Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
R. Cargill Hc..ll
A p r i l 1971
FOREWORD
experience .
I n t h i s sense, Ranger w a s a pioneer effort-a f m i t f u l and h i g h l y
W. H. Pickering, D i r e c t o r
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
iii
CONTENTS
PAGE
FOREWORD . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . o . * * . . . . . . . . ~ o iii
PREFACE ............................ xi
V
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
Parsons ........................... 5
2. Caltech (JPL) Rocket Research F a c i l i t y on t h e Arroyo Seco, F a l l
Hillside .......... . . . . . . = .. . . . . . 6
3. JPL from t h e Arroyo Seco, 1952 ...... ........ . 10
4. JPL i n 1970. O r i g i n a l Buildings w e r e Located on t h e kink of t h e
..
S c a l e Explorer I S a t e l l i t e Model a f t e r Orbit w a s Confirmed 50
6. Explorer I ...... . ...............
4 . . 51
7. Proposed Juno I V Launch Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8. Pioneer 111 Lunar Probe . . . . ............... 77
9. Vega Launch Vehicle . . . . . . . . . ........... 92
UST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
.....................
Space E x p l o r a t i o n
....................
Sphere on t h e Right
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
47. ................
H e l i o c e n t r i c O r b i t of Ranger 3 273
48. Ranger 4 a t AMR, Technicians Adjusting Antenna . . . . . .
Omni 285
49. Ranger 4 a t AMR, Technicians Adjusting Omni Antenna . . 286
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
58. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Ranger Launch t o Impact T r a j e c t o r y
Identified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
67. Ranger 9 Photograph, Closeup of t h e Crater Floor . . . . . . , . 507
t i c i p a t e d i n t h a t p r o j e c t , i n government, i n i n d u s t r y , and e s p e c i a l l y a t
United S t a t e s a s t r o n a u t i c s .
program as w e l l .
deep space missions conducted by NASA and JPL: the organizational structure
xi
xi i
yea.: period.
RCH
J e t B o p h i o n Labomtor~l
CaZifornh Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California
I
INTBODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
JPL Background
8
embrace r e s e a r c h and development r e l a t e d t o t a c t i c a l guided missiles.
D r . Frank J. Malina, o r g a n i z e r of t h e o r i g i n a l g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t r e s e a r c h
i n t h e 1 9 3 0 ' ~becane
~ t h e f i r s t D i r e c t o r of JPL and, i n 1946, n e was
employees w e r e h i r e d . (Figure 3. )
sounding r o c k e t w a s s t a g e d a t o p a V-2 r o c k e t f o r h i g h - a l t i t u d e r e s e a r c n ) ,
rocket as a f i r s t s t a g e v e h i c l e w i t h c l u s t e r e d Loki s o l i d - p r o p e l l a n t
began a g a i n , t h i s t i m e as p a r t of a n o t h e r program.
p r o o f - t e s t v e r s i o n of t h e J u p i t e r C was s u c c e s s f u l i y f i r e d on schedule,
September 20, 1956. The, RTV program was concluded i n August 1957,
w i t h t h e f i r s t s u c c e s s f u l recovery of a J u p i t e r r e e n t r y nose-cone.
15
-
I5Juno, JPL Brochure, n.d., circa 1959, 5 (JPLHF, 3-153).
class. On November 8, 1957, t h e Department of Defense, aware of develop-
means of remotely c o n t r o l l e d s p a c e c r a f t . S h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r , as t h e
P r o j e c t Ranger, Some c o n s i d e r a t i o n s
operation.
17
s t e e r a b l e , antennas w e r e e s t a b l i s h k d a t v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s around t h e
f l i g h t operations command c e n t e r a t J P L w e r e c r e a t e d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e
complete s p a c e c r a f t .
Much of t h e equipment and techniques t h a t went i n t o t h i s com-
p l a n e t a r y s p a c e c r a f t systems, b u t conducting s p a c e f l i g h t o p e r a t i o n s as
P
li
20
t o o b t a i n d e s i r e d r e s u l t s as r a p i d l y as p o s s i b l e , and t o maintain a
p r i m a r i l y involved (necessary f o r e v a l u a t i o n of c o n t r a c t o r c a p a b i l i t i e s
c o n t r a c t o r under .JPL d i r e c t i o n .
I
F I
21
a t t h e same t i m e a c t e d t o m e e t i t s o b l i g a t i o n s i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l
o r g a n i z a t i o n similar t o t h a t of t h e p a r e n t i n s t i t u t e ; t e c h n i c a l s e c t i o n s
d e f a c t o i n s p e c i f i c departments.
'?Improving O r g a n i z a t i o n a l S t r u c t u r e and A d m i n i s t r a t i v e
Processes, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Los fmgeles: McKimey & Company,
I n c . , S e p t . , 1959).
I
22
The m a t r i x o r g a n i z a t i o n t h u s e s t a b l i s h e d w a s b e l i e v e d t o b e t h e
of an a p p r o p r i a t e d i s c i p l i n e o r g a n i z a t i o n t o a given t e c h n i c a l problem
achieved.
-
26P i c k e r i n g , I b i d . , p. 143.
I ,
I - 5
24
I L
25
w a s a l s o t h e r e s u l t of a NASA-JPL d e s i r e t o enhzace n a t i o n a l p r e s t i g e by
30
S e e , f o r example, comments of D r . Homer N e w e l l , NASA A s s o c i a t e
Administrator f o r S p a c e Science and A p p l i c a t i o n s , -esti.gation of E.ro.ject
Ranger, op. c i t . , 45; a l s o , o u t l o o k of t h e f i r s t NASA Administrator
I)r. T. Keith Glennan, c i t e d i n t h e November 6 , 1964 Report o f OSSA S t a f f
Meeting, 5; James E. Webb, second NASA Administrator, i n &ronautics aid
Aeronautics, 1963: Chronology on Science, Technology, and P o l i c y , 460-461;
26
c e p t i b l e t o some g e n e r a l i z a t i o n .
c e n t e r s . 31 I n a d d i t i o n , Headquarters e s t a b l i s h e d s h a r p l y defined r o l e s f o r
t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c a l r a m i f i c a t i o n s of s p a c e f l i g h t p r o j e c t s determined
o r i e n t e d s t r u c t u r e i n which s u p e r v i s i o n w a s e x e r c i s e d by r e s p o n s i b l e NASA
- i t evaporated as NASA
though JPL occupied a l a r g e and novel r ~ l e ~ ~ - soon
Caltech-NASA c o n t r a c t .
A l l of t h e s e v a r i e d s i t u a t i o n a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , t e c h n i c a l , organi-
z a t i o n a l , p a s t i c i p a n t a t t i t u d e s and philosophies of o p e r a t i o n , w e r e p r e s e n t
which follow, t r a n s p i r e d .
-
1960
33
RANGER CHRONOLOGY, A SUMMARY
-
1960
-
1961
I I
I
35
W G E d CHRONOLOGY, A SWMARY
Aug. 23 F l i g h t of Ranger 1.
Nov. 18 F l i g h t of Ranger 2.
-
1962
Jan. 26 F l i g h t of Ranger 3.
Apr. 23 F l i g h t of Ranger 4 .
-
1962
O c t . 18 F l i g h t of Ranger 5.
spacecraft
!
RANGER CHRONOLOGY, A SUMMARY
-
1963
Peb. 12-13 NASA and JPL agreed upon Ranger reprogramming; planning f o r
a d d i t i o n a l Ranger Block V f l i g h t s authorized.
I 1
38
-
1964
-
1964
k l y 28-31 F l i g h t of Ranger 7.
-
1965
1957
43
44
1957
45 \ -
1957
-
Nov. 18 Looking anead t o p o t e n t i a l unmanned experiments t h a t could be con-
ducted on o r i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e Moon, D r . s. Fred S i n g e r ,
Associate P r o f e s s o r of physics a t t h e Universfty of Maryland,
+
categorized two: (1) t o r u r l o y t h e Moon's g r a v i t a t i o n a l f i e l d
t o r e t u r n a v e h i c l e t o e a r t h a f t e r swinging around t h e "far s i d e " f
b
of t h e Moon, o b t a i n i n g information or f i e l d s and p a r t i c l e s i n :
c i s l u n a r space, and (2) f o r o p e r a t i o n s concerned with impzating 3
t h e Moon, "one of the more s p e c t a c u l a r p r o j e c t s would b e t o explode
an H-bomb on t h e Moon's s u r f a c e t o observe t h e r e s u l t s of t h i s
explosion. Only B very small p a r t o f t h e Moon would b e vaporized
and w e coula follow .-he motion of t h e vaporized rock from t h e
Earth. A t i n y crater would r - m a i n as a mark of man's work on t h e
Moon. One important a p p l i c a t i o n of such a p r o i e c t might be f o r
t e s t i n g n u c l e a r u..vices without prodcciiig any hazards t o l i f e on
Earth." (S. Fred S-inger, "A Reply t o Sputnik," 10, r e p r i n t e d i n
U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, S t a f f Regort of t h e Select
C o r n i t t e e on A s t r o n w t i c s a r d Space Exploration, The Next Ten Years
i n Space 1959-1969, 86th Congress, 1st Session, House Document
I
No. 115, 19;>, 153.)
I .
46
1957
1957
During A w a r e of t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r b i o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h i n o u t e r space
December conducted by unmanned space probes, t h e P r e s i d e n t of t h e N a t i o n a l
Academy of ScienLes ( N E ) suggested convening a " S a t e l l i t e - L i f e
Sciences Symposium" t o e x p l o r e t h i s s u b j e c t . H e requested t h a t
t h e Chairman of t h e E a r t h S a t e l l i t e Panel of t h e U.S. N a t i o n a l
Committee f o r t h e I G Y (USNC/IGY) act as Chairman of a planning
c o m i t t e e t o orgaiiize t h e symposium. The NAS w a s j o i n e d by t h e
American I n s t i t u t e of Biologica; Sciences and t h e N a t i o n a l Science
Foundation (NSF) i n i h e sponsorship of t h e Symposium, which w a s
subsequently h e l d i n Washington, D.C. i n May 1958. (A R e v i c w
of Space Research, NAS-National Research Council, P u b l i c a t i o n
No. 1079, Washington, D.C., 1962, l?-11.)
19s8
.
op. c i t . , 17-18.)
I
cif t h e NACA. I n my opinion t h e g o a l 6f t h e program should be
t h e development of manned satellites and t h e travel of man t o t h e
moon and nearby p l a n e t s . .. .'I (Hugh L. Dryden, "Space Technology
and t h e NACA," January 27, 1358, JPLHF 5-140.)
49
an. 31 ABMA-JPL Juno 1 , ' P r o j e c t Deal, placed America's f i r s t e a r t h s a t e l l i t e
1
(Explorer I) i n o r b i t . S c i e r r t i f i c instrumentation of t h e payload w a s
divided i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s : (1) cosmfc r a d i a t i o n , (2) micro- 4
meteoroid (impact microphone), and (3) t e n p e r a t u r e . Two t r a n s i s t o r i z e d z
k3
1958
JPL i s s u e d Memo No. 20-161, D.H. Lee, J.S. Martinez and A.F. Grant,
Jr., A Monopropellant-Xydrazine Thrust Unit f o r Velocity Control of
E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l Vehicles.
-
Feb. 7 Secretary of Defense N e i l McElroy i s s u e d D i r e c t i v e No. 5105.15
e s t a b l i s h i n g the Advanced Research P r o j e c t s Agency (ARPA), an
o r g a n i z a t i o n which had been under c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n c e November
15, 1957. This c e n t r a l i z e d agency was charged with management
of a l l U. S. space and a n t i - m i s s i l e system p r o j e c t s . A time
l i m i t f o r ARPA i n i t i a t i o n of non-military space p r o j e c t s w a s
subsequently s e t by Congress a t one year, ending i n February
3.959, s i n c e planning f o r a c i v i l i a n space agency was a l r e a d y
underway. (U. S . Congress, House of Representatives, Committee
on Government Operations, Eleventh Report by t h e Committee,
Organization and Management of M i s s i l e Programs, 85th Congress,
1 s t Session, September 2, 1959, 136; and U. S. Congress, House
of Representatives, S e l e c t Committee on Astronautics and Space
Exploration, Report of t h e Committee, The National Space Program,
85th Congress, 2nd Session, Report Eo. 1758, Hay 21, 1958, 9.)
