Relevant references from ACG Static Liquefaction Workshop, March 2018

General papers on static liquefaction and undrained strengths

Bishop, A. 1973. The stability of tips and spoil heaps. Quarterly Journal Engineering Geology, 6: 335-376.

Ladd, C.C. 1991. Stability evaluation during staged construction. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 117(4):
540-615.

Vick, S. 1992. Stability evaluation during staged construction - discussion. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,
118(8): 1283-1288.

Carrier, W.D. 1991. Stability of tailings dams. XV Ciclo di Conferenze di Geotecnica di Torino, Italy, November
1991.

Davies, M., Roberts, E., and Martin, T. Static liquefaction of tailings – fundamentals and case histories. In
Proceedings Tailings Dam 2002. ASDSO/USCOLD, Las Vegas.

“Collapse” of sand under rising phreatic surface – experimental evidence

Eckersley, D. 1990. Instruments laboratory flowslides. Géotechnique, 40(3): 489-502.

Sasitharan, S., Robertson, P.K., Sego, D.C., and Morgenstern, N.R. 1993. Collapse behaviour of sand. Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, 30(4): 569-577.

Interpretation of state parameter in situ, and further guidance on use

Been, K., and Jefferies, M.G. 1985. A state parameter for sands. Géotechnique, 35(2): 99–112.
doi:10.1680/geot.1985.35.2.99.

Been, K., and Jefferies, M.G. 1992. Towards systematic CPT interpretation. In Predictive soil mechanics: In
Proceedings of the Wroth Memorial Symposium, 27–29 July 1992. pp. 121–134.

Been, K., Jefferies, M.G., Crooks, J.H.A., and Rothenburg, L. 1987. The cone penetration test in sands: Part II,
general inference of state. Géotechnique, 37(3): 285–299.

Been, K., Crooks, J.H.A., and Jefferies, M.G. 1988. Interpretation of material state from the CPT in sands and
clays. In Penetration testing in the K. Thomas Telford, London. pp. 89–92.

Been, K., Romero, S., Obermeyer, J., and Hebeler, G. 2012a. Determining in situ state of sand and silt tailings
from the CPT. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Tailings and Mine Waste ’12, Keystone,
Colo., 14–17 October 2012. Information Technology, Creative Media.

Jefferies, M.G., and Been, K. 2006. Soil liquefaction – A critical state approach. Taylor and Francis Group,
London and New York.

Jefferies, M.G., and Been, K. 2015. Soil liquefaction – A critical state approach, 2nd edition. Taylor and Francis
Group, London and New York.

Plewes, H.D., Davies, M.P., and Jefferies, M.G. 1992. CPT based screening procedure for evaluating liquefaction
susceptibility. In Proceedings of the45th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Toronto, Ont., 26–28 October
1992.pp. 41–49.

Reid, D. 2015. Estimating slope of critical state line from cone penetration test – an update. Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, 52(1): 46-57.

Shuttle, D.A., and Cunning, J. 2007. Liquefaction potential of silts from CPTu. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,
44(1): 1–19.

Shuttle, D.A. and Jefferies, M.G. Determining silt state from CPTu. Geotechnical Research, 3(3): 90-118.
Interpretation of clean sand corrected penetration resistance (Q tn,cs) in situ, and related guidance

Robertson, P.K., and Wride, C.E. 1998. Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone penetration test.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 35(3): 442–459.

Robertson, P.K. 2010. Evaluation of flow liquefaction and liquefied strength using the cone penetration test.
ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering: 136(6).

Robertson, P.K. 2012. Evaluating flow (static) liquefaction using the CPT: an update. Tailings and Mine Waste
2012.

Robertson, P.K. 2017. Evaluation of flow liquefaction: influence of high stress. 3rd International Conference on
Performance-Based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering.

Sadrekarimi’s publications on static liquefaction screening approaches

Sadrekarimi, A. 2014. Effect of the mode of shear on static liquefaction analysis. Journal of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering.

Sadrekarimi, A. 2016. Static liquefaction analysis considering principal stress directions and anisotropy.
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol 34 No. 4.

Simple shear and plane strain CSL considerations

Huang, X, O’Sullivan, C., Hanley, K.J, and Kwok, C.Y. 2014. Discrete-element method analysis of the state
parameter. Géotechnique, Vol 64, No. 12.

Jefferies, M, Shuttle, D, and Been, K. 2015. Principal stress rotation as a cause of cyclic mobility. Geotechnical
Research, Volume 2, No. 2.

