MW Distance Max – 150KM

Microwave Frq+Anteena Size+Mast Height +Tx Powwr = Capacity & Distance

Spectrun – 4-80Ghz

4-13 maxium hop length

Nation Frequency Autority

TDM over Packet – Circuit Emulation

IWF – Interworking function – Interface between Native TDM and TDM over Packet

Emulation :-

SaTOP Emulation -> Structure Agnostic TDm over Packet (IETF RFC 4553)

CESoPSN Emulation  Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network Structure Aware(IETF
RFC 5086)

Encapsulation :-

OH – Over headd byte contain – Frame Control + Optional Real time protocol Header ; OH is added to
both SaTOP & CESoPSN

MEF8 – Metro Ethernet Forum – CESoETH is standardized by MEF8.

Ethertype – 88D8 represents is CESoETH

ECID – Emulated Circuit Identifier , 20 bits

Encapsulation in MPLS – IETF RFC 3985 ; ITU-T Y . 1413

Encapsulation in UDP/IP – IETF RFC 4553 , 5086 ; ITU-T

Class of Service for SAToP & CES0ETH –

ETH – PCP value 5

MPLS – Traffic Class value 5

IP Layer – DSCP 46

DELAY :- Total delay time <200ms User is OK & 500ms to 600 ms USeR totally disatfied.

Voice commun – within 150 ms delay time

Smaller Data packets with impact in low delay but poor network utilization.(OH will increase BW
usage)

With respect utilization large packtes will be good for lesser utilization but packetization delay will
increase.

Standard –

Packetization delay -1 ms, i.e each packet must contain 1ms of TDM frame.

E1 Payload in PAckte form – 256 Byte(8*32)

T1 – 192 bbyte(8*24 )

TDM frame 8000/sec.

Each EMULATED PACKET must have – 8 TDM frames

TDM Delay :- No delay

PACKET DELAY VARIALTION :- Emulated not send any packet any other priority packet passing data.

In diatnce delay may also effect PDV

Jitter Buffer :- Buffer can hold packets for certain time. Jitter Buffer time will add to delay time.

Jitter Buffer size – 4ms is remcommenmded

SYNCHRONIZATION –Real Time protocol in Emulated rame is used to carry Sync Delta information

Adaptive Clock Recovery

Differtail clock recovery

Aggregation Gain – [ ( X Mb/s + y Mb/s + Z Mb/s) * Aggregation Gain ] Mbit/S <=1

FREQUENCY REGULATION

Why Standartization :-

100KHZ to 100GHZ

UN- United Nations

ITU – International Telecommunication Union – 3-4 Radio communication conf

WRC – World Radio communication Conf

Radio Regulations – International Treaty

ITU-R release document for frequency range and sub division.

ECC/CEPT – Electronic Communication Committee – National frequency authorities

SE19 – Spectrum Engineering Work Group – Spectrum management for fixed services.

ECC Recommendation

Fixed Services – 71 – 76 Ghz and 81 – 86 Ghz.

ETSI – European Telecommunication Standard Institute – Technical standards for Telecommunication

Equipments & recognized by European Union as a European Standards Ortganisation.

ETSI – Workgroup—TM4 

Technical Committee -ATTM – Access , Terminals , Transmission , Multiplexing

ETSI Standards – EN 302 217  Standard for point to point equipment & anteena

EN 300 019  Environmental Engineering

ITU-T  ITU Telecom sector

IEEE  Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

IETF  Internet Engineering Task Force

IEC  International Electrotechnical Commission

HOMOLIGATION  Equipment properties ,technical certification. Base Line is ETSI standard.

SPECTRUM STANDARDS :-

Generally widly used – 4GHZ to 38 GHZ

New – 42 , 68 , 80 GHZ

Limited use – 50 , 52 , 55 GHZ. Future MW deployments.

95 GHZ for test purpose.

F-385 – 7 Ghz

F-637 – 23 Ghz

F – 2006 – 80Ghz

Frequency Division Duplex – FDD – Two CHanne Pairs sending commnucation both way at a time.

Lower/Upper Half-Band

Duplex Frequency

Channel Width

Channel Spacing

Example – 7GHZ.

Upper Band – 7425 to 7575

Lower Band – 7575 to 7725

5 Channel Frequency , each spacing 28 MHZ

Duplex channel spacing – 154 Mhz

GUARD CHANNEL 

ACAP – Adjacent Channel Alternating Polarization 

ACCP  Adjacent Channel Co Polarization

CCDP -=> Co Channel Dual Polirization (Used in XPIC)

FREQUENCY APPLICATION  How to apply for License

Unlicense MW Bands – 5GHZ Band & Lower part of 60GHZ Band.