1958
.*A t
ABMA and JPL, t h e Juno Program had been subdivided during
December 1957 and January 1958 t o match new launch v e h i c l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s
55
1958
with new space missions. The Juno I program continued t o employ t h e modified
Redstone (Jupiter-C) f o r e a r t h s a t e l l i t e s i n t h e 15-to-30 l b . class. A new
Juno I1 Program w a s proposed t o u t i l i z e t h e h i g h e r energy c a p a b i l i t i e s of t h e
modified J u p i t e r I R B M f o r space probes (Phase I ) , and e a r t h s a t e l l i t e s i n t h e
100-lb. c l a s s (Phase 11). The common denominator of t h e e n t i r e Juno Program
5
w a s t h e spinning c l u s t e r of JPL high-speed s o l i d - p r o p e l l a n t upper s t a g e s and
t h e Microlock communications system. I n a d d i t i o n , a Juno I11 Program w a s con-
ceived, based on t h e Red Socks proposal of November 1957. It w a s to c o n s i s t
.
of a J u p i t e r IRBM w i t h a spinning c l u s t e r of s o l i d r o c k e t s as upper s t a g e s
similar t o , b u t l a r g e r than, t h e JPL-built upper s t a g e s employed i n t h e Juno I
+
and I1 Programs. This l a r g e upper s t a g e design--also known as "Red Socks"--
and t h e Juno I11 concept was u l t i m a t e l y r e j e c t e d by ARPA on t h e grounds t h a t
f u t u r e f l i g h t missions would r e q u i r e s p a c e c r a f t guidance and s t a b i l i z a t i o n , and I
'
t h a t unguided, s p i n - s t a b i l i z e d upper s t a g e s would n o t meet expected mission needs.
1958
and comfortable, b u t he a l s o r e q u i r e s f a n t a s t i c a l l y
expensive p r o v i s i o n s t o b r i n g him back a l i v e . Now no set
of instruments demands such a r i d i c u l o u s l y expensive
luxury. Instruments a r e content t o c o a s t around i n space
i
unused and unattended f o r years and t o come back t o e a r t h ,
i f a t a l l , i n a f i e r y cataclysm. But n o t a man! H e wants
t o g e t back t o e a r t h and he wants t o g e t back n o t only
unburnt b u t e s s e n t i a l l y u,ijarred.
(Lee A. DuBridge, "The Challenge of t h e Space Age," March 20, 1958,
I
JPLHF 5-223.)
57
1958
(4-5).
The s c i e n t i f i c purpose c i t e d f o r close-up s t u d i e s of t h e moon
was t h e a c q u i s i t i o n c f new knowledge concerning i t s o r i g i n and
h i s t o r y . "Was i t o r i g i n a l l y molten? Does i t now have a f l u i d
core, similar t o t h e e a r t h ' s ? And j u s t what i s the n a t u r e of
t h e lunar s u r f a c e ? The answer t o t h e s e and many o t h e r q u e s t i o n s
should shed l i g h t , d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y , on t h e o r i g i n and
h i s t o r y of t h e e a r t h and t h e scrrounding s o l a r system." (9-10).
F i n a l l y , i f any study of p o s s i b l e l u n a r l i f e forms o r organisms
are t o be made, "we must be c a r e f u l not t o contaminate t h e moon's
s u r f a c e , i n t h e b i o l o g i c a l sense, beforehand. .. .I1 (10).
During c i t y of Barstow, C a l i f o r n i a . A d e t a i l e d e v e l u a t i o n of l a r g e
March antenna designs t h a t could b e emplo!Ted i n t h i s f a c i l i t y a l s o
cont. commenced a t JPL. This was t h e besinning of what would e v e n t u a l l y
become NASA's world-wide Deep Space Network (DSN). (Rough-draft
manuscript, "Antznna and Microwave Activities a t t h e Ca1iforni.a
I n s t i t u t e of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory," no author
i n d i c a t e d , December 22, 1960, 6, JPLHF 3-172.)
1958
I n a memorandum, t h e P r e s i d e n t d i r e c t e d t h e S e c r e t a r y of Defense
and t h e Chairman, NACA, t o consider what f u n c t i o n s and f a c i l i t i e s
of t h e Department of Defense might b e t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e then
contemplated NASA. The P r e s i d e n t s t a t e d : '"1 d e s i r e t h a t t h e
s k i l l s and experience t h a t have been developed w i t h i n t h e Depart-
ment of Defense be f u l l y u t i l i z e d i n support of c i v i l s p a c e
programs. .. ."I (Cited i n NASA document Suggested Program f o r
Implementation of Proposal Made t o t h e Honora.ble N e i l H. McElrov,
The S e c r e t a r y of Defense, on October 15, 1958, October 15, 1958,
1, JPLHF 2-618. )
1958
4.
T
May 1 R e s p o c s i b i l i t y f o r t h e P r o j e c t Vanguard U.S I G Y s c i e n t i f i c s a t e l l i t e
I
1958
June 3 .
F i r s t f i r i n g tests of JPL 4 5 , COO-lb - t h r u s t uncooled develop-
mental engine f o r Jan0 I V secoud stsge took p l a c e a t JPL.
(A. E r i g l i o Sr., l o c . c i t . )
1958
c
65
1958
1958
August 15 ARPA i s s u e d Orders 14-59, 15-59 and 16-59 t o AOMC. Order 14-59
authorized development of t h e Juno 11,1.5 u 5 l l i o n pound t h r u s t
b o o s t e r ( l a t e r known as Saturn I ) . Order 15-59 authorized
development of s i x Juno I V v e h i c l e s f o r t h e purpose of launching
500-pound e a r t h o r b i t i n g payloads. Order 16-59 provided f o r
JPL component development of t h e Juno I V upper s t a g e s and guidance
system. (See March 20 and May 1958.) With planned l u n a r and deep
space missions eliminated f o r Juno I V , JPL and ABMA began design
and development of t h i s v e h i c l e f o r e a r t h - s a t e l l i t e a p p l i c a t i o n s .
A program c o n s i s t i n g of t h r e e two-stage v e h i c l e s t o b e followed
by t h r e e three-stage f i r i n g s w a s proposed; a f i r s t launch w a s
scheduled f o r June 1959. Because of l i m i t i s on t h e amount ofpay-
load weight t h a t could be c a r r i e d aboard t h e two-stage Juno I V , JPL
a l s o began development of a l i g h t weight i n e r t i a l guidance system
f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e f i r i n g s . Contingent upon a d d i t i o n a l funds,
an a l t e r n a t e program w a s a l s o o f f e r e d i n which a General Electric
405H engine would be pzessed i n t o service f o r t h e second s t a g e i n
t h e f i r s t t h r e e f i r i n g s , thereby making a l l f l i g h t s three-stage
vehicles. (AOMC, z a t e l l i t e & Space Program Propress Report f o r
-
NASA, November 18, 1958, 4; and, J.D. Burke, D.R. B a r t z , A. B r i g l i o ,
and C.R. Gates, Juno I V Rocket Vehicle System, JPL Report No. 20-123,
December 27, 1960, 2,3.) (Figure 7.)
I.
It
whether such a move w a s d e s i r a b l e and, i f so, what t h e r o l e of
JPL should be i n NASA. Following d i s c u s s i o n i t w a s decided t h a t
JPL would favorably consider t r a n s f e r t o NASA, and t h a t t h e r o l e
f o r t h e Laboratory should c e n t e r about unmanned e x p l o r a t i o n of
deep space, t h e moon and p l a n e t s i n p a r t i c u l a r . (Interview
with H . J . Stewart, October 22, 1969.)
1958
1958
1958
I .
!a
.I ,
73
1958
Nov. 12-15 The second and t h i r d meetings were held between NASA and Army
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s concerning d e r a i l s f o r t h e proposed t r a n s f e r of
JPL and ABMA t o NASA. It became apparent during t h e s e d i s -
cussions t h a t t h e Army would acquiesce i n t h e t r a n s f e r of JPL
i f NASA would accede t o t h e Army's d e s i r e t o r e t a i n AENA. ( I r a
H. Abbot and Wesley L . Hjornevik, "Memorandum f o r Record,"
Subject: "Second meeting with Army r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o d i s c u s s
NASA proposal f o r t r a n s f e r of JPL and ABMA," and-, t h i r d meeting,
dated November 1 2 and Novem'aer 15, 1958, r e s p e c t i v e l y , JPLHF 2-612,
see also "Army P l a n fo- Implementing NASA Proposal f o r Transfer
of JPL from Army t o NASA," November 1 4 , 1958, JPLHF 2-613.)
1958
I
-9 ?
1958
[
F
$
ment w a s concentrated i n t h e f i e l d s of l i q u i d and s o l i d
p r o p e l l a n t s ; guidance and c o n t r o l systems; communications;
aerodynamics; materials and s t r u c t u r e s ; chemistry; physics;
h e a t t r a n s f e r and cooling; f l u i d mechanics; instrument devel-
opmsnt and instrumentation; combustion; and v e h i c l e develop-
t3E ment and t e s t i n g . I n t h e communications area, JPL w a s assigned
f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r designing, developing, engineering, in-
s t a l l i n g and o p e r a t i n g t h e Deep Space N e t , i n c l u d i n g p r o v i s i o n
of t h e supporting r e s e a r c h and development. necessary t o main-
t a i n the N e t a t t h e state-of-the-art i n space communications.
3
1 n n
79
1958
During D r s . Harold Urey and Robert Jastrow (see Nov. 10, 1958) v i s i t e d t h e
December o f f i c e of Homer N e w e l l a t NASA Headquarters i n Washington, D.C.
They discussed t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e moon t o any understanding of
t h e o r i g i n s of t h e s o l a r system, pointed o u t t h a t NASA d i d n o t have
a firm program f o r l u n a r e x p l o r a t i o n , and convinced D r . N e w e l l t h a t
such a program should be usdertaken. According t o D r . N e w e l l : "The
Ranger Program w a s i n e f f e c t born on [ t h a t ] day. .I1.Although
somewhat o v e r s t a t e d , perhaps, what w a s born t h a t day w a s a d e t e r - /
f
1959
1959
1959
m
85
1959
n
!
87
1959
A j o i n t t e c h n i c a l tram of MA-NASA s p e c i a l i s t s v i s i t e d
Australia with t h e d u a l purpose of s e l e c t i n g a s u i t a b l e s i t e
f o r t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of an 85 f o o t "dish" antenna, similar t o
one i n operation a t Goldstone, C a l i f o r n i a , and of reaching
t e n t a t i v e technic-a1 agreement upon t h e o p e r a t i o n of such
equipneat by A u s t r a l i a n t e c h n i c a l teams from Weapons Research
Establishment. I n all, seven p o t e n t i a l "dish" sites w e r e
inspected, sketched, and photographed on t h e Woomera T e s t
Range w i t h an area n e a r I s l a n d Lagoon considered t h e most
adequate. (Edward h. Wzlters, Comment E d i t i o n , The O r i g i n s
-
of t3e A u s t r a l i a n Cooperation i n Space, NASA HHN-82, May 1969,
1 7 , JPLHF 5-195.)
I --,-
89
1959
I c
1959
I
" 8
! : 2%,
95
1959
JPLHF 2-1188.)
1959
I
1959
1959
t e c h n i c a l judgmencz and d e c i s i o n s r e q u i r e d t o c a r r y o u t t h e
p r o j e c t w i l l , t o t h e maximum e x t e n t p o s s i b l e , be l e f t t o t h e
judgment of t h e Laboratory's management .I1 (Memo f o r t h e D i r e c t o r
of Space F l i g h t Development from T.K. Glenrian, May 28, 1959,
JPLHF 2-807; a l s o , memo t o ctie D i r e c t o r of Business Administration
and D i r e c t o r of Space F l i g h t Development, from Richard Horner,
November 16, 1959, 2, JPLHF 3-314.) ,
1959
-.*
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concerning t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l i m p l i c a t i o n s of space e x p l o r a t i o n .
One of the, f o r e s e e a b l e l e g a l problems noted i n t h i s document
involved "safeguards a g a i n s t contamination of or from o u t e r space."
The Committee "agreed t h a t f u r t h e r s t u d y should be encouraged
under a p p r o p r i a t e auspices t o s p e c i f y t h e types of r i s k s , t h e
g r a v i t y of dangers, and t h e t e c h n i c a l p o s s i b i l i t y , as w e l l as t h e
c o s t of p r e v e n t a t i v e measures. ... I1
(United Nations Doc. AI4141,
J u l y 14, 1959, P a r t 111, B, 29.)
