of boron, usually considered as elements not
metallic. Although with some of the characteristics of the metal. This is illustrated
by the much higher first, second and third ionization en°ergy of boron compared to
other elements. There are many similarities but also many differences on the group,
boron and other elements. Then, the element aluminum itself has a lot in common
with beryllium. For group 13 elements, numbers +3 is said the most stable.
However, we see the stabilization of the oxidation state is lower (+I) to the heaviest.
the elements in the group, thallium, where the +3 state to oxidize. This tendency
(pair effect inert) become even more pronounced when we move to the elements in
groups 14, 15 and 16. Elemental boron combines with oxygen, halogen, sulfur and
nitrogen, and with a lot of metal. The water was then to penetrate into and melt all of
its contents, as has been previously melt the skin. Sodium hydroxide above 500 ° C.
Aluminum, as a metal that is very reactive, usually made gare. Active ('passavated')
by a layer of aluminum oxide is thin.
2A1 + 2NaOH + 6H2O + 2NaAI(OH)4 + 3H2

Aluminum soluble in HC1 to give [Al (H2O)6]3+ ion plus hydrogen, and strong
hydroxide solutions, giving aluminum and hydrogen (Henderson, 2000: 57 and 59).
The main elements (representative elements) are the elements in groups 1A
to 7A, all of which have sub shell s or p with the integer quantum main the highest
that has not been fully charged. The name aluminum is derived from the word alum,
which shows the salt compound duple PPP .The word is derived from the latin
alumen, which means bitter salt. By Humphry Davy, the metal of the salt of copies
of this proposed the name alumium which is then converted into aluminum.
However, the name of this soon modified to aluminium which became popular.
Aluminum electronic configuration of [..] is known to have a level of oxidation of
+3 in its compounds. Aluminum metal is resistant to corrosion air, because the
reaction between the metal aluminium with oxygen of the air produces oxides of
Al2O3 that forms a layer nonpori and wrap the metal surfaces to the reactions do not
occur. Layer with a thickness of 10-4 - 10-6 mm is sufficient to prevent the occurrence
of contact. the surface of the metal with oxygen, which has the ionic radius 124 pm
is not much different from the fingers of the metallic aluminium atoms 143 pm. As a
result, the packaging surface is almost not changed, since the radius of aluminium
ion 68 pm a"right" to occupy the cavities of the structure of the surface oxide
(Sugiyarto, 2003: 123).
Aluminium is tervalen in the compound-the compound. halide, nitrate and
sulfate are soluble in water, the solution shows an acid reaction because of
hydrolysis. Aluminium Ion can react with a solution of ammonium forms a white
precipitate such as gelatin which dissolve a little bit in the reagents excessive
Al3+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 3NH4+
Then reacted with a solution of sodium hydroxide to form a white precipitate of
aluminium hydroxide. This reaction is the reaction reversible cause reaction goes
from right to left.
 Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3
Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]-
This reaction is the reaction reversible. This can be produced with a solution
of ammonium chloride (the concentration of hydroxyl ions is reduced because of the
formation of the weak base ammonia which is easily excreted as ammonia gas by
heating) or by addition of an acid. In the case of the latter is the acid that is excessive
lead hydroxide precipitated dissolves again (Svehla, 1985: 266-267).
On the heater directly into a dehydrated diaspore-AI2O3 but boehmite, second
form Al(OH)3, and compounds such as ammonium resulted a- A12O3 only after
prolonged heating at high temperatures. Hydroxide, M(OH)3, Oxydroxide, MO
(OH), and oxides, M2O3, from A1 (and) some other elements that exist in the form of
a and y lower temperatures in different phases formed collectively known as y-
A1203, and various studies most of the Greece alphabet has been used in the naming
of them. This phase represents a wide range of the degree of sorting A1 in a basic
atom closest packing 0 atoms, defect spinel structure described as (q.v.), since there
are only 213 metal atoms arraa, active randomly in 16 octahedral and tetrahedral 8
position it structure (Wells, 1975: 457).
2. Review the Results
The improvements in the strength properties of aluminium composites seem
to be achieved at the expense of ductility and fracture toughness of the reinforced
AMCs. Numerous reports exist in literature of enhanced tensile strength achieved by
the reinforcement of aluminium with CNT accompanied by a reduction in ductility
of AMCs. Despite intense investigations on AMCs, achieving a balanced
combination of strength and toughness has been a daunting task for researchers till
date, as there seem to be a trade-off between the two very essential properties
[110,129]. This is obviously a hindrance to their practical applications as these are
crucial requirements since ductility is needed for formability while adequate fracture
toughness is required for the prevention of catastrophic brittle failures in service. In
addition to these essential properties, other key requirements to achieving balanced
mechanical properties of AMCs are hinged on uniform dispersion of the CNTs in the
matrix and good interfacial bonding the reinforcement and the matrix (Awotunde et
al, 2019:9).
The rate of corrosion on the metal aluminium and copper tercelup on
biodiesel influenced by temperature. Testing the rate of corrosion of the metal both
on the two variations of the temperature that is at a temperature of 30 °C and
temperature 70 °C. immersi test results show that show that with increasing
temperature lowers the rate tends to be aka biodiesel corrosion on aluminum metal
and copper. It is contradictyion with an estimated that increasing the temperature
will generally increase the rate of corrosion. Increasing the temperature will decrease
the amount of biodiesel oxygen terabsorpsi. The rate of oxidation stability of test
components in l emak and oil is affected by the concentration of dissolved oxygen.
At high temperature the dissolved oxygen concentration is getting low thus lowering
the rate of corrosion on biodiesel. Corrosion test results that the rate of corrosion
occurred in the tecelup aluminium at a temperature of 30 °C during the day i.e. 40 of
0.1217 mmy (Setiawan et al, 2017).
Single crystal X-ray diffraction structures were obtained for 3, 4 and 7. Their
crystallographic data are in Table 1 and selected bond angles and lengths in
Compound 3. Crystals of aluminum(III) compound 3 were obtained from CDCl 3
(triclinic P-1). The structure of 3 contains two N,O-bidentate ligands, Fig. 1. The
aluminum(II) center is pentacoordinated, it has a slightly distorted trigonal
bipyramid geometry, with two nitrogen atoms in apical positions [N3-Al-N27 angle
of 169.9(2)°], the oxygen atoms and the methyl group group are in equatorial
position. The sum of the three equatorial angles is 360° (Ruiz et al, 2017).
Two organic tin compounds 1 and 2 and three alkyl aluminum compounds
3e5 bearing the same b -diketiminate ligand LH were prepared. Compounds 1e4
were found to work well as catalysts in the hydroboration of terminal alkynes.
Compounds LSnCl (1) and LSnCl3 (2) were prepared from the reactions of LH with
n-BuLi, and then respectively with SnCl2 and SnCl4. The reactions of b -diketiminate
ligand LH with AlMe3 and AlEt3 respectively in a molar ratio of 1:1 in n-hexane
resulted in LalMe2 (3) and LAlEt 2 (4), in good yields by alkane elimination,
respectively. The reaction of LalMe 2 with I2 in a molar ratio of 1:2 in toluene,
resulted in LAlI 2 () sulfoxide- κ O) aluminum(III) Ligand 2 (400 mg, 1.90 mmol)
(Yi et al, 2018).
The study entitled "the effect of the addition of Al3+ in the determination of
Fe2+ Analysis", where ion Al3+ ion is used as penggangu which is based on some of
the reasons that in the ore contained some other compounds. One of them is Al 2O3 .
In addition Fe3+ and Al3+ has some semblance of nature. Alum is a double sulfate of
aluminium sulfate salts, which are used to purify water or a mixture of dyes. Alum
 crystals are characterized by dark, opaque white, are strengthened. soda ash is a solid
rather light dissolves in water contains 99.3% Na2CO3 (Khusniyah, 2014:65).
B. OBJECTIVE OF EXPERIMENT
In the end of experiment, apprentice should be understanding and competent in
studying the characteristics of aluminium metal and its compounds.
C. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS
1. Apparatus
a. Test tube (5 units)
b. Test tube rack (2 units)
c. Beaker glass 100 ml (1 unit)
d. Bunsen burner (1 unit)
e. Smooth and rough cloth (1 unit)
2. Chemicals
a. Aluminium(III) chloride anhydrous and 0.1 M (AlCl3)
b. Aluminium(III) oxide (Al2O3
c. Magnesium oxide (MgO)
d. Dilute solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl)
e. Magnesium chloride anhydrous and 0.1 M (MgCl2)
f. Nitric acid solution 0.1 M (HNO3)
g. Ammonium hydroxide solution 0.1 M (NH4OH)
h. Aquadest (H2O)
i. Sodium hydroxide solution 0.1 M (NaOH)
j. Methyl violet
k. Universal indicator
l. Filter paper
m. Matches

