Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
SUBJECT: Geography
CLASS: 11 Arts
TEACHER: unknown
Table of Content
Content
Page
Introduction i
Acknowledgement ii
Aim of Study 1
Statement of Problem
2
Map of Jamaica
4
Map of Hanover
5
Waves
8
Processes of Erosion by Waves
9
Destructive Waves
10
Headland
11
Arch
12
Cave
13
Blowhole
14
Stack
15
Inlet
16
Wave-cut Platform
17
Cliff
18
Constructive Wave
19
Beach
20
Conclusion
22
Appendix
23
Questionnaire
24
Glossary
25
Bibliography
26
Check List
27
Wind and water changes the shoreline. The waves of the ocean change the shape of
the land. This project highlights the numerous land forms created by wave action along the
Rusea’s coastline. Relevant information is presented along with the use of photographs to
give the reader a visual illustration of features formed along the coastline. It is the
researcher’s intention that readers will find the project informative and easy to grasp.
The successful completion of this study would not have been possible without the
teacher who shared her knowledge and helping me to complete this project, my cousin
Wendolyn who was generous to type my S.B.A., Nicholas Brown, Alisha Whitmore,
Veronica Buchanan, Doneka Campbell and most of all god who gave me the strength to
1. It is located in the parish of Hanover (See map 2). It is situated on Watson Taylor Drive
west of the parish capital Lucea. It is between the town of Lucea and the community of
Copper Wood.
The researcher used the questionnaire and observation method to collect relevant
data which was used in the S.B.A. Photographs of the coastline features were taken
during the month of November by schoolmates of the researcher which was also
used in the S.B.A. The questionnaire is consisted of three closed ended questions.
During the month of November questionnaires were distributed to ten persons living
in the range of the Rusea’s coastline who were randomly selected. Observation was
done using a check list and sketch diagrams. Secondary sources were also consulted
A wave is a circular movement of water caused by the energy of the wind along the
surface of the water. Various features are formed due to the erosion and deposition.
• Destructive Waves
• Constructive Waves
There are four main processes by which waves can erode the land. These are:
Hydraulic Action
This is the mechanical loosening and removal of materials by the force of the
waves.
Corrasion
This results from large waves hurling beach materials against the cliff.
Attrition
This is the process by which rock fragments are broken up along the coast by
Corrosion
This is the removal of minerals such as chalk and limestone from the
coastline.
A destructive wave is one of a series of waves which follow each other in very rapid
succession, at the rate of about ten to fifteen per minute. The backwash is much stronger
• Headland
• Arch
• Cave
• Blowhole
• Stack
• Inlet
• Cliff
• Wave-cut Platform
This is an area of highland jotting out into the sea. The destructive waves erode the
less resistant part of the rock leaving the more resistant rock which remains as headland as
eventually meet and break through. It has a tunnel- like shape as shown in the picture
below.
Cave develops along a line of weakness at the base of a cliff which has been
subjected to prolong wave action. The alternate compression and expansion of the air in the
cracks enlarges them resulting into caves. A cave is a cylindrical tunnel which extends into
action. The roof of a cave is eroded, which air and water is forced up through, as shown in
there is further erosion to an arc this cause the arch to collapse, the end of the
headland stand up as a stack. This is an isolated pillow of rock standing up from the seabed
It forms a U- shape where water flows through as shown in the photograph below.
A Cliff is a high and steep rock face locateed along the sea coast. This is a highland
area
that is undercut by erosive waves. The lower section of the rock is eroded forming
an
Cliff
Wave cut platforms are subjected to salt weathering and process of erosion such as
hydraulic action and abrasion. This is a very gentle sloping platform extending seawards
from the base of a cliff. Platforms widen as the cliff retreat as shown in the photograph
below.
A constructive wave is one of a series of waves which moves gently inwards the
coast at the rate of six to eight a minute. Constructive waves have a powerful swash but a
much weaker backwash. Due to this material is deposited on the beach helping it to build
up.
• Beach
The action of construction wave deposits pebbles, sand and mud, which, when
deposited
Sandy beaches are produced from soft sandstone which has been deposited, as
Figure one is a pie chart illustrating the percentages gained from question two of the
questionnaire(see appendix). 60% of the individuals questioned stated that the sea was
roughest during June to November. This is due to the fact that the Hurricane Season is
normally expected during this time of year. 30% stated during December to January and the
remaining 10% responded that during February to May the sea was the roughest.
The researcher has concluded that the Rusea’s coastline is changing and has been
discovered that the action of waves on the coast results in various land forms. The erosion
and deposition caused by waves form: headlands, arcs, inlets, cliffs, stacks, wave-cut
Instuction: Please answer the following questions appropriately and give a small tick
2. What time during the year the sea gets the roughest?
Jun-Nov
Dec-Jan
Feb-May
Yes
No
Coast- A zone or strip of land extending from the coastline, which borders the sea to
Rahil, Vohn A.M. New Caribbean Georaphy 1984. Caribbean Educational Publisher.
Headland
Arch
Cliff
Cave
Stack
Wave-cut platform
Inlet
Beach
Stump
Bay
Blow hole
Cove