P r e s i d e n t Eisenhower r e v i s e d t h e c h a r t e r of t h e C i v i l i a n -
M i l i t a r y L i a i s o n Committee so t h a t i t could t a k e t h e i n i t i a t i v e
i n d e a l i n g w i t h d i s p u t e s between NASA and t h e DOD. P r i o r t o
t h i s r e v i s i o n t h e CMLC handled o n l y t h o s e problems t h a t were
brought b e f o r e i t by t h e r e s p e c t i v e agencies. (Government
Operations i n Space, op. c i t . , 56.) (See A p r i l 15, 1959.)
------- CONTRACTUAL
TECHM ICAl DIRECTION
1959
Aug. 18
from W.H. Pickering t o D i s t r i b u t i o n , August 12, 1959, JPLHF 3-228.)
I .
113
1959
Aug. 20 f l i g h t schedule:
cont. F l i g h t No. Firing Mission
1 January 1961 T e s t vehicle, l u n a r m i s s
2 April 1961 Lunar m i s e
3 July 1961 Backup ( l u n a r m i s s )
4 October 1961 Luriar o r b i t e r
5 January 1962 Meteorological s a t e l l i t e
6 April 1962 Lunar o r b i t e r
7 July 1962 Communication s a t e l l i t e
8 October 1962 Backup
(JPL, I O M from F.E. Goddard t o C.I. Cummings, August 20, 1959,
JPLHF 2-839.)
Backup battery
I b+ Poyload structure
Static regulators
Power supplies
Power switch and
logic
Erectable solar panel
supports
Figure 15: Proposed Vega 1 Lunar Orbiter spacecraft design showing power system.
i
116
1959
1959
Sdpt. 30 Following review of t h e JPL Vega Mission Plan dated September 15,
1959, t h e following missions were e s t a b l i s h e d : Vegas 1, 2, and 3
would have i d e n t i c a l test missioas, t o b e f i r e d on d i r e c t a s c e n t
t r a j e c t o r i e s beginning i n January 1961. Vegas 4 , 6, and 8 would
be n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l l u n a r o r b i t i n g v e h i c l e s w i t h a f i r s t launch
i n October 1961. Vegas 5 and 7 would be a meteorological and
communications s a t e l l i t e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e former launched i n
January 1962 and t h e l a t t e r i n J u l y 1962. (JPL, Vega Letter
Report N o . 6, September 30, 1959, 1-2, JPLHF 2-823.)
BMD c o n t r a c t u a l l y a l l o c a t e d t h e f i r s t two A t l a s b o o s t e r s t o t h e
Vega program. The remaining Vega b o o s t e r s w e r e scheduled Lut
not y e t c o n t r a c t u a l l y implemented. (Ibid., 3.)
1959
1959
I n i t i a l s p a c e c r a f t s t e r i l i z a t i o n requirements w e r e r e l e a s e d
a t JPL. The requirements were planned f o r implementation
on t h e t h i r d and f o u r t h f l i g h t s ; however, i t w a s considered
I1
d e s i r a b l e t o i n c o r p o r a t e as many of them as p o s s i b l e , on a
..
n o t - t o - i n t e r f e r e b a s i s , i n t h e f i r s t two [ t e s t ] f l i g h t s . I1
1959
1959
Dee. 3-4 The NASA OSFD Lunar Science Group (formed J u l y 13, 1959) sub-
m i t t e d i t s d e l i b e r a t i o n s on and recommendations f o r a NASA
deep space program t o NASA Administrator T. Keith Glennan
( s e e December 1, 1959). It o u t l i n e d a l u n a r and i n t e r -
p l a n e t a r y f l i g h t schedule based on employing t h e Atlas-Bgena B
i n p l a c e o f t h e Vega launch v e h i c l e program, w i t h mission
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y assigned t o JPL ( s e e repercussions December 9,
16, 21, and 29, 1959). This r e p o r t coupled w i t h t h e Stewart
Committee recommendations (see October 2, 1959), launch s t a n d
r e a d i n e s s problems, and t h e Atlas-Able launch f a i l u r e on
November 26, caused D r . Glennan t o decide i n favor of t h e
Atlas-Agena 3, and he requested t h a t a d r a f t TWX b e prepared
f o r d i s p a t c h t o _?L. The TWX w a s n o t s e n t pending a proposed i4
telephone conversation with D r . Pickering on December 7.
Dec. 4
(Pzdft of TWX f o r T.K. Glennan by G.F. S c h i l l i n g , NASA,
December 4 , 1959, JPLXP 2-805; a l s o , l e t t e r from G.F. S c h i l l i n g
t o R.C. H a l l , January 23, 1969.)
.
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s u r f a c e s and i n t e r i o r s...
chemical p r o p e r t i e s of t h e l u n a r and p l a n e t a r y atmospheres,
both f o r b a s i c s c i e n t i f i c i n f o r -
mation and f o r t h e f u t u r e s e l e c t i o n of landing sites." ( I b i d . )
Dec. 2 1 r e s o l u t i o n p i c t u r e s of t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e " i n t h e p e r i o d
con t . immediately preceding impact" f o r use i n an i n t e g r a t e d l u n a r
e x p l o r a t i o n program. I n a d d i t i o n , JPL w a s requested t o examine
t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of c a r r y i n g a b a s i c group of s c i e n t i f i c
instruments on t h e s;?acecraft f o r use i n e v a l u a t i n g f i e l d s
and p a r t i c l e s i n c i s l u n a r space, and t o reexamine i t s proposal
f o r d e p o s i t i n g an instrument package on t h e moon which would
I1
s u r v i v e impact and then t r a n s m i t s i g n i f i c a r i t data." This
l e t t e r c o n s t i t u t e d t h e b a s i s f o r what subsequently became
known as P r o j e c t Ranger. (NASA, l e t t e r from A. S i l v e r s t e i n
t o W.H. P i c k e r i n g , December 21, 1959, JPLHF 2-470.)
1959
1960
139
140
1960
H a n s Hueter--Chairman C . I . Cummings
D i r e c t o r , Systems Support Program D i r e c t o r
Equipment Laboratory J e t Propulsion Laboratory
Army B a l l i s t i c Missile Agency
Donald R. Efulholland
Technical Division
Western Operations O f f i c e (WOO) NASA
1960
I I
I
144
1960
-1
4
Feb. 8 JPL completed e v a l u a t i o n of a G.E. p r o p o s a l , " P r o j e c t LIVE," sub-
mitto-d t o NASA. The proposal recommended use of a Thor-Delta
b o o s t e r t o launch a 12-inch diameter 65 l b . sphere t o l u n a r
impact, The p l a s t i c sphere, w i t h a s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y of approx-
, $.
imately 2, contained a s i i t g l e channel transmitter w i t h an 3
I
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1960
Feb. 10-11 The first meeting of the NASA Space Exploration Council (SEPC)
m e t a t Xeadquarters i n t h e o f f i c e of t h e Associat2 Administrator.
The o b j e c t i v e of t h e Council w a s " t o provide a mechanism t o r t h e
timely and d i r e c t r e s o l u t i o n of t e c h n i c a l and Q a n a g e r i a l
problems ... comon t o a l l [NASA] Centers engkged i n t h e space
f l l g h t programs .'I
M r . Richard IIorner o u t l i n e d two p h i l o s o p h i c a l approaches t h a t ,
NASA w a s considering f o r management of t h e Agena B program:
(a) U s e of 2 S t e e r i n g Committee comprised of a Headquarters
chairman and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from each of t h e t h r e e a f f e c t e d
centers--JPL, Goddard, and H u n t s v i l l e . Panels would be estab-
l i s h e d f o r t h e various t e c h n i c a l areas t o treat with any i n t e r -
f a c e problems. (b) Two s t e e r l n g committees could be established--
one f o r space f l i g h t , with t e c h n i c a l p a n e l s , and one f o r launch
v e h i c l e s , with t e c h n i c a l p a n e l s , therebv approximating t k e new
Headquarters o r g a n i z a t i o n s t r u c t u r e . A d e c i s i o n w a n Gchieved
fzvoring t h e former mode. The problem of coordinating Agena B
management a t BMD and a t Lockheed, Sunnyvale, subsequently w a s
r e i s e d and, r'ollowing d i s c u s s i o n , it w a s agreed t h a t ''a r e s i d e n t
p r o j e c t engineer would be assigned t o Sunnyvale from t h e
H u n t s v i l l e s t a f f , This r e p r e s e n t a t i v e would r e p o r t t o K Y . ::ii2ter
of H u n t s v i l l e and would be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a l l t e c h n i c a l matters
a t Sunnyvale. .. .I' (Minutes of t h e Space Exploration Program
Council Meeting, Fzbruary 10-11, 1960, 7-8, JYLHF 2-1416.)
(See January 15, 19€3.)
150
1960
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153
1960
Feb. 1 7 R e l a t i v e p r i o r i t i e s f o r t h e Ranger P r o j e c t w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d ;
i n a descending o r d e r of importance they were: (a) s p a c e c r a f t
technology, (b) schedules, (c) developing i n d u s t r i a l s u p p o r t
f o r JPL, (d) science. A p r o o f - t e s t model (PTM) f o r Ranger
s p a c e c r a f t 1 and 2 w a s scheduled f o r completion by December
1960, a PTM f o r s p a c e c r a f t 3-5 by J u l y 1961. JPL proposed
f l i g h t date-a w e r e :
F l i g h t No. -
Date Mission
1 A p r i l 25, 1961 Engineering T e s t
2 J u l y 25, 1961 Engineering T e s t
3 October 1961 Lunar Impact
4 January 1961 Lunar Impact
5 April 1962 Lunar Impact
(JPL, I O M from C . I . Cummings t o A l l Division Chiefs, February 1 7 ,
1960, JPLHF 2-1024.)
h
1960
2
Cosmic-Ray I n t e g r a t i n g Caltech/JPL
I o n i z a t i o n Chamber H.V. Neher/H.R. Anderson
k
The camera systern employed i n Rangers 3-5 w a s designed t o t r a n s -
m i t a p i c t u r e every 1 3 seconds, f o r a t o t a l of 100 p i c t u r e s during descent
toward the moon. The f i r s t p i c t u r e , taken from approximately 2,500 miles
a l t i t u d e , would encompass a 25-square-mile area and show o b j e c t s 650 f e e t
a c r o s s ; t h e f i n a l p i c t u r e would cover an a r e a about 2,000 square f e e t and
r e v e a l o b j e c t s 10 f e e t a c r o s s . Moon photographs from o b s e r v a t o r i e s on e a r t h
could d i s t i n g u i s h f e a t u r e s no smaller than 2 ,000 f e e t across.
159
OMNIDIRECTIONAL
MAGNETOMETER
ANTENNA SHIELD
INTEGRATING IONIZATION
PAIRS OF /- LYMAN-ALPHA
ELECTROSTAYC
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161
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960 5
May 1 9 A meeting among r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from LMSD, MSFC, JPL, AF, and NASA
Headquarters w a s held a t LMSD, Sunnyvale, C a l i f o r n i a . D r . A l b e r t
Kelley announced " t h a t i t was n o t NASA's policy--basically due t o
severe f i s c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s - - t o do business ofi an open ended l e t t e r
c o n t r a c t . Therefore, Headquarters wanted a d e f i n i t i z z d c o n t r a c t i n
s i x t y days--by 17 J u l y . ... A l b e r t and Gibson [AF] s a i d t h i s w a s
1960
1960
1-76 ..
I;'
1960
JPL s u b m i t t e d . t h e r e s u l t s of a b r i e f s t u d y on a r e v i s e d mission
for RA-2 t o NASA. It w a s determined t h a t a l u n a r n e a r m i s s would
be included as an a l t e r n a t e mission on c u r r e n t schedules. (JPL,
l e t t e r from 3.D. Burke t o E.M. C o r t r i g h t , June 7, 1960, JPLHF
2-1413. )
1960
! '
I
1960
I
180
196Q
1960
i
J u l y 11 weight r e d u c t i o n campaign f o r Ranger s p a c e c r a f t 3-5. (JPL,
cont . I O M from V.C. Clarke t o J . D . Burke, J u l y 14, 1960, JPLHF
2-562 .)