D. WORK PROCEDURES
1. Characteristics of aluminium hydroxide

Observe Observe
2 mL of Add several Add several drops
aluminium salt drops of NH3 of NH3 over
 2 mL of Add several Form 2
aluminium salt drops of NaOH precipitate

Add several drops Add several drops of

of NaOH over HCl
(First precipitate) (Second precipitate)

2 mL of Add NaOH Filter the Wash with cool

aluminium salt dilute precipitate H 2O
dilute

Add methyl
violet
2. Compare the aluminium chloride and magnesium chloride

observe

AlCl3

observe

MgCl3
 observe
measure the
1 spoon water drop by
pH
AlCl3 drop

observe
measure the
1 spoon water drop by
pH
MgCl3 drop

3. Compare the characteristic of acid-base Al2O3 and MgO

measure the
pH

0.1 g of 0.1 g of Al2O3 + 3

Al2O3 mL of H2O

measure the
pH

0.1 g of 0.1 g of MgO +

MgO 3 mL of H2O

measure the
pH

0.1 g of 0.1 g of Al2O3 + 3

Al2O3 mL of HCl

measure the
pH

0.1 g of 0.1 g of MgO +

MgO 3 mL of HCl
 measure the
pH

0.1 g of 0.1 g of Al2O3 + 3

Al2O3 mL of NaOH

measure the
pH

0.1 g of 0.1 g of MgO +

MgO 3 mL of NaOH

E. Compare the characteristic base ion of aluminium and ion of magnesium

measure the measure the

pH pH

3 mL of AlCl3 0.1 M Add NaOH dilute

measure the measure the

pH pH

3 mL of MgCl2 0.1 M Add NaOH dilute