Riemer, MF. 1992. The effects of testing conditions on the constitutive behavior of loose, saturated sands under
monotonic loading. PhD Thesis, University of California at Berkeley.

Riemer, MF and Seed, RB. 1997. Factors affecting apparent position of steady-state line. Journal of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Vol. 123, No. 3.

Wanatowski, D and Chu, J. 2007. Static liquefaction of sand in plane strain. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol
44, No. 3.

Vaid, YP and Sivathayalan, S. 2000. Fundamental factor affecting liquefaction susceptibility of sands. Canadian
Geotechnical Journal. Vol. 37, No. 3.

Other

Choi, JW and Ishibashi, I. 1997. Progressive failure of cut slope in strain-softening soils. Proceedings of
Deformation and Progressive Failure in Geomechanics, IS-Nagoya ’97.

Desrues, J, Chambon, R, Mokni, M, and Mazerolle, F. 1006. Void ratio evolution inside shear bands in triaxial
sand specimens studied by computed tomography. Géotechnique, Vol 46 No. 3.

Koutsoftas, DC and Ladd, CC. 1985. Design strengths for an offshore clay. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,
Vol 111, No 3.

Mayne, P, Styler, P, Woeller, DJ, and Sharp, J. 2016. Identifying contractive soils by CPT material index for flow
liquefaction concerns. GeoOttawa 2017, Canadian Geotechnical Conference.
Liquefaction case histories

Case History Reference(s)

Captains Flats Australian Minerals & Energy Environment Foundation. 1996. Environmental
Management in the Australian Minerals and Energy Industries: Principles and Practices.
Wachusett Olson et al. 2000. 1907 Static liquefaction flow failure of the North Dike of Wachusett
Dam. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Olson, S.M .and Stark, T.D. Yield strength ratio and liquefaction analysis of slopes and
embankments. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Fort Peck Jefferes, M.G. and Been, K. 2015. Soil Liquefaction – A Critical State Approach, 2nd
Edition. Taylor and Francis.
Aberfan Bishop, A. 1973. The stability of tips and spoil heaps. Quarterly Journal Engineering
Geology, 6: 335-376.
Nerlerk Jefferes, M.G. and Been, K. 2015. Soil Liquefaction – A Critical State Approach, 2nd
Edition. Taylor and Francis.
Sullivan Davies, M.P., B.B. Dawson and B.G. Chin (1998). “Static Liquefaction Slump of Mine
Tailings – A Case History”, Proceeding of 51st Canadian Geotechnical Conference,
Edmonton.
Merriespruit Wagener et al. 1997: The tailings dam flow failure at Merriespruit, South Africa:
Causes and consequences. Tailings and Mine Waste.
Fourie et al. 2001: Static liquefaction as a possible explanation for the Merriespruit
tailings dam failure. Canadian Geotechnical Journal.
Blight, G. 2010: Geotechnical Engineering for Mine Waste Storage Facilities. CRC Press.
Pinto Valley Hansen, L.A., LaFronz, N.J., Yasin, M.B. 2000. Stabilization of the Pinto Valley tailings
impoundment slide. Tailings and Mine Waste 2000.
Davies, M., Roberts, E., and Martin, T. Static liquefaction of tailings – fundamentals and
case histories. In Proceedings Tailings Dam 2002. ASDSO/USCOLD, Las Vegas.
TVA Kingston AECOM. 2009. Root cause analysis of TVA Kingston dredge pond failure on December
22, 2008. AECOM. Project Number 60095742.
Robertson, PK. 2012. Evaluating flow (static) liquefaction using the CPT: an update.
Tailings and Mine Waste 2012.
Robinson Run Department of Labor – Mine Safety and Health Administration. Report of Investigation:
Dam Failure Accident (Drowning), Robinson Run No. 95 Mine. CAI-2012-19.
Mt Polley Morgenstern, N.R., Vick, S.G., and van Zyl, D. 2015. Report on Mount Polley Tailings
Storage Facility Breach – Independent Expert Engineering Investigation Review Panel.
Fundão/Samarco Avila, JP. The drained stacking of granular tailings: a disposal method for a low degree
of saturation of the tailings mass. Tailings and Mine Waste 2011.
Morgenstern, N.R., Vick, S.G., Viotti, C.B., and Watts, B.D. Report on the immediate
causes of the failure of the Fundão Dam.
Riveros, GA and Sadrekarimi, A. 2017. Static liquefaction analysis of the Fundao Dam
Failure. GeoOttawa 2017, Canadian Geotechnical Conference.