J P L awarded p a r t i a l l y funded s t u d y c o n t r a c t s t o f o u r i n d u s t r i a l
f i r m s f o r t h e Surveyor l u n a r s o f t - l a n d e r follow-on Frogram. The
f i r m s were Korth American Aviation, Hughes A i r c r a f t , McDonnell
Aviation, and STL.
c
182
1960
1960
.k
The PTM w a s designed t o d u p l i c a t e t h e f l i g h t i t e m as n e a r l y as
p o s s i b l e , and w a s designed t o b e subjected t o t e s t i n g beycnd f l i g h t acceptance
. levels.
I
1
184
I
t 4
4
E.EC1PONICS
e.AY It
TRIPLE
CO!NCIDfNCE
D€lECTO(I
:\
Aug. 3 An e a r l y d r a f t of NASA Agena B Launch Vehicle Program Manapement
Organization and Procedures w a s s e n t t o t h e Air Forcc. ( L e t t e r
from Brig. Gen. H.W. Powell, USAF, t o M a j . Gen. D.R. Ostrander,
NASA, September 8 , 1960, JP'LHF 2-1075.) (See January 3, 1961.)
1960
I
C .
i
187
.
1560
During -
Block I1 Spacecraft. (Ranger F l i g h t s 3, 4 and 5) The f i r s t
August rough l a y o u t of t h e s p a c e c r a f t instrument compartment f o r RA-3
cont. w a s completed, and design of t h e midcourse r o c k e t engine w a s
I underway. While t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n of t h e Block I1 s p a c e c r a f t
w a s s i m i l a r t o Block I and g l a n s c a l l e d f o r d u p l i c a t i n g many
f e a t u r e s , i t d i f f e r e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n carrying a science
I instrumented package f o r l u n a r impact, a midcourse propulsion
system, and a r e f i n e d c e n t r a l computer and sequencer (CC&S).*
( I b i d . ; and, Minutes of Ranger Program Design -Review Meeting on
RA-3 h e l d August 2 k , loc. c i t . ) (Figure 31.)
<
from AMR under NASA auspices. The f l i g h t was aborted when t h e second
s t a g e booster engine f a i l e d . (E.M. Emme, Aeronautics and A s t r o n a u t i c s ,
1915-1960, op, c i t . , 128.) *
i
I
I 1960
I
'S
*'
192
1960
i
z
i
Nov. 1 AFBMD e s t a b l i s h e d a Board of I n q u i r y t o i n v e s t i g a t e LMSD-Agena 3
engineering, t e s t i n g and d e l i v e r y schedules f o r NASA programs. st
1560
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
During Ranger Block I. System tests on the PTM revealed a number of system
December interactions, electrical interferences, etc., that were corrected on
the first flight model. "Further changes may be necessary based on
results of the current tests of the PTM under vibration, vacuum and
simulated solar radiation environments. Because of delays in the
installation of the vacuun chamber, the thermal design of the PTM
has not yet been proved adequate." (JPL Space Programs Summary
No. 37-6, op. cit., 4 . )
JPI, replaced its IBM 704 computer facility with an IBM 7090
computer facility for the approaching Ranger and Mariner space
flights, and for increased general computer applications.
(Ranger Project Development Plan, op. cit., 94.)
low manned landings on that body, "probably between 1970 and 1980."
According to DeMarquis D. Wyatt, NASA Assistant Director of Program
Planning and Coordination, "instruments on the moon and these
planets will not: tell the full story about them. They can tell
only of the phenomena in their immediate vicinity--in short, give
a tiny glimpse of a vast expanse. Ideally, we need men on these
explorations. .. .'I (H.J. Stewart and Peter Chew, "Space Explo-
ration, the U.S. Long Range Plan," in Arthur Garratt, ed., Science
Survey, 1961, Part I, London: Penguin Books, pp. 190 and 192.)
1961
i
Speech, A.R. Hibhs, Technical Release No. 34-241, The N a t i o n a l
Program f o r Lunar and P l a n e t a r y Exploration, presented a t P a c i f i c
Southwest Regional Meeting, American Geophysical Union, January 26,
1961 a t Berkeley, C a l i f o r n i a , 2, 3 . ) (See f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n p l a n s
a t A p r i l 3 0 , 1959.) 3
d
g
210
1961
c
211
I961
i
I
212
1961
its weight g o a l of 300 pounds o r not f l y . " (JPL, I O M from J.D. Bcrke -:-
t o H.M. Schurmeier, February 16, 1961, JPLHF 2-563.j
I
19 61
During Ranger Block. I. The PTM w a s moved fro= t h e system test area t o
February t h e environmental test l a b o r a t o r y f o r v i b r a t i o n and vacuum-
temperature tests. With a l l subsystems except t h e solar cor-
puscular experiment i n s t a l l e d t h e PTM w a s v i b r a t e d i n a x i a l and
t r a n s v e r s e planes. Malfunctions were d e t e c t e d a t t h e subsystem
and t h e system l e v e l during t h e s e environmental tests: i n t h e
launch and backup b a t t e r y , * o c c a s i o n a l loss of sync i n t h e d a t a
automation system, pulsing 5n t h e d a t a encoder, and s c i e n t i f i c
3
i
*The Ranger 3
1 and 2 launch and backup b a t t e r y was comprised of
seventeen s i l v e r - z i n c primary ceil Is produced by t h e Eagle P i c h e r Company of
Joplin, Missouri. Environmental rests demonstrated t h a t maintenance of t h e
b a t t e r y a t temperatures below 120' F. w a s of primary importance i n preventing
battery deterioration.
214
1961
I
215
1961
1961
1961
During Ranger Block I. The RA-1 PTM and a s s o c i a t e d Ground Support Equlp-
March ment (GSE) were shipped t o LMSD i n Sunnyvale, C a l i f o r n i a t o be
used i n c o m p a t i b i l i t y tests w i t h t h e Agena-B v e h i c l e . JPL, Space
Programs Summary No. 37-8, Vol. I , op. c i t . , 3 , )
During The RA-1 PTM arid Agena v e h i c l e 6001 w e r e mated a t LMSD and a
March s u c c e s s f u l c o m p a t i b i l i t y t e s t w a s conducted. Atlas and Agena
cont. RF sources were simulated and on-board systems were operated t o
uncover any i n t e r f e r e n c e e f f e c t s . Apart from some undesired
L
1961
1961
Ranger Block 11. Assembly of t h e R4-3 PTM was begun. The JPL
l i q u i d - p r o p e l l a n t mid-course motor and t h e ADF l u n a r capsule
w e r e civailable; however, o t h e r components remained i.n q u a l i f i -
c a t i o n test. "Some l a t e d e l i v e r i e s are now expected and i t i s
l i k e l y t h a t a p a r t of t h e v a l u e of t h e RA-3 PTM w i l l be l o s t
because t h e r e w i l l not be enough t 5 m e t o i n c o r p o r a t e changes
between t e s t s of t h e PTM and [assembly] of t h e a c t u a l RA-3
flight s p a c e c r a f t . I ' (JPL Space Proarains Suiuulilry No. 37-9,
Vol. 11, OP- c i t . , 4.) (Figure 37.)
IMPACT LIMITER
IMPACT LlhllTER
THERMAL CONTROL
INTEGSAL INSTRUMENTED
SURVIVAL SPHERE
(PLASTIC OUTER SHELL)
WE-I M PACT
PUNCTURING MVlCE
SPHEZE/RETROROCKET
SE?AUATION CLAM?
RETROROCKET CASE
ETROROCKET/SUPPORT STRUCTURE
SEPILRATION CLAMP
RADAR ALTIMLTER
I
22h
1961
T o t a l a d d i t f o n a l c o s t in overrun f o r t h e ADF l u n a r c a p s u l e
development e f f o r t , including f o u r s u b c o n t r a c t s w a s estimated
a t $968,068. (JPL Conference a t Aeronutronic, Conference
Report dated May 1, 1961 by L.C. Pehl, JPL, uTpLHF 2-1204.)
May 9
May 10
I n o r d e r t o overcome a continuing manpower s h o r t a g e , t h e Systems
Division a t J P L was assigned r e s p o n s i b i l l t y f o r guiding and co-
o r d i n a t i n g t h e Laboratory's s p a c e c r a f t s t e r i l i z a t i o n program.
(JPL, I O M from B. Sparks t o Senior S t a f f , May 9, 1961, JPLHB 2-295.)
1961
R.C. Hastrup n o t i f i e d a f f e c t e d J P L p e r s o n n e l t h a t e x p e r i e n c e
w i t h t h e t h r e e - s t e p s p a c e c r a f t s t e r i l i z a t i o n program i n d i c a t e d
t h a t f u t u r e developments should be geared tcMard a r e d u c t i o n of
s t e p s , e v e n t u a l l y by h e a t i n g t h e e n t i r e asszmbled s p a c e c r a f t
"although such a procedure i s n o t f e a s i b l e f o r Ranger s p a c e c r a f t
due t o t h e stare-of-the-art and s c h e d u l e l i m i t a t i o n s , continued
emphasis should be placed on t h e use of h e a t f o r s t e r i l i z a t i o n ,
e s p e c i a l l y a s a p p l i e d t o g r o s s assemblies c o n t a i n i n g a s many
components a s p o s s i b l e . I n t h i s way t h e d i f f i c u l t and t i m e
consuming aiethods of [ l i q u i d t r e a t m e n t in] s t e r i l e assembly
can b e minimized and w t w i l l b e i n a much b e t t e r p o s i t i o n t o
accomplish t h e u l t i m a t e g o a l o f p l a n e t a r y s p a c e c r a f t s t e r i l -
ization." (JPL, IOM from R.C. Hastrup t o D i s t r i b u t i o n , May 24,
1961, JPLHP 2-1118.)
228
1961
I n a s p e c i a l message d e l i v e r e d b e f o r e a j o i n t s e s s i o n of Congress,
P r e s i d e n t Kennedy c a l l e d f o r a n a t i o n a l d e c i s i o n f o r "achieving
t h e g o a l , b e f o r e t h i s decade i s o u t , of landing a man on t h e moon
and r e t u r n i n g him s a f e l y t o t h e earth."
c
1961
June 22 The JPL Data Handling Committee (see During February 1961) re-
cont. l e a s e d i t s r e p o r t on d a t a handling requirements and c a p a b i l i t i e s
a t JPL. An accompanying o r a l r e p o r t made t o t h e D i r e c t o r of t h e
Laboratory recommended t h a t (1) JPL o b t a i n a g r e a t e r d a t a pro-
cessing c a p a b i l i t y , (2) a new f a c i l i t y b e constructed which would
b e designed f o r o p e r a t i o n a l d a t a handling and f l i g h t o p e r a t i o n s ,
(3) t h e e n t i r e f a c i l i t y be housed i n a s i n g l e b u i l d i n g , ( 4 ) work
on t h e new f a c i l i t y be i n i t i a t e d immediately because of t h e s h o r t -
ness of t i m e remaining b e f o r e e x i s t i n g JPL c a p a b i l i t i e s would be
overtaxed, and (5) an o r g a n i z a t i m b e c r e a t e d t o p l a n , organize
and manage f u t u r e systematic growth i n JPL d a t a handling oper-
ations. These recommendations, coupled w i t h an e s t a b l i s h e d
Surveyor P r o j e c t requirement f o r a Data Operations and Command
F a c i l i t y , r e s u l t e d i n a f i r m JPL commitment t o e s t a b l i s h a s i n g l e ,
c e n t r a l i z e d , Space F l i g h t Operations F a c i l i t y (SFOF) a t t h e Lab-
o r a t o r y . (JPL, Space Programs Summary No. 37-20, Vol. V I . ,
loc. cit.)
SPACECRAFT CONTROLLER
UECTROSWY: ANALYZER 9
FRICTION EXR%MENT
\
SUN S E W
P - p - T / L L N s t x
uANG€RuullcHvecyILs~
1961
-
DSIF. The Goldstone, Woomera, and Johannesburg s t a t i o n s began
systems checkout i n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e RA-1 f l i g h t . Construction of
t h e Johannesburg s t a t i o n had been completed e a r l y i n t h e month. Equip- f
ment checkout, performance evaluation tests, and net i n t e g r a t i o n tests
were conducted, (N.A. R e n z e t t i , Technical Memorandum No. 33-174, i
i
Tracking and Data Acquisition f o r Ranger Missions 1-5, J u l y 1, 1964.
