‫‪MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION‬‬ ‫‪ENGINEERING COLLAGE‬‬

‫‪& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH‬‬ ‫‪DEPT. OF:‬‬

‫‪UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL‬‬ ‫‪THERMODYNAMICS COURSE‬‬

‫‪1st GRADE‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫اﻻﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ ‪The Open Systems‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ ‪The General Energy Equation‬‬

‫‪Q – W = ΔEse = ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE‬‬

‫ﺗﻣﺗﺎز ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺛﺎﺑت ﻋﻧد اﻟدﺧول واﻟﺧروج‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻌدل ﺗدﻓ اﻟﻛﺗﻠﺔ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺗدﻓ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ واﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟﺣ اررة واﻟﺷﻐﻞ ون ﻣﻌدل زﻣﻧﻲ ﻣﻧﺗظم‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻻ ﺗﺗﻐﯾر ﺧواص اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻧد ا ﺔ ﻧﻘطﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻋﻧد ﺗﻐﯾر اﻟزﻣن‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻋﻧد ا ﺔ ﻧﻘطﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظﺎم ون ﻟﻠﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺛرﻣودﯾﻧﺎﻣ ﺔ ‪ P, V, T‬وﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ ﻣ ﺎﻧ ﺔ ﺣﯾث ﺗﺷﻣﻞ ﺳرﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ وارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﻓوق ﺧط ﻗﺎﻋدة ﻣﻌﯾن‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﺷﻐﻞ اﻟﺻﺎﻓﻲ ‪Net Work‬‬
‫ﯾﻧﻘﺳم اﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺷﻐﻞ ﻋﻣود اﻻدارة ‪Shaft Work‬‬
‫ﺳﺗﻌﻣﻞ ﻟﻠدﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺷﻐﻞ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﻘﻞ ﻣن او اﻟﻰ اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻓﻲ اﺛﻧﺎء ﺟرﺎن اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬

‫ﺧﻼل ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﺎ واﻟذ ﯾﻧﻘﻞ ﺑوﺳﺎطﺔ ﻋﻣود ﯾﺑرز ﻣن اﻟﺟﻬﺎز ﯾﺗﺣرك دوراﻧًﺎ أو ﺗردد ﺎً‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺷﻐﻞ او طﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺟر ﺎن ‪Flow Work‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ او اﻟﺷﻐﻞ اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺳﺑب ﺟرﺎن اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻐﻞ اﻟداﺧﻞ اﻟﺷﻐﻞ اﻟﻼزم ﻟدﻓﻊ ﯾﻠو ﻏرام واﺣد ﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺛﺎﻧ ﺔ اﻟواﺣدة‬
‫داﺧﻞ اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ‪L1‬‬
‫‪(WFlow )in = F1L1 = P1A1L1 = P1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪= P1ν1‬‬
‫‪(wFlow )in = P1ν1‬‬

‫اﻟﺷﻐﻞ اﻟﺧﺎرج ﻫو اﻟﻘوة اﻟﻣؤﺛرة ﺎﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻛس ﻟﺟرﺎن اﺳطواﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬

‫‪(WFlow )out = F2L2 = P2A2L2 = P2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪= P2ν2‬‬
‫‪(wFlow )in = P1ν1‬‬
‫‪1 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

 
ΔwFlow = (wFlow)out – (wFlow)in
ΔwFlow = P2ν2 – P1ν1 = ΔPν

wnet = ws + ΔwFlow = ws + ΔPν

Wnet = Ws + ΔPV

Energy Equation for Open System ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ‬

‫اذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‬

q – wnet = Δμ

‫واذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎ‬

q – ws = Δh

= . ws ( Wat)

. q Wat

‫ﺗطﺑ ﻘﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﻧون اﻻول ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻣرﺟﻞ واﻟﻣ ﺛﻔﺎت اﻟﺑﺧﺎر ﺔ‬

2 
 
 ‫‪MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION‬‬ ‫‪ENGINEERING COLLAGE‬‬

