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Abstract— Single-phase four-leg variable frequency PWM technique for balanced output, reduced switching losses and
drives have been traditionally generating balanced two-phase current ripple.
output voltages resulting in a circular space vector trajectory The 4-leg topology having the highest dc bus utilization and
while feeding the two-phase induction motor (TPIM). Keeping in offering decoupled control of both the main and auxiliary
view of the asymmetry in the auxiliary and main windings in the
TPIM, this paper suggests output voltages to be generated by the
windings is reported extensively [2], [3], [4], [11]. In [4], a
drive in accordance with the windings asymmetry. This paper unipolar SPWM technique is reported that has lower voltage
proposes a new PWM algorithm for the dual H-bridge voltage harmonics compared to the use of bipolar SPWM reported for
source inverter (HB-VSI) targeted at synthesizing an elliptical 4-leg VSI [2]. Also, in [4], the VSI generates two-phase
space vector for driving the unsymmetrical TPIM. The elliptical unbalanced output voltage to drive the asymmetrical TPIM
space vector generation is envisaged to minimize the MMF load. In [3], a double carrier based SVM for this 4-leg VSI is
imbalance thus leading to significant reduction in oscillations of proposed and it also states that simple expressions for the
the motor electromagnetic torque. Analytical expressions are dwell times of the switching devices is difficult and the
developed for the dwell-times of the inverter switching devices implementation of SVM is both, complex and also difficult
and the implementation is proven to depend entirely on the
instantaneous four phase reference voltages. The proposed PWM
with this modulation. SVM based PWM with simple dwell
algorithm is then simulated using Matlab/Simulink following V/f time calculation and its implementation using effective time
control in the linear modulation ranges of the drive. The TPIM period based concept [12] was recently reported for the 4- leg
when excited using the envisaged elliptical space vector shows the inverter topology in [13]. But formulation in [13] is shown to
improved MMF balance manifesting itself in reduced generate the balanced two-phase output only. Generation of
electromagnetic torque oscillation and reduced speed ripple when any unbalanced output voltages as desired out of 4-leg
compared to the use of circular space vector. topology (hereafter called as the dual H-bridge VSI) applying
SVM based PWM technique with an intent to reduce the
Keywords—4-Leg Voltage Source Inverter; Dual H-Bridge
torque oscillation and hence speed ripple in a TPIM is the
VSI; Elliptical Space Vector Modulation; Effective-time; Two-
Phase Induction Motor Drive.
subject matter of this proposed work.
In this paper, the SVM using effective time concept is
I. INTRODUCTION developed to drive an asymmetrical TPIM where the locus of
the tip of the space vector traces an ellipse in one complete
Single phase induction motors find extensive use in myriads cycle of modulation and the ratio of major to minor axes of the
of house hold applications, air conditioners, heating and ellipse depends on the extent of desired unbalance between the
ventilation systems, pumps, fans etc. to name a few [1]; in main and auxiliary winding voltages of the TPIM. The
spite of the current trend in the development of newer implementation of the developed modulation technique
machines such as permanent magnet motors, brushless dc depends entirely on the instantaneous phase reference voltages
motors and their drives. Given the volume of single phase derived from the reference space vector. The effective time
motors installed in the field and the reducing trend in the cost concept introduced in [12] - [13] is exploited to ease the
of power semiconductor devices, there has been growing implementation tasks and rendering the time consuming
interest in the use of adjustable speed drives (ASDs) for single process of sector identification quite dispensable and also the
phase induction motors [2] in the past several years. The most use of look up table is totally avoided.
investigated VSI topologies used in such ASDs are 2-leg, 3-
leg and 4-leg voltage source inverters [2], [3], [4]. Amongst II. FOUR LEG DUAL H-BRIDGE VSI FED TPIM
them the most popular 3-leg VSI structure though capable of A. Four Leg Dual H-Bridge Inverter
generating both balanced and unbalanced two-phase output Amongst the three main VSI topologies discussed earlier, in 4-
voltages [2], [4], [5], [7] - [9] it suffers from the disadvantage leg VSI [13] alone, the main and auxiliary windings can be fed
of lower dc-bus utilization as well as the requirement of higher independently in a decoupled manner. The power circuit of the
current rating of switches in common leg [10]. The recent dual H-Bridge inverter feeding the TPIM is shown in Fig.1.