-
Facilities. Construction of t h e 25-foot space simulator had
reached a p o i n t where t h e s t r u c t u r e r o s e 45 f e e t above ground.
over h a l f of i t s eventual 82-foot height. (JPL, _Space Programs
Summary No. 37-10, Vo2. I , op. c i t . , 46.)
1961
I
1961
1961
1961
1961
c
246
1961
1961
1961
Sept. 18 Edgar C o r t r i g h t n o t i f i e d A. S i l v e r s t e i n of t h e r e s u l t s of
anal-ysis of Ranger follow-on experiments t h a t had been
presented t o t h e SSSC on August 21. The p r e s e n t a t i o n s w e r e :
(a) JPL - Capsule TV System
(b) Langley - M u l t i p l e Penetrometer
(c) Langley - Circumlunar Photomapping
jd) GSFC - R a d i a t i o n Monitor
C o r t r i g h t recommended approval of 3 s e p a r a b l e , unbraked,
JPL-RCA TV c a p s u l e system, t h e remainder were n o t reccom-
mended. (NASA, Memo f o r t h e D i r e c t o r , OSFP, from E.M.
C o r t r i g h t , September 18, 1961, JPLHF 2-680.)
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
-
DSIF. I n s t a l i a t i o n of an experimental Cassegrain feed system
w a s completed on t h e 85-foot Ha-Dec antenna a t the Goldstone
Pioneer S t a t i o n , and preliminary t e s t i n g began. P r e p a r a t i o n s
f o r t h e Ranger 2 mission began a t a l l s t a t i o n s by t h e end of
t h e month. (Tracking and Data Acquisition f o r Ranger Missions 1-5,
OP. c i t . , 22.)
F a c i l i t i e s . I n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e s t a i n l e s s s t e e l vacuum s h e l l
f o r t h e 25-foot diameter space simulation chamber w a s n e a r l y
completed. F a b r i c a t i o n of t h e dome housing and t h e s o l a r simu-
l a t i o n system w a s f i n i s h e d . " A l l related s i t e work has bezE
progressing i n a normal manner w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e of being
ready f o r t h e Mariner [R] tests e a r l y i n t h e s p r i n g of 1962."
(JPL, Space Programs Summary No. 37-12, V o l . I., op. c i t . , 35.)
ri
i
259
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
-
DSIF. An experimental 960-mc maser w a s modified, i n s t a l l e d ,
and t e s t e d w i t h t h e Cassegrain system i n t h e Ha-Dec antenna
a t t h e Goldstone Pioneer s t a t i o n . The maser a m p l i f i e r was
r e q u i r e d t o increase t h e s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e DSIF receiver f o r
t h e Ranger Block I1 lunar experiments. (JPL, Space Proarams
Sommarv No. 37-12, Vol. I, OD. c i t . , 58.)
Dec. 1 Radar A 1t i m e t er
cont. Experimenter--Mr. W.E. Brown, Jr., JPL.
Cunningham noted t h a t t h e major changes i n t h e l i s t since
i n i t i a l approval by t h e SSSC on May 9 , 1960 w a s t h e i n c r e a s e
i n t h e number of experimenters assigned t o t h e TV system and
a d d i t i o n of t h e r a d a r altimeter experiment. (NASA, Memo-
r a n d m f o r D i r e c t o r , O f f i c e of Space Sciences, from N.K.
Cunningham, December 1, 1961, JPLHF 2-682.)
1961
1961
1962
1962
Jan. 1 3 The complete ADF lunar capsule was balanced and made ready f o r
i n s t a l l a t i o n on t h e RA-3 bus. I n s t a l l a t i o n w a s f i n i s h e d on
January 16.
27 3
1962
Jan. 22 A r u p t u r e i n t h e e l l i p s o i d a l i n t e r t a n k i n s u l a t i o n bulkhead w a s
discovered i n t h e Atlas b o o s t e r f o r Ranger 3 a f t e r f u e l i n g
o p e r a t i o n s had begun. Working from i n s i d e of t h e r o c k e t twenty-
f o u r hours p e r day f o r f o u r days " i n a race a g a i n s t a p i r a t i o n
of t h e l u n a r launch p e r i o d , t h e A t l a s f i e l d crew removed t h e
ruptured diaphragm, [and] ... restored t h e A t l a s t o flight-
ready c o n d i t i o n . .. .'' (JPL, Ranger History--working d r a f t ,
op. c i t . , 14-15.)
1962
1962
'9
1
280
1962
1962
3
During NASA Headquarters appointed M r . Robert Rodney NASA Resident a t 233
February JPL. 4
d
’#
Ranger Block 11. A change w a s authorized i n t h e thermal s h i e l d x
s t r u c t u r e f o r Rangers 4 and 5 based upon f l i g h t experience with t
RA-3. A new m u l t i p l e l a y e r aluminized mylar shower-curtain-type
s h i e l d w a s employed a t t h e end of t h e month, r a t h e r than t h e
clamshell arrangement previously used. The new s h i e l d n e c e s s i t a t e d
a new set of omnidirectional antenna p a t t e r n s f o r Block I1 con-
f i g u r a t i o n . (JPL, Space Programs Summary No. 37-14, Vol. I,
O D , c i t . 7 8.)
284
1962
1962
Mar. 8 S i n c e r e s o l u t i o n w a s t h e primary o b j e c t i v e , t h i s c o n d i t i o n
cont . would b e m e t b e f o r e any change i n f a v o r of c o l o r was con-
.
s i d e r ed
The c o l o r wheel would remain s i n c e i t w a s p o s s i b l e t o omit
t h i s f e a t u r e as a l a s t minute m o d i f i c a t i o n .
(JPL, ION from G.P. Kautz t o C.F. Campen, March 20, 1962, k.
G.;I O M from D.H. Ki3dt t o D i s t r i b u t i o n , S u b j e c t : Change i n
Camera Alignment of RCA TV Subsystem, March 9, 1962; a l s o , IOM
from J . D . Burke t o B. Sparks, Ranger P r o j e c t S t a t u s Report
No. 49, March 9, 1962, JPLHF 2-1314.) (See a l s o February 21,
1962.)
JPL announced s e l e c t i o n of M i l i t a r y E l s c t r o n i c s D i v i s i o n of
Motorola, Inc. t o manufacture r a d i o equipment i n two phases of a
program t o augment t h e DSI? by providing "S" band c a p a b i l i t y f o r
s t a t i o n s a t Goldstone, C a l i f o r n i a ; Woomera, h s t r a l i a ; and
Johamiesburg, South Africa. ( A s t r m a u t i c a l and Aeronautical
Eveilts of 1962, o p . c i t . , 35.)
1962
-
DSIF. The Johannesburg Deep Space S t a t i o n w a s equipped w i t h a
200 W t r a n s m i t t e r system. T h i s a d d i t i o n provided t h e s t a t i o n
w i t h a n "uplink" c a p a b i l i t y f o r two-way communication w i t h t h e
s p a c e c r a f t ; i n p a r t i c u l a r , Johannesburg w a s a b l e t o g e n e r a t e
two-way doppler d a t a v i t a l t o computation of t h e s p a c e c r a f t
orbit. (Prior t o t h i s i n s t a l l a t i o n , angular pointing information
and one-way doppler w e r e t h e o n l y d a t a a v a i l a b l e , n e i t h e r of
which w a s s u f f i c i e n t f o r p r e c i s i o n o r b i t determination.) S h o r t l y
t h e r e a f t e r , Johannesburg w a s a l s o equipped w i t h a command system
which made i t p o s s i b l e t o t r a n s m i t commands t o t h e Ranger 4
s p a c e c r a f t . For t h e Ranger 4 mission, most earth based comands
w e r e t o back up on-board commands i s s u e d by t h e CC&S, except f o r
magnitude, d i r e c t i o n , and c o r r e c t i o n of t h e t r a j e c t o r y c o u r s e
r e q u i r e d t o guide Ranger s p a c e c r a f t t o t h e moon. (N.A. R e n z e t t i
comments on d r a f t of Ranger Chronology.
#
295
1962
1962
1962
Apr. 23 Ranger 4 ( A t l a s 133D, Agena B 6004) was launched from AMR Pad 1 2
a t 3:50 p.m. EST, upon conclusion of t h e f i r s t countdoxn. The
planned m i s s i o n and o b j e c t i v e s were i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e f l i g h t of
Ranger 3 ( s e e January 26, 1962). Both A t l a s and Agena b o o s t e r s
performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , and Ranger 4 was i n j e c t e d i n t o a n e a r l y
optimal l u n a r t r a j e c t o r y t h a t ensured impact on t h e moon even i n
t h e absence of a midcourse c o r r e c t i o n .
Telemetry d a t a showed t h e s p a c e c r a f t o p e r a t i n g normally as t h e
Agena c a r r i e d i t over t h e !iorizon,and t h e s i g n a l w a s l o s t by AMR
and mobile t r a c k i n g s t a t i o n some seven minutes a f t e r launch.
Downrange s t a t i o n s confirmed Agena-spacecraft s t a g i n g , b u t when
t h e RA-4 s i g n a l w a s reacquired by t h e mobile t r a c k i n g s t a t i o n i n
South A f r i c a e i g h t e e n minutes l a t e r , a malfunction w a s a p p a r e n t
i n t h e absence of any 400 cps s i g n a l t o Channel 1; i n a d d i t i o n ,
t h e t e l e m e t e r i n g decommutator w a s observed n o t t o be o p e r a t i n g .
No b l i p s were observed on Channel B-2 a i t h e t i m e t h e s o l a r p a n e l s
w e r e t o b e extended, nor a t t h e t i m e any of t h e subsequent CC&S
commands were scheduled. No gamma-ray readout w a s obtained a f t e r
t h e t i m e t h e CCSrS was scheduled t o have s t a r t e d t h i s a c t i v i t y .
A number of a t t e m p t s were made t o t r a n s m i t trouble-shooting
commands t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t b u t without success. Changeover t o
t h e high-gain antenna could n o t b e made because i t w a s impossible
t o command t h e s p a c e c r a f t . Contact w i t h RA-4 w a s t h e r e f o r e con-
f i n e d t o t h e omniantenna w i t h i t s lower s i g n a l levels. P e r i o d i c
v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e received r a d i o s i g n a l s t r e n g t h i n d i c a t e d t h a t
t h e s p a c e c r a f t a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l system had n o t a c q u i r e d t h e sun
and t h a t t h e s p a c e c r a f t was tumbling.
P05' launch f i n d i n g s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e CC&S w a s n o t g e n e r a t i n g
a 25-pulse-per-second s i g n a l upon which t h e teletuetry decommutator,
gamma-ray r e a d o u t , and command decoder a l l depend, "nor does i t
appear t h a t any of t h e CC&S commands were given w i t h t h e p o s s i b l e
exception of t h e ' t r a n m i t t e r power-up' command which i s give11
a
1962
-
DSIF. A s i t e f o r t h e Antenna T e s t Range w a s s e l e c t e d . T e s t s a t
t h e Range were t o be ini.Tally devoted tc c a s s e g r a i n f e e d ccnes,
RF t r a n s m i t t e r s , ar? L/S Band. (DSN F a c i l i t y A c t i v a t i o n Dates,
loc. c i t . )
1962
1962
1962
During Ranger Block 11. Ranger 5 continued systems tests and checkout
June a t t h e SAF.
During -
DSIF. Construction of a new polar-mounted 85-ft. Ha-Dec antenna
June and a s s o c i a t e d b u i l d i n g s was completed a t t h e Goldstone Echo
cont. s t a t i o n . The o l d 85-ft. Az-E1 antenna w a s moved s i x m i l e s a c r o s s
t h e d e s e r t t o t h e Venus s t a t i o n . C o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e new antenna
marked s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of t h e complete DSIF net i n antenna
characteristics. (JPL, Space Programs Summary No. 37-16. Vol. 111,
f o r t h e period May 1, 1962 t o J u l y 1, 1962, 10-12.) I n acldition,
t h e Goldstone complex of s t a t i o n s began t o u s e commercial e l e c t r i c a l
power (5,000 kw). (NASA, Seventh Semiannual Report t o t h e Congress,
op. c i t . , 82.)
r
1962
Aug. 1 5
cont. o n l y , as [now] d i r e c t e d by OSS.
prospect t h a t ...