‫‪& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH‬‬ ‫‪DEPT. OF:‬‬

‫‪UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL‬‬ ‫‪THERMODYNAMICS COURSE‬‬

‫‪1st GRADE‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫ون ﻓ ﻪ اﻟﻣﻌدل اﻟزﻣﻧﻲ ﻟﺗدﻓ اﻟﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﯾﺗم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣرﺟﻞ اﻟﺑﺧﺎر ﺗﺣو ﻞ اﻟﻣﺎء اﻟﻰ ﺑﺧﺎر ﺑدرﺟﺔ ﺣ اررة وﺿﻐط ﻣرﺗﻔﻌﯾن‬
‫واﻟﺑﺧﺎر ﻣﺗﺳﺎو و ﺟب ﺗﺟﻬﯾز اﻟﻔرق ﺎﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺣرارﺔ ﻣﻌدل زﻣﻧﻲ ﻣﻧﺗظم‪ .‬وﺗﻣﺗﺎز ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻟﺷﻐﻞ ﺳﺎو ‪w=0‬‬

‫‪ .2‬اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻧﺔ ‪PE=0‬‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟطﺎﻗﻰ اﻟﺣر ﺔ ‪KE= 0‬‬

‫ﻔﺎءة اﻟﻣرﺟﻞ اﻟﺑﺧﺎر‬

‫ﺣﯾث ﻣ ﺔ اﻟﺣ اررة اﻟداﺧﻠﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻟﻛﻞ وﺣدة زﻣﻧ ﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ /‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺔ اﻟوﻗود ﻟﻛﻞ وﺣدة اﻟزﻣن ‪kg/s‬‬

‫اﻟﻘ ﻣﺔ اﻟﺣرارﺔ ﻟﻠوﻗود ‪kj/kg LCV‬‬

‫اﻟﺿﺎﻏط واﻟﺗور ﯾن ‪Compressor & Turbine‬‬

‫ﺳﺗﻌﻣﻞ اﻟﺿﺎﻏط ﺟزًءا ﻣن اﻟﺷﻐﻞ اﻟﻣﺟﻬز ﻣن ﻣﺻدر ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟرﻓﻊ ﺿﻐط اﻟﻐﺎ از ت اﻣﺎ اﻟﺟزء اﻵﺧر ﻓﯾﺗﺣول اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺣ اررة ﺗﻧﺗﻘﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟوﺳط اﻟﻣﺣ ط‬

‫‪3 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 ‫‪MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION‬‬ ‫‪ENGINEERING COLLAGE‬‬

‫‪& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH‬‬ ‫‪DEPT. OF:‬‬

‫‪UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL‬‬ ‫‪THERMODYNAMICS COURSE‬‬

‫‪1st GRADE‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫وﺗﻣﺗﺎز ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟﺣ اررة ﺳﺎو ‪Q=0‬‬

‫‪ .2‬اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻧﺔ ‪PE=0‬‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟطﺎﻗﻰ اﻟﺣر ﺔ ‪KE= 0‬‬

‫ﻋﻧد دراﺳﺗﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﺷﻐﻞ اﻻزاﺣﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ اﺗﺿﺢ ﻟﻧﺎ ا ن اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﺗﺣت ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ اﻻﺟراء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺧطط‬
‫‪ P-V‬ﻣﺛﻞ اﻟﺷﻐﻞ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﻘﻞ اﻣﺎ ﺎﻟﻧﺳ ﺔ ﻟﻸﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺷﻐﻞ ﻣﺛﻞ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﺻورة ﺑﺗﺳﻠﺳﻞ اﻟﻌﻣ ﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ون ﺟزء ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺟرﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن ‪ a‬اﻟﻰ ‪ 1‬او ﻣن ‪ 2‬اﻟﻰ ‪ b‬واﻟﺟزء اﻻﺧر ﻻﺟرﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن ‪ 1‬اﻟﻰ ‪ 2‬ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷ ﻞ ادﻧﺎﻩ‬