work reported in [6] proposes discontinuous SVPWM
978-1-4673-8888-7/16/$31.00©2016 IEEE
(0110) (0100),(1110)
V6 V2 (1100)
V5
S5 S7 S1 S3 2A 1B
Auxiliary
Vdc Winding
2 2B
1A
(0000) Vs
c (0111) (1010) θ (1000)
Vdc o b 2Ø a (0010) V3 (0101) Vo V1
(1101)
d IM (1111)
Vdc 3A
4B
2
Main
S8 S6 Winding
S4 S2 3B 4A
V7 V4 V8
(0011) (1011),(0001) (1001)
Fig. 1: Power circuit topology of the dual H-bridge VSI feeding a TPIM Fig. 2: Space plane of the dual H-bridge
This converter structure consists of dual H-bridge inverters proposed to accomplish generation of any unbalanced two-
powered by same DC bus but independently feeding the phase output voltages as desired.
auxiliary and main windings of the TPIM. The total no of legs
in the dual H-bridge VSI (Fig.1) being equal to four, the total
number of switching states possible with this topology will be III. PROPOSED PWM FOR ELLIPTICAL SPACE VECTOR
equal to 24 i.e. 16 and each switching state corresponds to a TRAJACTORY
voltage vector. The voltage space vector Vs, that can be The central objective of the space vector based PWM
synthesized by this dual H-bridge VSI can be given by [13]: proposed in this paper is to synthesize space vector whose
trajectory is not circular as it is usually done but an ellipse
𝑉𝑠 = 2 4 𝑣𝑎𝑜 . 𝑒 𝑗 0 + 𝑣𝑏𝑜 . 𝑒 𝑗 𝜋 2
+ 𝑣𝑐𝑜 . 𝑒 𝑗𝜋 + 𝑣𝑑𝑜 . 𝑒 𝑗 3𝜋 2 (1)
which is given by given by (3). In (3), the difference in the
major and minor axes depends on the asymmetry in the
where 𝑣𝑎𝑜 , 𝑣𝑏𝑜 , 𝑣𝑐𝑜 , 𝑣𝑑𝑜 are the four phase pole voltages of
machine windings of TPIM.
the dual H-Bridge VSI each being equal to +𝑉𝑑𝑐 /2 or −𝑉𝑑𝑐 /2
depending upon whether the top or bottom switch is turned on. 𝜈𝛼 2 𝜈𝛽 2 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑑𝑐
+ = 1 [ where 𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 and 𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎 ] (3)
The 𝛼 − 𝛽space plane representations of all these voltage 𝑎2 𝑏2 2𝑛 2
vectors are shown in Fig. 2. The locus of the tip of the voltage
This is in contrast to the earlier work reported in [13] where
vectors forms a square of side 𝑉𝑑𝑐 with the four zero vectors the tip of the space vector always traces a circle thus
sitting at the centre of the square (Fig.2). generating balanced output voltages. With modulation index,
B. Asymmetrical TPIM Model 𝑚𝑎 , defined as: 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑉𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑑𝑐 2, the maximum value of
From the dq-model of an asymmetrical TPIM in stator frame 𝑚𝑎 is 1, at 𝑉𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 2, where 𝑉𝑠 is the space vector given
of reference, the electromagnetic torque 𝑇𝑒 developed by the as 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 ∠𝜃 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝜈𝛼 + 𝑗𝜈𝛽 . In order that
motor with P no of poles is given as under [7],[8]: point (𝜈𝛼 , 𝜈𝛽 ) = (𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , 𝑉𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) lies on the ellipse (3), the
Torque :𝑇𝑒 = 𝑃 2 𝐿𝑞𝑚 𝑖𝑞𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑟 − 𝐿𝑑𝑚 𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑖𝑞𝑟 (2) space vector, 𝑉𝑠 at any angle θ is given as
where 𝐿𝑑𝑚 , 𝐿𝑞𝑚 , 𝑖𝑑𝑠 , 𝑖𝑞𝑠 , 𝑖𝑑𝑟 and 𝑖𝑞𝑟 are dq-axes stator mutual 𝑉𝑑𝑐 1
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 =𝑓 𝜃 (4)
inductances, stator and rotor currents respectively. It is 2 𝑛2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2
reported in [4], [7]-[9] that the main cause of high oscillation
in 𝑇𝑒 is the asymmetry of the machine windings. The main With the derived space vector, 𝑉𝑠 , given by (4) and to be