... If t h e r e i s a s e r i o u s
[NASA] w i l l want them [ADF caps:iles] i n
CY 64, w e should do something about i t now. I f n o t , w e should
t e r m i n a t e t h e Aeronutronic e f f o r t as promptly and e f f i c i e n t l y
as p o s s i b l e a f t e r t h e f l i g h t of Ranger 5." (JPL, l e t t e r from
W.H. P i c k e r i n g t o R.C. Seamans, August 15, 1962, JPLHF 2-368.)
(See June 29, 1962.)
During Ranger Block 11, Ranger 5 was shipped t o AMR on August 20,
August a r r i v i n g on August 27. T h e r e a f t e r t h e s p a c e c r a f t w a s s u b j e c t
t o launch p r e p a r a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s (prelaunch systems tests and
checkouts) i n support of a n October 18 f l i g h t date. (JPL,
Space Programs Summary No. 37-18, Vol. I , op. c i t . , 4 . )
I
323
1962
1962
d
b
r;
An e x p e r h e n t e r s m e t i n g f o r RA-6--RA-9 f!-igLts r e s u l t e d i n a
d e c i s i o n t o enhance t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of u s e f u l p i c t u r e s from t h e
narrow-angle cameras by i n c r e a s i n g t h e s h u t t z r speed from 2 m i l l i -
seconds t o 4 m i l l i s e c o n d s . 111 a d d i t i o n , i t WG; unanimously agreed
t h a t t h e c o l o r wheel (or f i l t e r s ) on Ranger 6 should be removed and i
not be replaced u n t i l i t was d e t e r a i n e d t h e i r u s e would not seri-
ously degrade p i c t u r e s produced by t h e RCA system. (JPL, letter
from Roy G . Brereton t o D r . G.P. Kuiper, U n i v e r s i t y of Arizona,
October 18, 1962, JPLHF 2-1324.) (See also February 1-2, 1962.)
1962
1962
1962
1962
1962
*The
f i r s t photofacsimile camera was placed on t h e moon on
February 3 , 1966, by t h e S o v i e t Luna 9. The o p e r a t i n g p r i n c i p l e s of t h e
Russian device were v i r t u a l l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h o s e of t h e LSPC.
.
333
1962
1962
i
During J P L implemented a "Ranger T e s t and Evaluation Plan" which con-
October s i s t e d of i d e n t i f y i n g and e v a l u a t i n g s p a c e c r a f t problems, and
cont. performing a series of s p e c i a l tests on a s p a c e c r a f t t h a t w a s
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of Ranger. "ITL o r d e r t o achieve t h i s
Design Evaluation Vehicle (UEV) i s being assembled i n t h e con-
... a
f i g u r a t i o n of t h e Ranger 6 s p a c e c r a f t . . . ."
r e l a t e d p r o j e c t areas, type approval t e s t i n g of t h e enlarged
( I b i d . , 9.) I n
1962
1962
1962
Nov. 30 The F i n a l Report 01 the [NhSA] Ranger Board of Inquiry was com-
p l e t e d . Ranger w a s acknowledged as derived from e a r l y JPL
designs f o r a n i n t e r p l a n e t a r y s p a c e c r a f t and, as R consequence,
w a s viewed by t h e Board as "conceptually n o t optimum f o r >mar
missions ." It w a s , r a t h e r , "more f l e x i b l e and complicated."
The Board determined t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o
t h e Ranger s i t u a t i o n were:
Mulfiple and c o n f l i c t i n g o b j e c t i v e s
Schedule p r e s s u r e s
Sterilization
Spacecraft d e s i g n ( t o o much complexity, w i t h n o t
enough redundmcy)
Launch v e h i c l e r e l i a b i l i t y and management
P r o j e c t management
The Board recommcnded t h a t NASA and JPL reduce mission o b j e c t i v e s ;
g i v e complete r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r Atlas-Agena procurement and check-
out and launch o p e r a t i o n s a t AMR, e i t h e r t o t h e A i r Force o r t o
NASA; e l i m i n a t e h e a t s t e r i l i z a t i o n of Ranger s p a c e c r a f t components;
inpro-re s p a c e c r a f t d e s i g n review, t e s t i n g , f a i l u r e r e p o r t i n g ,
q u a l i t y c o n t r o l and engineering change c o i l t r o l procedures ; strengthen
Ranger P r o j e c t management; f a b r i c a t e follow-on Ranger s p a c e c r a f t
(subsequent t o RA-9) out-of-house t o reduce t h e work-load a t JPL;
acd d e l a y assignment of l u n a r and i n t e r p l a n e t a r y f l i g h t p r o j e c t s
Co JPL u n t i l improvement w a s shown. Formal release of t h e r e p o r t
t o O S S took p l a c e on December 5 , 1962, and t h e Board stood adjourned.
1962
i
Dec. 6 J P L ir?formed NASA Headquarters of i t s f i n d i n g s on t h e c o s t s of
attempts t o steri1i;e l u n a r s p a c e c r a f t . (JPL, l e t t e r from
C . I . Cummings t o O.W. Nicks, December 6, 1962, JPLHF 2-1697.)
340
1962
t
Dec. 17 The l a s t of t h e j o i n t NASA-JPL Ranger review meetings w a s h e l d i n
Washington, D.C. t o d i s c u s s implementation of changes i n t S e Ranger
r
P r o j e c t . Agreement w a s reached on t h e Following: (1) t h e ob-
j e c t i v . 3 of t h e next series of Ranger f l i g h t s would be t o o t t a i n
TV p i c t u r e s of g r e a t e s t b e n e f i t t o both t h e manned l u n a r program
and s c i e n t i s t s ; (2) t h e mission would i n c l u d e a midcourse and
terminal maneuver; (3) l u n a r s u r f a c e p i c t u r e s were of paramount
i u p o r t a n c e f o r Apollo, i n a c o n f l i c t between s c i e n c e and manned
program needs, "every c o n s i d e r a t i o n w i l l b e given t o meeting t h e
O f f i c e of Manned Space F l i g h t needs;" (4) t e c h n o l o g i c a l information
r e s u l t i n g from Ranger P r o j e c t would b e considered a by-product and
n o t a n o b i e c t i v e ; and (5) a s i g n i f i c a n t improvement i n r e l i a b i l i t y
1962
1962
.
343
1962
1962
-
DSIF, A11 permanent s t a t i o n s were now equipped with d i g i t a l
instrumentation systems thaL recorded performance of s t a t i o n
equipment: ~ T I afforded
J more d i r e c t c a l i b r a t i o n , adjustments,
and checkout t o e x p e d i t e s t a t i m r e a d i n e s s . Also added were
L-band frequency s y n t i l e s i z e r s and atomic s t a n d a r d s t o t r a n s -
m i t t i n g loops, thereby providicg p r e c i s e doppler t r a c k i n g a t
345
1962
S t e r i l i z a t i o u , A l l s t e r i l i z a t i o n of Ranger f l i g h t hardware
w a s terminated w i t h t h e exception of continuing procedures
f o r cleanroom assembly and For t h e u s e of a l c o h o l as a cleaning
agent during j o i n i n g operations. S t e r i l i z a t i o n s t u d i e s of
c a p a c i t o r s and connectors, begun i n t h e s p r i n g of 1962, found
t h a t adverse e f f e c t s were most pronounced w i t h high temperature,
next w i t h l i q u i d s , and l e a s t w i t h treatment by ethylene oxide
g a s . (JPL, Space Programs Summary No. 37-20, Vol. I , f o r t h e
period January 1, 1963 t o February 28, 1963, 14-15.)
V
1963
Jan. 3-4 The NASA OSS Senior Council meeting was held a t LOC, AMR. D r . Homer
N e w e l l , D i r e c t o r of OSS, announced t h a t OSS intended t o ensure sup-
p o r t f o r manned l u n a r f l i g h t by l i m i t i n g o r removing s c i e n c e wherever
i t i n t e r f e r e d with t h i s support, and t h a t t h e Lunar Program would b e
developed by way of manned technology with minimal unmanned s c i e n t i f i c
missions. (OSS Senior Council Meeting Min.utes a t LOC January 3 - 4 ,
1963, JPLHF 2-404b.) (See June 7 , 1962.)
3'+9
i963
!
Grimwood, Draft Chapter, "Planning t h e Experiments , ' I History of I
Gemini, J u l y 31, 1968, 31, JPLHF 2-1476.) (See November 30, 1962.)
,
i
352
1963
obtained. ...
what w e have learned, what s c i e n t i f i c information has been
I t h i n k t h i s committee and t h e Congress can have
!n
I .
' 8-,
353
-4
1963
Jan. 22 a broader and deeper view toward t h e space program than only t o
cont. b e a t t h e Russians, or b e a t them t o t h e moon." (Proceedings be-
f o r e t h e Committee on Science and A s t r o n a u t i c s , U.S. House of
Representatives, 88th Congress, F i r s t Session, Panel on Science
and Technology, F i f t h Meeting, January 22 and 23, 1963, 49-51,
JPLHF 2-1745. )
1963
1963
1963
l i m i t p r o j e c t a c t i v i t i e s t o a select number of p r o j e c t s as
may b e j o i n t l y agreed upon by NASA and t h e management of
t h e Laboratory.
1963
A ,
I '
1963
A
1963 4
Feb. 28
cont. Block --
Vehicles
RA-10
Launch
-I_
J u l y , 1964
RA-I 1" August, 1964
IV KA-12 September, 1964
RA-13 January, 1965
RA-14 March, 1965
( O f f i c i a l NASA F l i g h t Schedule, February 28, 1963, JPLHF 2-968.)
Y
mentioned p r e v i o u s l y ) .
, L.>
(JPL, Space Programs Summary No. 37-20, Vol. I, op. c i t . , 2-5, 7.)
363
1963
1963
1963
1963
1963 a
I
Mar. 29 NASA OSS d i s t r i b u t e d i n v i t a t i o n s t o p o t e n t i a l experimenters
s o l i c i t i n g proposals of instruments f o r u s e on Ranger Block I V
TV missions scheduled f o r f l i g h t i n l a t e 1964, and on Ranger
w,
369
1963
1963
2
Apr. 2 NASA informed JPL t h a t f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n w a s being given t o
"a s i m p l i f i e d s t e r i l i z a t i o n procedure f o r l u n a r s p a c e c r a f t .
The major elements of t h i s procedure are expected t o i n v o l v e
clean-room assembly and t e r m i n a l s t e r i l i z a t i o n by exposure t o
e t h y l e n e oxide gas i n t h e hangar a t AMR. It is requested t h a t
JPL provide t h i s o f f i c e w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e s p e c i f i c
e f f e c t s of such a s t e r i l i z a t i o n p l a n as they relate t o Ranger
and Surveyor s p a c e c r a f t development, o p e r a t i o n s , f a c i l i t i e s ,
r e l i a b i l i t y , and c o s t s . " (NASA, TGJX from O.W. Nicks t o R . J . Parks,
A p r i l 2, 1963, JPLHF 2-1557.)
t h e r o l e s of s c i e n c e experimenters i n NASA f l i g h t p r o j e c t s w i t h
t h e i n t e n t t o expand experimenter p a r t i c i p a t i o n . " I n l i n e w i t h
t h i s p o l i c y , w e are expecting t o i n c r e a s e t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n and
r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of t h e TV experimenters i n t h e forthcoming Ranger <
t
372
1963
1
The secondary o b j e c t i v e i s t o o b t a i n by means of non- 1
v i s u a l techniques s i g n i f i c a n t new and u s e f u l d a t a concerning
t h e l u n a r topography, environment, and composition."
(NASA, l e t t e r from N.W. Cunningham t o H.M. Schurmeier, A p r i l 8,
1963, JPLHF 2-697.) (See A p r i l 1, 1963.)
Apr. 8-9 A series of meetings were held a t SPL with NASA, J P L , and
experimenter p a r t i c i p a n t s , concerning s e l e c t i o n of non-visual
passenger s c i e n c e f o r Ranger Block I V . Most of t h e experi-
ments considered were t h o s e planned previously f o r Ranger 4
Block 111. Weight problems a g a i n m i l i t a t e d a g a i n s t a l a r g e 4
s e l e c t i o n , and M r . N.W. Cunningham subsequently recommended
i n favor of t h e JPL P r o j e c t choice; namely, t h e gamma-ray
spectrometer and p u l s e r a d a r . (NASA, memo from N.W. Cunningham
t o 0.d. Nicks, A p r i l 12, 1963, JPLHF 2-698.)