‫‪= h1 – h2‬‬
‫‪4 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 ‫‪MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION‬‬ ‫‪ENGINEERING COLLAGE‬‬

‫‪& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH‬‬ ‫‪DEPT. OF:‬‬

‫‪UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL‬‬ ‫‪THERMODYNAMICS COURSE‬‬

‫‪1st GRADE‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Gas Turbines‬اﻟﻐﺎز ﺔ اﻟﺗور ﯾﻧﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺗر ﯾب‪ ،‬واﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻟﻬﺎ اﻧواع رﺧ ﺻﺔ ﻣن اﻟوﻗود وﻋدم ﺣﺎﺟﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺎء ﺗﺑرد‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻣﯾز اﻟﺗورﯾﻧﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﺔ ﺑ ﺳﺎطﺗﻬﺎ ف‬

‫ﺗﺳﻠﺳﻞ اﻟﻌﻣﻠ ﺎت ﻟدورة اﻟﻬواء اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻟ ﺔ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺿﻐط اﻟﻬواء اد ﺎ ﺎﺗًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿﺎﻏط ‪2-1‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺿﺎف ﺣ اررة ﺑﺛﺑوت اﻟﺿﻐط ‪3-2‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﯾﺗﻣدد اﻟﻬواء اد ﺎ ﺎﺗًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗورﯾن ‪ 4-3‬ﻓ ﻘوم ﺑﺗﺷﻐﯾﻞ اﻟﺿﺎﻏط ٕواﻧﺗﺎج ﻗدرة ﻓﺎﺋﺿﺔ‬
‫‪ .4‬طرد ﺣ اررة ﺑﺛﺑوت اﻟﺿﻐط‬

‫‪5 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

Nozzle & Diffuser ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻔث واﻟﻧﺎﺷرة‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻋ ﺎرة ﻋن اﻧﺎﺑﯾب داﺋرﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘطﻌﻲ اﻟدﺧول واﻟﺧروج ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﻣﺗﻐﯾرة‬

q=0 ‫ﻌد اﻟﺗﻣدد اد ﺎ ﺎﺗﻲ‬

w=0 ‫ﻻ ﺣﺗو اﻟﻣﻧﻔث ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟزاء ﻣﺗﺣر ﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺣﺻﻞ إﻧﺗﻘﺎل ﺷﻐﻞ‬
ΔPE=0
6 
 
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

 
‫ﺗﺻ ﺢ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻔث او اﻟﻧﺎﺷر‬

7 
 
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

8 
 
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

 
Home Work

9 
 
 ‫‪MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION‬‬ ‫‪ENGINEERING COLLAGE‬‬

‫‪& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH‬‬ ‫‪DEPT. OF:‬‬

‫‪UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL‬‬ ‫‪THERMODYNAMICS COURSE‬‬

‫‪1st GRADE‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Thermodynamic of atmospheric air –vertical stability‬‬
‫دﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾك اﻟﺣرارة ﻟﮭواء اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺟوي‪ -‬اﻻﺳﺗﻘرار اﻟﻌﺎﻣودي‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ واﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫‪ .2‬اﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎط واﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟﻤﺰج او اﻟﺨﻠﻂ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ N2 O2 CO CO2‬ﺑﺎﻻظﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ او‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﮭﻮاء‪ .‬اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺟﺎف ‪ DRY %0‬ﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ او رطﺐ ﻗﺪ ﯾﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ‬
‫اﻻﺷﺒﺎع ‪ .SATURATED AIR %100‬اذا ازدادت ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪ اﻻﺷﺒﺎع ﻓﺴﻮف ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻗﻄﺮات ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﻣﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺿﺒﺎب او ﻗﻄﺮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻄﺮ او اﻟﺜﻠﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ان ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎ ﻓﺎن‬
‫‪ Assume ideal gas ‬اﻓﺮض ان اﻟﮭﻮاء ھﻮ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﺴﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﮭﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺘﺎﺋﺜﯿﺮات اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮد اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪا طﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺨﺮ واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻻول ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻚ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬

