Sep 19, 2014

Interns:
Khaled
Elmekawy
Computer Aided Design
Lecture 1
Dr./ Ahmed Nagib Elmekawy Sep 19, 2018
1
Finite Element Analysis Overview

2
Research and Development

3
Mathematical Model

4
5
Mathematical Model

6
Mathematical Model

7
Finite Element Analysis
The linear equation of motion for vibration is

𝑴 𝒙ሷ + 𝑪 𝒙ሶ + 𝑲 𝒙 = 𝑭

• 𝒙 , which is the displacement vector

• 𝒙ሷ , which is the acceleration vector
• 𝑴 , which is the Mass matrix
• 𝑲 , which is the stiffness matrix
• 𝑪 , which is the damping matrix
• 𝑭 , which is the load vector

8
Finite Element Softwares

9
Finite Element Analysis

10
Finite Element Analysis

11
Finite Element Analysis

12
 Static Analysis
For a linear static structural analysis, the global displacement
vector 𝒙 is solved for in the matrix equation below:

𝑲 𝒙 = 𝑭

Assumptions made for linear static structural analysis are:

• 𝑲 , which is the global stiffness matrix, is constant
– Linear elastic material behavior is assumed
– Small deflection theory is used
• 𝑭 , which is the global load vector, is statically applied
– No time-varying forces are considered
– No damping effects

13
Axial Stress

14
Beam under the action of two tensile
forces

15
Beam under the action of two tensile
forces

16
Torsion Stress

17
Torsion Stress

18
Torsion Stress

19
Angle of Twist

20
Torsion of a Shaft with Circular Cross-
Section

21
Torsion of a Shaft with Circular Cross-
Section

22
Torsion of a Beam with the Square
Cross-Section

23
Torsion of a Beam with the Square
Cross-Section

24
Bending Stress

25
Bending Stress

26
Bending a Cantilever Beam under a
Concentrated Load

27
Bending a Cantilever Beam under a
Concentrated Load

28
Bending Stress

29
Bending Stress

30
Bending Stress

31
Bending Stress

32
Bending Stress

33
Bending Stress

34
Bending Stress

35
Bending of Curved beam

Displacement Stress in x direction

36
Finite Element Analysis

37
Finite Element Analysis

38
Static Analysis

39
Static Analysis

40
Static Analysis

41
Static Analysis

42
Static Analysis

43
 Static Analysis
Linear vs Non Linear solve
In a linear analysis, the matrix equation [K]{x}={F} is solved in one iteration. That
means the model stiffness does not change during solve : [K] is constant. A non
linear solve allow stiffness changes and uses an iterative process to solve the
problem. In a static structural analysis, ANSYS runs a non linear solve
automatically when the model contains :
- Non linear material laws : Plasticity, Creep, Gasket, Viscoelasticity …
- Non linear contact : Frictionless, Rough, Frictional
- Large deflection turned <<ON>>
- Joints
- Bolt pretension

44
 Modal Analysis
The linear equation of motion for free, un-damped vibration is
𝑴 𝒙ሷ + 𝑲 𝒙 = 𝟎
Assume harmonic motion:

𝒙 = 𝝓 𝒊 sin 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖
𝒙ሷ = −𝜔𝒊𝟐 𝝓 𝒊 sin 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖

Substituting 𝒙 and 𝒙ሷ 𝐢n the governing equation gives an

eigenvalue equation:

−𝜔𝒊𝟐 𝑴 + 𝑲 𝝓𝒊= 𝟎
where
𝜔𝑖 : Natural Frequencies
𝝓 𝒊 : Mode Shapes
45
Modal Analysis

46
Modal Analysis

47
Modal Analysis

48
 Modal Analysis
Assumptions for Modal Analysis
• [K] and [M] are constant:
– Linear elastic material behavior is assumed
– Small deflection theory is used, and no nonlinearities
included
– [C] is not present, so damping is not included
– {F} is not present, so no excitation of the structure is
assumed
– Mode shapes 𝝓 𝒊 are relative values, not absolute

49
 Modal Analysis
Modal Results:
• Because there is no excitation applied to the structure the
mode shapes are relative values not actual ones.
–Because a modal result is based on the model’s properties
and not a particular input, we can interpret where the
maximum or minimum results will occur for a particular mode
shape but not the actual value.