373
1963
1963
1963
1963
I:
content i n unmanned space f l i g h t p r o j e c t s :
i
" I n i t s review of t h e s e experinionts, t h e Space S c i c z c s s
S t e e r i n g Committee had c e r t a i n r e s e r v a t i o n s about t h e pay-
load i n general and t h e r a d a r experiment ic p r t i c u l a r .
The g e n e r a l r e s e r v a t i o n concerned t h e s u b o r d i n a t e r o l e i n
which t h e non-visual experiments have been placed as a
r e s u l t of t h e e s t a b l i s h e d o b j e c t i v e s f o r t h e s e f l i g h t s .
While I concur i n t h e importance of t h e t e l e v i s i o n system, f
it should be recognized t h a t w e have not de-emphasized t h e
importance of o b t a i n i n g s c i e n t i f i c measurements which can
b e provided by non-visual experiments. I n t h e l i g h t of
t h e s e r e s e r v a t i o n s , w e w i l l want t o d i s c u s s p o s s i b l e ruodi-
f i c a t i o n s t o t h e e x i s t i n g o b j e c t i v e s with your Ranger Pro-
j e c t management."
(NASA, l e t t e r from H.E. N e w e l l t o W.H. Pickering, A p r i l 26, 1963,
JPLHF 2-180.)
378
1963
1963
k
1963
\
i
1963 -..
4
1963
i
American engineering community's a s s a u l t on t h e moor., has kept
t h e s c i e n t i s t s - - t h e men who want t o understand n a t u r e - a t arm's
length. .. t o t h e l a t t e r , an i n s u l t , Thus f o r t h e f i r s t time
s i n c e World War 11, t h e s c i e n t i s t s f i n d themselves on t h e out-
'i
s i d e of a major t e c h n o l o g i c a l development looking i n . The P
d
'i3
,
385
1963
3
t e n " r e a l time" mission tests rui. on t h e s p a c e c r a f t , Phase B, t o
c o n s i s t o f t h r e e "real t i m e " mission t e s t a i n t h e h o r i z o n t a l vacuum
chamber, w a s t o conclude on June 10, 1963. (JPL, Minutes of t h e S '
Ranger S p a c e c r a f t System Revie;q, May 15, 1963, JPLHF 2-1313.)
3
1963
1963
D r . C d i n S. P i t t e n d r i g h , P r o f e s s o r of Biology a t P r i n c e t o n
University, t e s t i f i e d a t a Congressional hearing concerning t h e
7
r e l a x a t i o n of s t e r i l i z a t i o n s t a n d a r d s f o r t h e l u n a r program.
11
Wnen a l l t h i n g s w e r e considered ,‘I he observed , “ t h e f a c t re-
m a i n s t h a t t h e major f o r c e s l e a d i n g t o t h e d e c i s i o n w e r e non-
s c i e n t i f i c ones (of l o s t momentum, p r e s t i g e , and money) con-
cerning t h e consequences of adhering t o more r i g o r o u s standards.
The s c i e n t i f i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n w a s t h a t t h e d e c i s i o n w a s unfor-
t u n a t e b u t acceptable. ... 11
(U.S. Congyess, Seilate, Committee
on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 8 8 t h Ccngress, F i r s t Session,
S c i e n t i s t s ’ Testimony on Space Goals, June 13 and 11, 1963, 83.)
1963
1963
.
’ -
390
1963
declared: ", ..
Karth, Acting Chairman of t h e S b c o m i t t e e on NASA Oversight,
of t h e f i v e Ranger s p a c e c r a f t a l r e a d y launched,
393-
1963
1963
-
DSIF. An antenna model range w a s i n s t a l l e d a t t h e Goldstone
s t a t i o n t o conduct advanced antenna c a l i b r a t i o n p a t t e r n tests,
thereby making p o s s i b l e f i n e r r e s o l u t i o n i n t r a c k i n g d a t a received
from space probes. (NASA, Ninth Semiannual Report t o Congress,
January 1, 1963 t o June A , 1963, 126.)
1963
A -
f
July 9 A meeting w a s convened 3y NASA Associate Administrator Robert
Seamans and menbers of t h e OSS t o consider t h e NASA Lunar Pro- i
gram. R e s u l t s of t h e meeting of J u l y 2-3 were reviewed, as
w e l l as t h e impact of t h e Lunar O r b i t e r Program. "Dr. Seamans
s t a t e d t h a t i t w a s most d e s i r a b l e t o have both a Ranger Block V
and a n O r b i t e r Program,
Administrator would b e forthcoming.
.. .'I and t h a t a d e c i s i o n by Associate
1953
1963
1963
During Ranger Block 111. The f i r s t systems test and tests o f redundant
July design f e a t u r e s of Ranger Block I11 were conducted on t h e PTM
during J u l y 2 and 3. A c a b l e problem caused some d i f f i c u l t y
with transponder g a i n c o n t r o l during systems test, b u t no major 1
design d e f i c i e n c i e s were uncovered. (JPL, Space Programs Summary i
b
1963
1963
1963
During Ranger Block 111. The Slock 111 PTN Was subjected t o v i b r a t i o n
August tests between August 1 9 and 23, and uncovered problems when t h e i
CC&S f a i l e d t o properly s t o r e c e r t a i n commands. Thermal c o n t r o l E
II
tests followed i n t h e JPL 25-ft. space simulator and w e r e s a t i s -
f a c t o r i l y completed on August 28. (JPL, Space Programs Summary
-
No. 37-23, Vol. I, op. c i t . , 13-14; and, Space P r o g r a m Summary
No. 37-24, Vol. I , op. cifi., 9.)
1963
1963
it
Nicks, Septe.mber Y , lS63, JPLHF 2-645.) (See August 21, 1963,)
1963
1963
1963
1963
1963
During Ranger Block III. The Block 111 PTM, having completed all of i t s
October systems and environmental tests, w a s shipped t o t h e Goldstone Track-
ing S t a t i o n on October 21. Between October 22 and November 9, a
series of tests were performed w i t h t h e DSIF i n c l u d i n g command,
d a t a threshold l i m i t s , and e v a l u a t i o n of t h e TV equipment under
simulated l u n a r l e v e l s of RF s i g n a l s t r e n g t h . No incompat-
i b i l i t i e s were encountered between DSIF equipment and t h e space-
c r a f t , and s p a c e c r a f t systems operated properly a t threshold
distances. (JPL, Space Programs Summary No. 37-25, V o l . I ,
OP. c i t . , 7.)
1963
1963
1963
The t a r g e t d a t e f o r a d e f f n i t i z d c o n t r a c t w i t h NSL f o r p r o v i s i o n
of Block V Rangers w a s s l i p p e d from January 1 t o February 1, 1964.
(NASA, l e t t e r from N.W. Cunningham t o G. R o b i l l a r d , November 27,
1963, JPLHF 2-1955.)
During --
DSIF. To accommodate Ranger 6 video bandwidth requirements, u n i t y
November g a i n 30-Mc i s o l a t i o n a m p l i f i e r s were i n s t a l l e d a t t h e Goldstone
cont. Echo and Pioneer s t a t i o n s . S i m i l a r modified equipment w a s s e n t t o
overseas s t a t i o n s t o feed t h e video r e c o r d e r s . (JPL, Space Programs
Summary No. 37-25, Vol. V I , op. c i t . , 20.)
1963.)
P u b l i c l y D r . N e w e l l observed t h a t I t w e are p l a c i n g g r e a t e r
r e l i a n c e on t h e remaining f o u r Rangers, the Surveyor l a n d e r s
and t h e Lunar O r b i t e r s f o r unmanned l u n a r e x p l o r a t i o n p r i o r
t o manned l a n d i n g s on t h e Moon. A t t h e same t i m e , t h i s move
. w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o necessary economies i n t h e o v e r a l l NASA
program." (NASA, A s t r o n a u t i c s and Aeronautics, 1963, op. c i t . ,
477. )
1463
1963
c
424
1 964
1964
1964
1964
i t s t r a n s l u n a r c r u i s e mode o p e r a t i o n s ,
Ranger 6 approached t h e moon on course i n a "nominal" f l i g h t as
iif
February 2 began i n t h e Western Hemisphere. Analysis of t h e space-
c r a f t s t t i t u d e i n d i c a t e d t h a t alignment of t h e t e l e v i s i o n camera
axis r e l a t i v e t o t h e v e l o c i t y v e c t o r w a s w i r h i n a c c e p t a b l e p i c t u r e -
taking t o l e r a n c e s . This made performance of a terminal p o s i t i o n i n g *
maneuver unnecessary, and a d e c i s i o n w a s made t o t u r n on t h e "F" {
Channel (two f u l l - s c a n t e l e v i s i o n cameras and t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d trans-
m i t t e r ) w i t h t h e TV Backup Clock Timer, and t o t u r n on "P" Channel -3
4
!a
I
430
1964
1964
1964
1964
1964
Feb. 24
(See February 14, 1964.)
I
437
1964
* :t
c
Oral recommendations made a t t h e February 19-20 meeting only. 'C
During Ranger Block 111. Ranger 7, which was shipped from JPL on
February January 25, a r r i v e d a t AMR on February 1. Preliminary t e s t s
i n d i c a t e d a l l s p a c e c r a f t f u n c t i o n s w e r e normal. Following t h e
f l i g h t of Ranger 6, t h e TV subsystem w a s removed from t h e RA-7
s p a c e c r a f t and r e t u r n e d t o RCA-AED on February 1 6 f o r f u r t h e r
examination. A new launch d a t e i n May w a s e a t a b l i s h e d later i n
t h e month. .(JPL, Space Programs Summary No. 37-26, Vol. V I ,
f o r t h e period January 1, 1964 t o February 29, 1964, 11.)
1964
f
440
1964
1964
1964
1964
During Ranger Block 111. On March 2 5 the RA-7 s p a c e c r a f t bus was loaded
March on a van a t P l R and returned t o J P L where minor changes, p r i m a r i l y
in t h e w i r i n g harness area t o accommodate t h e modified TV sub-
system, were made. The TV payload was scheduled f o r r e t u r n tc
J P L from RCA-AED on A p r i l 30. (NASA, OSSA Review, March 26, 1964,
53, JPLHF 2-1505.)
1964
IC a p r e s s i n t e r v i e w i n Pasadena, D r . L e e DuBridge, P r e s i d e n t of
Caltech, s t a t e d t h a t t h e I n s t i t u t e "welcomes t h e opportunity of
presenting i t s case" b e f o r e t h e House subcommittee. "There have
been inany confuslng r e p o r t s about t h e Ranger f l i g h t s aad o t h e r
3PL matters and we s h a l l be glad t o g i v e t h e committee our f u l l
story." ("Caltech Welcomes Chance t o Tell Story," L o s Angeles
T i m e s , A p r i i 10, 1964.)
1964
During No. 31, Ranger Program, A p r i l 6, 1964; and, Space Programs Summary
April No. 37-28, Vol. I , f o r t h e p e r i o d May 1, 1964 t o June 30, 1964, 11.)
cont .
The RA-7 TV subsystem (FM 111-2) w a s reassembled from reworked
u n i t s on A p r i l 4, and i n i t i a l power a p p l i c a t i o n and checkout took
p l a c e between A p r i l 6 and 9. T h e r e a f t e r , camera performance w a s
measured, a d j u s t e d , and evaluated. Thermal vacuum tests and a
subsystem test w e r e completed by A p r i l 18, when a formal review
was conducted a t J P L on a l l t e s t s performed s i n c e reassembly. A
f i n a l subsystem t e s t w a s performed on A p r i l 29, followed by
another formal review a t JPL. No s l p i f i c a n t d i f f i c u l t i e s w e r e
encountered w i t h t h e modified TV subsysteui. (JPL, Space Programs
Suimary No. 37-28, Vol. I , op. c i t . , 19-20.)
-
DSN. A aicrawave l i n k ( i n s t a l l e d by Western Union) w a s completed
between t h e Goldstone Tracking S t a t i o n and t h e JPL SFOF. The
system, scheduled f o r u s e during t h e next Ranger launch, w a s
placed i n test operation. (NASA, A s t r o n a u t i c s and Aeronautics,
1964, cp. c i t . , 143.)