Operator  Apply to Nation Freq Authority  Checks DB  Paying fee  Deployment freq and HOP

“Light Licensing Applies” – HOP by HP basis first cum first serve basis

Light Licesing Applied  Checking DB  Finds a channel pair  New Hop taken in database.

BUILDING PRINCPLES –

1) PAYLOAD PROCESSING is shared incase of multiple channels

2) MODULATOR
3) TRANSMISTTER
4) TRANSMIT RF FILTER
5) FEEDEER – All tranmistor is connected to same feeder
6) BRAMCHING
7) MAIN ANTEENA

a) Branching
b) Receive RF Filter
c) Receiver
d) Demodulator
e) Payload processing

Modulation:--

DCN –

FCAPS – Fault – Config – Administ – Perfo – Securi

ANTEENA –

1) PARABOLIC
2) Pencil Beam
 3) Gain in dBi
4) 20cm to 4M anteena diameter canbe
5) Reflector – Bigger the reflector more power is sent
6) Feeder
7) Wave guide interface
8) Shield w. absorber – reduces side lobes , thus reducing inetrferance
9) Radome – shield
10) Antenna mount

Frequency measured in – 1Hertz – 1sec – 50Hertz

MW – 4Ghz to 80 Ghz.

Low freq gives long range low traffic rate.

High Freq shprt range but high traffic rate

Wavelength = Speed of light/Frequency

Power – Watt/dBm

Mobile handset max power – 2watts

Field strength – watt per square meter.

RSL Watt/dBm.

Radio refractivity – a) Pressure b) Humidity c) Temperature.

IP & QOS:-

DELAY –

JITTER – Dispalacement of frequency, effected electro magnetic wave

BEST EFFORt – no gurantees

TYPE OF SERVICE or zDIFFSER

Throughput , delay , jitter , LOSS

Throughput – Rate of data sent in a network

VOIP example – Small packets of 8kb/s to 64 kb/s

GOLD , silver , Bronze

Delay – reason -processing , queing , slow TX , signal delay

VOIP – delay tollence – 150ms

Jitter – Digital signal transmitting the data. Jitter is the displacement.

LOSS –
Integrated Service Model.—Signalling path is established priorly to check the network BW
requiremnets. Wel it was not done due to scalability. Increases memory of devices .

RSVP – Resource reservation protocol.

Per-HOP- QoS Processing.

IP Precedence – TOS -Type of service -8 bits

3 bits – IP precedence.

Differentiated Services (DIFF SERV).

TYPE of Service -8 Bits.

DSCP – Differentiated Services Code Point.

PER-HOP Behavior (PHB).

Traffic running in same direction & same DSCP are come under one BA ( Behavior Aggregates).

Router will treat one BA as the same. Traffic in same BA may come from different sources ,
port num , diff protocol.

Tarffic with same DSCP value are in One BA  and the DSCP value mapped into PHB.

SLA :-

1) Forward 2. Drop 3. Reclasify.

DIFF SERV COMPONANTS :-

1) DS Domain  DS Domain a simply area for all the nodes diff serv enabled.

Diff Serve Architecture :-

1) Boundary Nodes - > Classified ->BA  PHB

Ingress & Egress Boundary node.

TCA – Traffic conditioning Aggrement – Boundary router what conditioning action to be performed
while entering or leaving a domain.
Traffic classifiers 

a) BA Identifier (Clasify only on the value of DSCP).

b) Multi-field classifier (Classify on the basis of addres , port number etc)

Conditioner :-- Conditioning traffic.

How DSCP works ?

For back ward compatability—

TRAFFIC CONDITIONER –

CLASSIFICATION  MARKING - POLICING (All done in INGRESS TRAFFIC)

QUEING  SCHEDULE  CONGESTION AVOIDANCE (All done in EGRESS TRAFFIC)

CLASSIFICATION -> Identify different packets flows (Vlaues of IP , header , ports etc)—Done in Borders
of DS Domain.

MARKING  DSCP in marked within packet.

POLICING  WAY to measure the rate of traffic and match with aggred rate. Policing don’t have a
packet storage facility. Packets are sent packet by packet.

Packets violating policy are dropped or remaking done with lower priority when droping may occur
anytime.

CALCULATING RATE OF TRANSMISSSION –

RATE = Bits/Second

In packet based network other two factors must be considered for rate – Tarffic is Bursty and traffic
vary in size.

TOKEN BUCKET – need to study.

NOMINAL AVERAGE RATE r b/s  BURST/Time

Committed Information Rate 

Committed Burst Size  Yellow – Higher drop probability

Excessive Burst Size 

TRAFFIC SHAPER 

Priority Queing

Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) – Each Queue is server with Round Robin Fashion.

PWFQ – Priority weighted Fair Queuing – Priority and weight both are considered. Priority first.

Queues under same priority and in same Priority Group.

RADOM EARLY DETECTION is used to control trail drops – Randomly selects packets and dropped.