50
Modal Analysis

51
Modal Analysis

52
Modal Analysis

53
Modal Analysis

54
Modal Analysis

55
Modal Analysis

56
Modal Analysis

57
Dynamic Analysis

58
Dynamic Analysis

59
Dynamic Analysis

60
Dynamic Analysis

61
Dynamic Analysis

62
Dynamic Analysis

63
Dynamic Analysis

64
Dynamic Analysis

65
Dynamic Analysis

66
Dynamic Analysis

67
Dynamic Analysis

68
Dynamic Analysis

69
Dynamic Analysis

70
Dynamic Analysis

71
Dynamic Analysis

72
Dynamic Analysis

73
Dynamic Analysis

74
Dynamic Analysis

75
Dynamic Analysis

76
Dynamic Analysis

77
Dynamic Analysis

78
Dynamic Analysis

79
 Fluid-Structure Interaction
Solid Mechanics-Structural Analysis Fluid Dynamics

Solved by Finite Element Analysis Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

80
 Recent Computational Methodology

Finite Element Analysis Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Commercial Ansys Mechanical, Abaqus Ansys Fluent, Ansys CFX, Open-foam

Software
81
Recent Computational Methodology

82
Recent Computational Methodology

83
Fluid-Structure Interaction

84
Recent Computational Methodology
1 way FSI vs Two way FSI

85
Fluid-Structure Interaction

86
Fluid Structure Interaction

87
CFD Analysis Overview

88
 Introduction
Lecture Theme:
All CFD simulations follow the same key stages. This lecture will explain how to
go from the original planning stage to analyzing the end results

Learning Aims:
You will learn:
• The basics of what CFD is and how it works
• The different steps involved in a successful CFD project

Learning Objectives:
When you begin your own CFD project, you will know what each of the steps
requires and be able to plan accordingly
Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary
89
What is CFD?
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid flow, heat and
mass transfer, chemical reactions, and related phenomena.
To predict these phenomena, CFD solves equations for conservation of mass,
momentum, energy etc..
CFD can provide detailed information on CFD is used in all stages of the
the fluid flow behavior: engineering process:
• Distribution of pressure, velocity, temperature, • Conceptual studies of new designs
etc. • Detailed product development
• Forces like Lift, Drag.. (external flows, Aero, Auto..) • Optimization
• Distribution of multiple phases (gas-liquid, gas- • Troubleshooting
solid..)
• Redesign
• Species composition (reactions, combustion,
pollutants..) CFD analysis complements testing and experimentation by reducing
• Much more total effort and cost required for experimentation and data acquisition
Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary
90
CFD Applications

Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary

91
CFD Applications

Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary

92
CFD Applications

Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary

93
CFD Applications

Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary

94
How Does CFD Work?
ANSYS CFD solvers are based on the finite volume method
• Domain is discretized into a finite set of control volumes Control
Volume*
• General conservation (transport) equations for mass, momentum, energy,
species, etc. are solved on this set of control volumes

Equation 
Continuity 1
X momentum u
Unsteady Convection Diffusion Generation Y momentum v
Z momentum w
• Partial differential equations are discretized into a system of algebraic equations Energy h

• All algebraic equations are then solved numerically to render the solution field

Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary

95
Step 1. Define Your Modeling Goals
• What results are you looking for (i.e. pressure drop, mass flow rate),
and how will they be used?

• What are your modeling options?

• What simplifying assumptions can you make (i.e. symmetry, periodicity)?
• What simplifying assumptions do you have to make?
• What physical models will need to be included in your analysis

• What degree of accuracy is required?

• How quickly do you need the results?

• Is CFD an appropriate tool?

Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary
96
Step 2. Identify the Domain You Will Model
• How will you isolate a piece of
the complete physical system?

• Where will the computational domain

begin and end? Domain of Interest as
− Do you have boundary condition information at Part of a Larger
these boundaries? System (not modeled)
− Can the boundary condition types accommodate
that information?
− Can you extend the domain to a point where
reasonable data exists?