1964
1964
1964
1964
1964
-
DSN. R e l i a b i l i t y i n communications t o Johannesburg, South A f r i c a
s t a t i o n was improved w i t h i n s t a l l a t i o n of a backup c i r c u i t from
South A f r i c a t o A u s t r a l i a , t o H a w a i i , t o t h e TJIlited S t a t e s . (NASA,
Twelfth Semiannual Report t o Conpress, J u l y 1 DL*caber 31, 1964,-
Washington, D.C.)
July 9 The NASA OSSA Ranger 7 "Buy-off" committee m e t with JPL and XCA
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a t AMR t o consider v e h i c l e s t a t u s and launch
a u t h o r i z a t i o n . A s no major d i f f i c u l t i e s o r open items remained
w i t h t h e s p a c e c r a f t , J P L recommended t h a t launch operaations pro-
ceed toward a planned launch d a t e of J u l y 27. A p o s i t i v e yes o r
no launch determination by t h e Buy-off Board was n o t forthcoming.
I n t h e absence. of a d e c i s i o n t o t h e c o n t r a r y , launch o p e r a t i o n s
45 5
1964
1464
1964
During Ranger Block 111. Ranger Block I11 PTM completed i t s t e s t program
July a t JPL and w a s made ready f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n of any problems which
might come up dcring t h e $ l i g h t of Ranger 7. (JPL, Ranger Space-
c r a f t System Review, Minutes of J u l y 22, 1964, JPLHF 2-1313.)
464
1964
c
465
1964
1964
1964
Aug. 1 7 U.S. News and World Report noted "now tnat everybody's s e e n those
photographic close-ups,thc argument i s on again--whether i t ' s
worth t h e p r i c e t o p u t a man on t h e moon. .I1 ..
("Why 20 B i l l i o n s
t o see Kore of t h e Moon?" U.S. N e w s and World Report, August 1 7 ,
1964.
1964
Aug. 31 has become known. (NASA, memo from O.W. Nicks t o H.E. N e w e l l ,
cont. September 8, 1964, JPLHF 2-399; NASA EP-38, The V i e w from Ranger,
45, JPLHF 2-574; NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1964, op. c i t . ,
301; and, "What t h e Moon Ranger Couldn't See," Saturday Review,
September 5, 1964, 40, JPLHF 2-599; a l s o , "Ranger Photos S t i r Debate
on S u r f a c e of Moon," New York Times, September 1, 1964.)
1964
1964
1964
1964
F
476
1964
1964
1964
1964
Nov. 19 t h e s i s t h a t t h e s u r f a c e c o n s i s t e d p r i m a r i l y of b a r e lava.
cont. One fundamental area of agreement w a s secured: t h a t t h e
prime o b j e c t i v e of Ranger 8 should b e used t o improve t h e
l u n a r model as a whole. A t e n t a t i v e d e c i s i o n w a s reached
t h a t during t h e f i r s t two days of t h e M-8 launch window,
Mare T r a n q u i l l i t a t i s w a s favored. I n t h e event of a s l i p
t o t h e t h i r d and f o u r t h day, a highland o r crater a i m p o i n t
(to b e named) w a s p r e f e r r e d ; i f delayed u n t i l t h e f i f t h and
s i x t h days, impact should b e d i r e c t e d t o a n area of Surveyor
interest. (JPL, Minutes of Ranger 8 arid 9 Target S e l e c t i o n
Meeting, November 19, 1964, JPLHF 2-1894; NASA, letter from
H.E. N e w e l l t o G.E. Mueller, D i r e c t o r of OMSF, January 19,
1965, JPLHF 2-1511; NASA, OSSA Review of December 9, 1964,
2-3, JPLHF 2-1505; and, JPL, Ranger S t a t u s Report, November 23,
1964, J P m F 2-1315.)
1964
I n r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e c l o s e f u n c t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e
deep space network and t h e SFOF during o p e r a t i o n s , management
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e SFOF w a s t r a n s f e r r e d from OSSA t o t h e NASA
O f f i c e of Tracking and Data A c q u i s i t i o n (OTDA). All N 1965
operacing funds f o r "mission-independent activities" ( i . e . ,
a c t i v i t i e s n o t a s s o c i a t e d d i r e c t l y with any s i n g l e space f l i g h t
p r o j e c t ) a l s o w e r e t r a n s f e r r e d t o OTDA. (NASA, TWX from H.E.
N e w e l 1 t o W.H. P i c k e r i n g , December 1, 1964, JPLHF 2-175; a l s o ,
U.S. Congress, 1966 NASA Authorization, P a r t 4 , House of Rep-
r e s e n t a t i v e s , Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technology,
Hearings b e f o r e t h e Subcommittee, 89th Congress, Washington, D.C.,
March, 1965, 37.)
1964
1964
c
486
1964
1965
1965
r
1965
General, JPL D i r e c t o r W i l l i a m H. P i c k e r i n g s a i d i n a n a r t i c l e i n
t h e AIM j o u r n a l A s t r o n a u t i c s and Aeronautics:
11
... With Ranger 7, t h e prime f a c t o r was t h e e x p e c t a t i o n
t h a t t h e Apollo m i s s i o n would choose a landing area on one
490
1965
1965
c
0
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C
3
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-
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C
0
0
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-I-
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F
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cti
n ..
m
9
i
495
1965
1965
4
2. Because of previous accuracy of Racger f l i g h t s , t a r g e t
areas would b e chosen c l o s e r t o t h e terminator.
3. P r e d i c t e d b r i g h t n e s s a t t h e t a r g e t area should b e be-
tween 200 and 300 ft.-lamberts t o avoid s a t u r a t i n g the
more s e n s i t i v e cameras.
(JPL, Ranger D Target S e l e c t i o n , p l a n presented t o Homer N e w e l l
i n Washington, D.C. on March le, 1965, by H.M. Schurmeier,
JPLHF 2-856. )
498
1965
-
DSN. The Deep Space Tracking S t a t i o n a t Canberra, A u s t r a l i a w a s
completed and became o p e r a t i o n a l on February 1, 1965. (NASA,
1 3 t h Semiannual Report t o Congress, January 1 J u n e 30, 1965, -
GPO, Washington, D.C. 1966, 135.)
1965
1965
done w i t h i n s t r u w n t - c a r r y i n g r o c k e t s .
( E d i t o r i a l , "Eyes on t h e M.,on," N e w York T i m e s , March 25, 1965.)
1965
J u l y 28 JPL i s s u e d a d e t a i l e d o p e r a t i n g p l a n f o r support of f l i g h t
p r o j e c t s by t e c h n i c a l d i v i s i o n s which e s t a b l i s h e d f i r m pro-
cedure f o r a l l d i v i s i o n and p r o j e c t personnel involved i n
supporting p r o j e c t a c i i v i t i e s a t tiie Z a b o z a t o q . (.??L, IO?!
from A.R. Luedecke t o D i s t r i b u t i o n , J u l y 28, 1965, JPLHF
2-424. )
1965
AClUAL DATE
APPENJJIX C: Ranger Performance f l i s t o r y
531
I
I
.1
[I I I'
532
-
FLIGHT LAUNCH DATE LAUNCH VEHICLE SPACECRAFT PRIMARY EXPERIMENT
BLOCK I
I 8-23-6 1 0 0 +
I1 11-18-61 0 + +
BLOCK I1
111 1-26-62 0 0 +
IV 4-23-62 0 0 +
V 10-18-62 e 0 +
BLOCK Ill
VI 1-30-64 e 6
VI I 7-28-64 e e
Vlll 2-17-65 0
iX 3-2 1-65 0 0
--
BLOCK IV CANCELLED
BLOCK V CANCELLED
LEGEND
SUCCESS
0 FAILURE
+ NOTEST
c
APPENDIX D: Ranger F i n a n c i a l His%ory
5 35
t I
I
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS:
BLOCK I. II. & I l l
1
100
I
80
- 71.211
59.4117 .
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS:
L55.4ifJ BLOCKS i & I I
I I 0
I
IA S I O N DI J Fhl 1 Ah! J l J A S IO N 01 J FM I A M J J A S O N D IJ F M IAh1 J
I
M 1963 I !?1964 I PI 1965
521 CY 1963 CY 1964 I CY1965
LEGEND (ALL FIGURES EXCLUDE LAUNCH VEHICLES AND DSN DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS1
*---**..**- CUhlULATlVE CONGRESSIONAL APPROPRIATIONS FOR PROJECT RANGER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMEN1
ISOURCE: NASA FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT DIVISION BFN-
CUMULATIVE OBLIGATIONS, RANGER BLOCKS I & II (SOURCE: JPL RANGER PROKCT OFFICE RECORDS, NASA - BFAJ
CUMULATIVE OBLIGATIONS, RANGER BLOCKS I. I I . & I l l (SOURCE: JFL RANGER PROJECT OFFICE RECORDS, NASA - BFAJ
-
9- CUMULATIVE OBLIGATIONS, RANGER BLOCKS I THROUGH V ISOURCE: JPL RANGER PROJECT OFFICE RECORDS, NASA - BFN
U ~ l u l l u U U l l JPL ESTIMATE OF COST TO COMPLETION FOR RANGER BLOCKS I AND II (SOURCE: JPL RANGER PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PLAN
ISSUED AT *: THIS FIGURE INCLUDED LAUNCH VEHICLE COSTS1
.-*-*-*-.- JPL ESTIMATE OF COST 10 COMPLETION FOR RANGER BLOCKS I , II, AND Ill (SOURCE: JPL RANGER PROXCT DEVELOPMENT
PLAN, SUPPLEMENT A, ISSUED AT ': SUBSEQUENT ESTIMATES OF COST TO COMPLETION FOR RANGER BLOCKS I V AND V ARE
EXCLUDED AS FLIGHTS WERE CANCELLED1
NOTE: LAUNCH VEHICLE PROCUREMENT OBLIGATIONS FOR PROKCT RANGER, BLOCKS I THROUGH V. ESTIMATED AT S 9 5 . a MILLION
(SOURCE. JPL RANGER PROJECT OFFICE RECORDS1
APPENDIX E: Ranger Cost History
5 39
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APPENDIX F: Ranger Manpower H i s t o r y
APPEM)IX G : Ranger Project Organization, 1940-3965
547
1
548
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APPENDIX I: Ranger S p a c e c r a f t Major Subcontractors
RANGER SPACECRAFT MAJOR SUBCONTRACTORS
Block I
Block I1
C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of Technology S i n g l e a x i s seismometer
Seismological Laboratory
Pasadena, C a l i f o r n i a
Block I1
(cont.)
Block I11
E l e c t r i c S t o r a g e B a t t e r y Co. Spacecraft b a t t e r i e s
Raleigh, North Carolina
I AF I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s t r o n a u t i c a l Federation
ICBM I n t e r c o n t i n e n t a l B a l l i s t i c Missile
ICSU I n t e r n a t i o n a l Council of S c i e n t i f i c Unions
IGC-1959 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysics1 Cooperation--1959
IGY I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical Year
IGH I n t e r o f f i c e Memo
IPY I n t e r n a t i o n a l Polar Year
IRBM Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile
S
IM Instrumentation Support Manager
mc Megacycle(s)
MIT Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology
MSC Manned S p a c e c r a f t Center
MSFC Marshall Space F l i g h t Center
MTM Mechanical T e s t Model (later c a l l e d S t r u c t u r a l T e s t Mcdel [STM])
Tn Type Approval ( t e s t s )
TCX Thermal Control Model ( a l s o Temperature Control Model)
TIROS T e l e v i s i o n Infra-Red Observation S a t e l l i t e
TOP T e s t and Operations P l a n
TR Technical Report
TR4C (E) Tracking and Communications, ( E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l ) (redesignated WTN)
TTM Thermal Test Model
TIJX Tele typewr i t cr Exchange (message)
V-2 r o c k e t , 7
Van A l l e i , James A., 45,352
Van Dyke, Vernon, 221
Vanguard, 12-13,47,56; t r a n s f e r
t o ARPA, 60
Vega P r o j e c t , 78,83,85; develop-
ment o f , 81-82,84,88-90,97-98,
112,114,122,126; e a r t h sat-
e l l i t e a p p l i c a t i o n s i n , 104,
125; launch t r a j e c t o r i e s f o r ,
130-131; management o f , 85-87,
89-91,98-39,112,114,117; plans
f o r , 118,124; review of, 108,
110,113,123; scheduling f o r ,
89- 91,98- 9 9,104-10 6,108,110,
112,122-123; s c i e n c e i n , 122,
125,130; s p a c e c r a f t f o r , 83,94,