‫‪dU= dQ-dW‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻓﺎن اﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫‪dW=-pdV‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪from 1 and 2‬‬
‫‪dU=dQ-pdV‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬
‫‪we know that‬‬
‫‪H=U+Vp‬‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬
‫‪Put 4 in 3‬‬
‫‪dH=dQ+Vdp‬‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬
‫‪or‬‬
‫‪mCpdT=dQ+Vdp‬‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﺎف‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد اﻻدﯾﺒﺎﺗﻲ ‪Adiabatic expansion‬‬
‫‪mCpdT= Vdp‬‬ ‫)‪(7‬‬
‫‪where dQ=0‬‬
‫‪CpdT=V/m *dp = 1/ρ*dp‬‬
‫‪We know that‬‬
‫‪dp/dz=-ρg‬‬ ‫‪then‬‬
‫‪dp/ρ=-gdz‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬
‫‪10 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 ‫‪MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION‬‬ ‫‪ENGINEERING COLLAGE‬‬

‫‪& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH‬‬ ‫‪DEPT. OF:‬‬

‫‪UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL‬‬ ‫‪THERMODYNAMICS COURSE‬‬

‫‪1st GRADE‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪CpdT=-gdz‬‬
‫‪dT/dz= -g/Cp‬‬ ‫‪Lapse rate‬‬

‫‪ Lapse rate‬ھﻮ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻣﻊ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻻرض‬

‫اﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺮطﺐ ﻓﯿﺠﺐ اظﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺨﺮ‪LvdRH‬‬

‫‪dH=CpdT+LvdRH‬‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻻول ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻚ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﯿﻮم او اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪CpdT+LvdRH=dQ+Vdp‬‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬
‫‪ Lv‬اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﯿﻠﻮ ﻏﺮام‬
‫‪ RH‬اﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ‪kgwater/kgair‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ‪main processes in Atmosphere‬‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ واﻟﺘﺪﻓﺌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪Cooling and warming at constant pressure‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺘﻤﺪد واﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎط ‪expansion and compression‬‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟﻤﺰج او اﻟﺨﻠﻂ ‪Mixing‬‬

‫اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ‪Vertical stability‬‬

‫ﯾﺤﺪث ﻋﺪم اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻓﻲ طﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻻرﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻻرض ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﻣﺴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺎﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮭﺎ‬

‫اﻣﺎ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻓﯿﺤﺪث ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻻرﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮارة ﺳﻄﺢ اﻻرض او ﻋﻨﺪ ‪dT/dz=+‬‬

‫‪11 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 ‫‪MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION‬‬ ‫‪ENGINEERING COLLAGE‬‬

‫‪& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH‬‬ ‫‪DEPT. OF:‬‬

‫‪UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL‬‬ ‫‪THERMODYNAMICS COURSE‬‬

‫‪1st GRADE‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻻت اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار ‪Stability condtions‬‬

‫‪Superadiabatic Lapse Rates (Unstable air) .1‬‬
‫اﻧﺧﻔﺎض درﺟﺎت اﻟﺣرارة اﻛﺛر ﻣن ‪10oC/1000 m‬‬
‫ﺗﺣدث ﻋﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻻﯾﺎم اﻟﺻﺎﻓﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﯾر ﻣﺳﺗﻘرة وﻣﺛﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺷﺗﯾت اﻟﻣﻠوﺛﺎت‬
‫‪  Neutral Air Temp Lapse Rates .2‬‬
‫اﻧﺧﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة ﻣﻊ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﯾﻛون ﻣﺳﺎوي ﻟﻠﻣﻌدل اﻻدﯾﺑﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺟو اﻟﻐﺎﺋم‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻐﯾر ﺑﯾن اﻟﻠﯾل واﻟﻧﮭﺎر‬
‫ﺗﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﺟﯾدة ﻟﺗﺷﺗﯾت اﻟﻣﻠوﺛﺎت‬
‫‪  Isothermal Lapse Rates (Weakly Stable) .3‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋدم ﺣدوث ﺗﻐﯾر ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺣرارة ﻣﻊ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺗزان ﺿﻌﯾف‬