RED works on sliding window. Rate of packet is reduced. This is session based TCP.

RED is not effective on UDP. As it is not session oriented.

WITHOUT RED –

1) Overflow of queue.
2) Dominant flows claiming majority of queue
3) Tail drops very likely
4) All flows impacted – dominant flow the least.
WITH RED –
1) Dominant flows dropped most.
2) Sender slow down
 3) Queue occupancy reduces
4) Tail drop minimized

WRED :-

1) RED treats all packets a equal.

2) High priorty may drop high priority packets.
3) WRED drops as per priority.
4) WRED drops as per precedence .
5) WRED is configured with profile.

EXPLICIT CONGENSTION NOTIFICATION(ECN) – 2Bits.

ECN bits used to inform the source that there is congestion in network.

ECN = 11 means high congestion experienced.

IP QOS over Layer-2 – MPLS.

3-bits in MPLS header – EXP field.(Experimental Field)

Class of service & priority. --- IP precedence of the DSCP field is propagated of IP header to DSCP
Header.(By Default).

Ethernet header – PCP(802.1p) – Priority code point.-3 bits.

Classification  Marking  Policing - Queing  Scheduling

MINI -LINK QUICK FACTS :-

1) HOP Length – 1-150Km

2) 10Gb/s , 80 E1/DS1 , 1X STM-1

MINI LINK – 6200 & LH  All Indoor

MINI LINK – 6600/6291/TN/LH Split -Split mount System(Indoor Unit) /

MINI -LINK -TRX3/6363/CBN  Split mount System(Outdoor unit)

MINI LINK – Total Outdoor Unit 6300/Fronthaul 6392/Switch 6391.

Indoor units ae connected with Coaxial Cables(ALL Indor)

SPLIT MOUNT – 6600 Family-

Radio direction Range =1 to 15 (70% less rack space than TN).

PLUG IN UNITS –

1) FAU – FAN UNIT

2) MMU – 4 radio units ,
3) NPU – Node processor unit.(MGMT)
4) PFU – Power filter unites -2 nos.
5) PNM – PFU , NPU , MMU / Addition LTU & ETU

Non modular unit –6651 – One box solution.

Version – 6651/1 & 6651/2 ---- One extra traffic interface in /1.

6651/3 – Single carrier Node.

CAPACITY – 2.5G/s

CHANNEL BW – 3.5 MHZ to 56 Mhz.

Waveleng = Speed of light/freq

4.5Ghz – 7.5cm

15Ghz – 2cm

38Ghz – 8mm

80Ghz – 4mm

TX power – dBm.

Field Strength – watt/m sq

RX threshold -> -70 dBm. (Depends on RSL)

RADIO REFRACTIVITY (N) – Depends on Pressure/Humidity/Temperature

How much wave front is bend depends on the K factor (earth radius factor) = K=1.33(Standard
Refarction)

When K factor <0 Radio wave will hit the earth surface & this factor is named as Ducting.

K=1 , means there is not change radio refactivity and radio wave will move in a staright line in a
horizon.

Sub-refraction – K<1 >0….

Super refraction –K= Infinity  Bending is same as the earth curvature, it will result in
interference in MW links.

Earth Buldge = Delta H.

Earth radius * K factor.

For Free Line of sight planning the progations is considered to be straight line.

Delta H (Earty Bulge) = (d1 * d2)/12.74 * K

MINI LINK -TN INDOOR UNIT—

3 Sizes and 4 types.

1) FULL SIZE NPU

2) Single carrier MMU
3) Dual Carrier MMU
4) Half Size LTU
 5) Half Size ETU

PNM is unique to 6600 & TN not supported.

MINI LINK -LH Split –Used where indoor area is small & desired to combine different network carriers
for a long hop distance.

Built in MINI-LINK TN platform.Capacity – 4G/s

RADIO UNIT – 6363 -FreqBand – 6-42 Ghz & E-Band./4-4096 QAM/7-112 Mhz

MINILINK-6363/2 – 13-38 GHZ

TRX3—MIN-lINK-6200 & LH Split.(6-13 GHZ) /

CBN – RADIO -MINI-LINK6200 & MINI-LINK LH—CBN has four ports.

1st Fresenal Zone -100% free - Wa

R(fresenal zone) = 17.3 * Sq root[( D1KM*D2KM)/(F in GHz * D in KM)]

KNIFE EDGE OBSTRUCTION – 6dB loss.

SMOOTH EARTH OBSTRUCTION – 15dB Loss.

Free space loss & Atmospheric gas absorption loss.

Free Space Loss = 92.4 + 20log d(KM) + 20 log(f).—Isotropic anteena.

Isotropic antenna is antenna which radiates equally in all directions.

4Ghz isotropic loss 104 db at 1Km & 145 db at 100 Km.