• Can it be simplified or approximated as Domain of interest

a 2D or axi-symmetric problem? isolated and meshed
for CFD simulation.
Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary
97
Step 3. Create a Solid Model of the Domain
• How will you obtain a model of the fluid region?
− Make use of existing CAD models?
− Extract the fluid region from a solid part?
− Create from scratch?
• Can you simplify the geometry?
− Remove unnecessary features that would complicate meshing Original CAD Part
;fillets, bolts…Ϳ?
− Make use of symmetry or periodicity?
• Are both the flow and boundary conditions symmetric /
periodic?
• Do you need to split the model so that boundary
conditions or domains can be created? Extracted
Fluid Region
Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary
98
Step 4. Design and Create the Mesh
• What degree of mesh resolution is required in each region of
the domain?
− Can you predict regions of high gradients?
• The mesh must resolve geometric features of interest and capture gradients
of concern, e.g. velocity, pressure, temperature gradients
− Will you use adaption to add resolution?
• What type of mesh is most appropriate?
− How complex is the geometry?
− Can you use a quad/hex mesh or is a tri/tet or hybrid mesh suitable?
− Are non-conformal interfaces needed?
• Do you have sufficient computer resources?
− How many cells/nodes are required?
− How many physical models will be used?
Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary
99
Step 5. Set Up the Solver
• For a given problem, you will need to:
− Define material properties
• Fluid
• Solid
• Mixture
− Select appropriate physical models
• Turbulence, combustion, multiphase, etc.
For complex problems solving a simplified
− Prescribe operating conditions
or 2D problem will provide valuable
− Prescribe boundary conditions at all boundary zones experience with the models and solver
settings for your problem in a short
− Provide initial values or a previous solution amount of time
− Set up solver controls
− Set up convergence monitors
Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary
100
 Step 6. Compute the Solution
• The discretized conservation equations are solved
iteratively until convergence
• Convergence is reached when:
− Changes in solution variables from one iteration to the
next are negligible
• Residuals provide a mechanism to help
monitor this trend
− Overall property conservation is achieved
•Imbalances measure global conservation
− Quantities of interest (e.g. drag, pressure drop) have reached
steady values
•Monitor points track quantities of interest
• The accuracy of a converged solution is dependent
upon: A converged and mesh-independent
− Appropriateness and accuracy of physical models solution on a well-posed problem
− Assumptions made will provide useful engineering
− Mesh resolution and independence results!
− Numerical errors
Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary
101
10
 Step 7. Examine the Results
• Examine the results to review solution and
extract useful data
− Visualization Tools can be used to answer such
questions as:
• What is the overall flow pattern?
• Is there separation?
• Where do shocks, shear layers, etc. form?
• Are key flow features being resolved?
− Numerical Reporting Tools can be used to calculate
quantitative results:
• Forces and Moments
• Average heat transfer coefficients Examine results to ensure correct physical behavior and
conservation of mass energy and other conserved
• Surface and Volume integrated quantities
quantities. High residuals may be caused by just a few
• Flux Balances poor quality cells.

Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary

102
 Step 8. Consider Revisions to the Model
• Are the physical models appropriate?
− Is the flow turbulent?
− Is the flow unsteady?
− Are there compressibility effects?
− Are there 3D effects?
• Are the boundary conditions correct?
− Is the computational domain large enough?
− Are boundary conditions appropriate?
− Are boundary values reasonable?
• Is the mesh adequate?
− Does the solution change significantly with a refined mesh, or
is the solution mesh independent?
− Does the mesh resolution of the geometry need to be High residuals may be caused by just
improved?
a few poor quality cells
− Does the model contain poor quality cells?
Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary
103
 Use CFD with Other Tools to Maximize its Effect
Problem Identification CAD Geometry Mesh

1. Define goals
2. Identify domain

Pre-Processing Thermal Profile on Windshield

3. Geometry
4. Mesh Physics
5. Solver Settings
6.

9. Update Model
Final Optimized Design
Solve Automated Optimization of
7. Compute solution
Windshield Defroster with
ANSYS DesignXplorer
Post Processing

8. Examine results
Prototype Testing Manufacturing
104
Summary and Conclusions
• Summary:
− All CFD simulations (in all mainstream CFD software products) are 1. Define Your Modeling
approached using the steps just described Goals
2. Identify the Domain You
− Remember to first think about what the aims of the simulation are Will Model
prior to creating the geometry and mesh
3. Create a Geometric
− Make sure the appropriate physical models are applied in the solver, Model of the Domain
and that the simulation is fully converged (more in a later lecture) 4. Design and Create the
− Scrutinize the results, you may need to rework some of the earlier Mesh
steps in light of the flow field obtained 5. Set Up the Solver Settings
6. Compute the Solution
7. Examine the Results
8. Consider Revisions to the
Model

Introduction CFD Approach Pre-Processing Solution Post-Processing Summary

105