‫ﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ اﻟﺗﺷﺗﯾت‬

‫‪  Inverted Air Temp Lapse Rates (Strongly Stable) .4‬‬

‫زﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة ﻣﻊ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺗزان‬

‫ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻧﮭﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗراﻛم اﻟﻣﻠوﺛﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟو‬

‫‪12 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﮭﺎري ﺗﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻊ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬

Wind flow around buildings

13 
 
 ‫‪MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION‬‬ ‫‪ENGINEERING COLLAGE‬‬

‫‪& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH‬‬ ‫‪DEPT. OF:‬‬

‫‪UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL‬‬ ‫‪THERMODYNAMICS COURSE‬‬

‫‪1st GRADE‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS‬‬ ‫اﻟدﯾﻧﺎﻣﯾك اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﯾﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫ھﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ أو ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎوﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺪود ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪ chemical energy‬ھﻲ ﻗﺪرة ﻣﺎدة ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻀﻮع ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫أو اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﻣﻮاد ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ .‬ﯾﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻜﺴﯿﺮ او ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ وﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ طﺎﻗﺔ أو ﺣﺮارة ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﻣﺎ اﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﮭﺎ أو طﺮﺣﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻚ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪Second Law of Thermodynamics‬‬

‫‪ : Clausius statement‬ﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺎرد إﻟﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺪون ﺗﺪﺧﻞ طﺎﻗﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : Kelvin statement‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ أﺧﺬ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ وﺗﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ دوراﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫دون ﻧﻘﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺒﺎرد‪.‬‬
‫اﻻﻧﺘﺮوﺑﻲ )‪ : Entropy (S‬ھﻮ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب أو اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‪ .‬وﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﯾﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻘﯿﺎس ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ΔS‬اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﺮوﺑﻲ‬
‫‪ qrev‬اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫‪ T‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫‪Entropy change of an ideal gas at constant temperature‬‬

‫‪14 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 ‫‪MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION‬‬ ‫‪ENGINEERING COLLAGE‬‬

‫‪& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH‬‬ ‫‪DEPT. OF:‬‬

‫‪UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL‬‬ ‫‪THERMODYNAMICS COURSE‬‬

‫‪1st GRADE‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮة ‪Free energy‬‬

‫ھﻲ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ طﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻻﻧﺠﺎز ﺷﻐﻞ وﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﯾﻀﺎ ‪ .Gibbs free energy‬ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن رد ﻓﻌﻞ ﺳﯿﺤﺪث ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ أي اﺗﺠﺎه‬

‫‪dG = dU + PdV – TdS‬‬

‫‪dG = dH – TdS‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ان‬
‫‪Where:‬‬
‫‪G = Gibbs free energy, kj‬‬
‫‪T = temperature, K‬‬
‫‪S = entropy, kj/K‬‬
‫‪H = enthalpy, kj‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺪاﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰات اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬

‫ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﻮاﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮازن ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻮازن ‪K‬‬

‫‪15 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 ‫‪MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION‬‬ ‫‪ENGINEERING COLLAGE‬‬

‫‪& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH‬‬ ‫‪DEPT. OF:‬‬

‫‪UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL‬‬ ‫‪THERMODYNAMICS COURSE‬‬

‫‪1st GRADE‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮازن ‪Equilibrium‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﯿﺎر اﻟﺘﻮازن ھﻮ أن إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮة ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫)‪ (GT‬ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ‪ .‬ان ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮة اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ھﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻮن‬