Once freq is doubled loss will increase by 6 db.

Hence low freq are used in long distance and high freq in short distance.
Atmospheric Loss –

20Ghz -- ,loss in water vapour.

50 to 60 Ghz – loss with oxygen -short range.

FADING  RAIN FAIDNG

MULTI PATH FAIDING – Reflection – Traveled a longer path and receive the signal are added. Signal
strength is increased at receiver end.

Higher freq – Rain Faiding

Low Fre – Multi path fading.

13-18 GHZ is cross over region where both fading happens. Any one will be dominanat.

RAIN FADING –

Mm/hretu

RSL = TX power + Gain – Free space Loss – Atmospheric loss

Freq Selectuve multi path fading  signal strength and delay.

If reflected wave reaches in same phase – its called upfade- benefited – 6db higher

IF reflected wave reaches out of wave phase – its called down fade. – 6db lesser.

MINI-LINK TN CONCEPT & INDOOR CONPONENTS :-

MIMI-TN

1) Split mount System.

2) Radio Outdoor
3) Coaxial cable used.

22 direction traffic .

1.1gb/s.

80 E1

5 to 80Ghz.(E-Band).

Ethernet Switching capacity – 60Gbits/s

183 E1

TN & LH use same subrack.—

a) AMM20pB – 24 size slots and 2 half size slots.

b) AMM 6p C – 5 full size and 2 half size.
c) AMM 6p D – 4 full size & 4 half size.
d) AMM 2p B – 2 full size and 2 half size.

PFU SLOT + High speed slot + Application slots.( connected to different back plane busses).

PCI & SPI is connected to all Buses.

HS speed point to point Bus are connected.

2BPI – two board pair interconnection Bus.

AMM 2p B – 4 radios can be connected.

SLOT -00 , 01  High speed slot – 2gbit/s.

SLOT – 02 , 03  Application slot.

FAN unit – FAU4 or FAU4B.

AMM -6p C – 5 full size & 2 half size.

10 Radio can be connected.

00 & 01 – PFU3 C

01 to 05 – Application

06 – 08 – High Speed slots.

AMM-6p -D – 4 full size & 4-half size.

8 Radios can be connected.

AMM-20p-B – 20 Slot full size & 4 half slots.

22 Radio can be connected.

10-13 high speed slots.

02-09 – application & 14-21 application.

FAN unit – FAU1.

PLUG IN UNITS :-

NPU – Managemnet , sync process

NPU3D – Half sized – used in AMM2p , 6p C & D.

RMM is removable memory module inside NPU.

1) 4 X E1 termination.
2) Synchronisation
3) 1-2 10/100/1000 Base T port.
4) USB
5) 2 outs.

NPU1 C  Used in AMM20p B.

MMU connects of the Radio.

MMU 2K – Hybrid Modem.

RADIO HOP Capacity – ETSI – 456Mbit/s & ANSI – 408 Mbits/S

MMU3A – Ethernet interface available.

MMU4A – dual carrier modem – Capacity – 1067 Mbits/S & 767Mbits/s

MMU3B – 128 QAM to 64 QAM. & traffic termination 1 Gig SFP.

ETU – 2B  Full size – 4 – ETH INTERFACE—2 GE SFP & 2 10/100/1000 Base T & 96 E1.

ETU3 – Half size –Same as ETU2B

LTU –

LTU 12/1 – 12 E1 can be connected.---Ha;f Size

LTU -16/1 – Full Size

LTU – 32/1 – 32 E1 , CES

LTU2-155 – STM- SFP – 63 E1.

LTU -155 ANSI – 84 E1 / OC3 supported.

SAU3—Management for legacy equipment non IP based.

G.704 , v24 , v.28 , v.11.

External alarms

STUDY ON MINI LINK -LH :--(All INDOOR).

16 Carriers in single anteena.—4 to 13gHz

ACCP configuration

ACAP supported

CCDP also supported

CCDP with XPIC.

28 , 40 & 56 – ETSI channel spacing.

10 , 30 , 40 , 60 – ANSI channel Spacing.

Protection – 7+1 is supported.

8 Gbit/s & 60 Mhz.

L1 Radio Link Bonding – upto 4+0. Can be increased with enhance RLB upto 8+0.

LAG – upto 16+0.

SYSTEM ARCITECTURE :--

Cabinet – BYB501

CHANNEL BRANCHING NETWORK – CBN -16 filter channels.

TRX-SDC is having DADE(Digital anteena Delay equalizer) – compensates delay of signal.

TX BOOSTER – Increases TX output 40dbm.

CBN – Works

Circulators and channel filters.

Circulator is 3 ports wave guide.

Channel filter is Band pass filter.—28 to 30 -40 -56 Mhz.

Dehydrator – DHU150—6 airoutlets-600ltr /DHU300-1200 ltr-12 outlets.