theme of the present work is to minimize the torque generated by the drive with its locus tracing an ellipse, the
oscillations by adjusting the ratio of currents 𝑖𝑞𝑠 and 𝑖𝑑𝑠 in corresponding a-b-c-d voltage references for the four-leg of
accordance to the turns ratio „n‟ of the machine, where „n‟ the dual H-bridge VSI can be derived as:
being the ratio of auxiliary winding turns to the main winding 𝑉𝑑𝑐
∗
turns (also referred to as unbalance factor in this paper). This 𝜈𝑎𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 ;
2𝑛
means, the auxiliary winding (along q-axis) may be excited 𝜋 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝜋
∗
with higher voltage (𝑣𝑞𝑠 ) than the main winding (along d- 𝜈𝑏𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − = 𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 − ;
2 2 2 (5)
axis) voltage (𝑣𝑑𝑠 ) and their ratio being equal to „n‟. In [13], 𝜈𝑐𝑠∗
= 𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝜋
𝑉
= 𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜋 ;
the space vector based PWM for 4-leg topology was proposed 2𝑛
𝑉𝑑𝑐
that could generate only balanced two-phase output voltages. ∗
𝜈𝑐𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝜋 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜋 ;
In this paper, necessary theory is presented and the space 2𝑛
where use has been made of the relationship
vector based PWM using effective time concept [12], [13] is
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜔𝑡 , 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓, 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼
For understanding the dwell time calculations with the OFF : 𝑇𝑔𝑎 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑔𝑎 ; 𝑇𝑔𝑏 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑔𝑏 ;
proposed PWM, the entire space plane shown in Fig.2 is (10)
𝑇𝑔𝑐 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑔𝑐 ; 𝑇𝑔𝑑 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑔𝑑 ;
divided into four small squares numbered I, II, III & IV and
each square is further divided into two sectors as A & B. For a The simulated switching pulses for the top switching devices
typical situation depicted in Fig.2, 𝑉𝑠 falls in sector I-A, the S1, S3, S5, S7 of the four legs in two sampling time intervals in
three nearest space vectors comprising of zero vector V0 and sector-IA for the circular as well as elliptical cases are shown
non-zero voltage vectors V1 & V5 will be switched using the in Fig.4.
dwell times T0, T1 & T5 respectively. These dwell times can be Circular Elliptical
obtained using the 𝛼 − 𝛽 components of 𝑉𝑠 (𝜈𝛼 , 𝜈𝛽 ) using a S1 S1
simple volt-second balance principle and given as:
S3 S3
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
𝑇1 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑇𝑠 ;
𝑛2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2 S5 S5
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (6)
𝑇5 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑇𝑠 ; S7 S7
𝑛2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2
Fig. 6: Simulated waveforms and spectra of main winding voltage for (a) circular (b) elliptical cases, experimentally obtained waveforms
and spectra of main winding voltage for (c) circular (d) elliptical cases for modulation index of 0.8 and 40 Hz frequency
Fig. 7: (a) Experimentally obtained main and auxiliary winding currents with their trajectories in circular and elliptical cases,
(b) Simulated speed response with their steady state speed ripple (inset) in circular and elliptical cases for ma = 0.8 at no load