‫‪At constant T and P‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺣﺮة ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﯾًﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﺖ ﯾﻄﻠﻖ طﺎﻗﺔ ّ‬

‫‪16 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

Example

17 
 
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

18 
 
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

 
Heat transfer
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﻌﺪة اﺷﻜﺎل‬

conduction heat transfer ‫ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬.1
‫وھﻮ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻻﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺪﻧﻰ وﺧﻼل وﺳﻂ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﺪون‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬
Fourier’s law
(W) One-dimensional steady state equation
= heat transferred W

= thermal conductivity W/m.K ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ھﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬

1 2 

‫ﺟﺪول ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

19 
 
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

 
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

‫ اذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬,‫ ﺳﻢ‬5 ‫( ﺧﻼل ﺻﻮف زﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬heat flux) ‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‬200 oC‫ و‬30 oC ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ اﻟﻌﺎزل‬q

‫ ؟‬convection heat transfer ‫ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬.2

‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك وﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬
Newton’s law of cooling
∆

= convective heat transfer coefficient W/m2.K

20 
 
 ‫‪MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION‬‬ ‫‪ENGINEERING COLLAGE‬‬

‫‪& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH‬‬ ‫‪DEPT. OF:‬‬

‫‪UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL‬‬ ‫‪THERMODYNAMICS COURSE‬‬

‫‪1st GRADE‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺪار ﺳﺎﺧﻦ واﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ إذا ﻛﺎن ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ‪800W/m2‬؟ اﻓﺘﺮض أن اﻟﮭﻮاء ﯾﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 5 m/s‬ﻟﯿﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫‪20 W/m2K‬‬

‫‪ .3‬اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻻﺷﻌﺎع ‪radiation heat transfer‬‬

‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎع أو ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء دون اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺠﻮد اﻟﻤﺎدة‬

‫• ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻻﺟﺴﺎم ﺗﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ إﺷﻌﺎع ﻛﮭﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎطﯿﺴﻲ‪.‬‬

‫• اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ واﻟﺸﺪة ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﮭﻮاء‪.‬‬
‫• ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺮاغ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ أﯾ ً‬
‫‪Stefan-Boltzmann’s law‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ اﺳﻮد‬

‫‪21 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 ‫‪MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION‬‬ ‫‪ENGINEERING COLLAGE‬‬

‫‪& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH‬‬ ‫‪DEPT. OF:‬‬

‫‪UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL‬‬ ‫‪THERMODYNAMICS COURSE‬‬

‫‪1st GRADE‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫ ‬

‫‪= radiation heat transfer coefficient W/m2.K‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ واﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ وﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة اﻻﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮاري اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬

‫ﯾﺤﺪد اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬

‫‪Q = UAΔTtot‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ان ‪ U‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮاري اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪ W/m2K‬ﺣﯿﺚ اﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻞ ‪h1‬‬
‫‪ and h2‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ و ‪ k and L‬داﺧﻞ اﻟﺠﺪران‬
‫‪ A‬ھﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ و ‪ Ttot‬ھﻮ اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ اﻟﺠﺪار‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ واﻟﺨﺎرج وﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺠﺪار‬

‫‪22 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‬Heat transfer resistance

‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﯿﺎر و اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﯿﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﮫ داﺋﺮة ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ∆ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﺮق اﻟﺠﮭﺪ واﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬

R= Rtot = total thermal resistance

The total thermal resistance is thus the sum of the resistances
A: SERIES
= 1= 2
Rtot= R1+R2

23 
 
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

 
B: PARALLEL
= 1+ 2

Thermal resistance in the fluid

Thermal resistance in the wall

Total thermal resistance

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
.W/m2C 1000 ‫ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ھﻮ‬W/m2 5000 ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺟﺪار ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺮق درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

24 
 
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

25 
 
 MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION ENGINEERING COLLAGE

& SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DEPT. OF:

UNIVERSITY OF MOSUL THERMODYNAMICS COURSE

1st GRADE

26