ELECTRONICS

LABORATORY
Experiment №10
Report Sheet

Student’s name: Mohammad Tayseer

Instructor: Dr. Ali Al-Qatawneh
 Introduction
Operational Amplifier: An operational amplifier (or an op-amp) is an integrated circuit (IC) that operates as a
voltage amplifier. An op-amp has a differential input. That is, it has two inputs of opposite polarity. An op-amp
has a single output and a very high gain, which means that the output signal is much higher than input signal. An
op-amp is often represented in a circuit diagram with the following symbol:

V+
V out
V-
These amplifiers are called "operation" amplifiers because they were initially designed as an effective device for
performing arithmetic operations in an analog circuit. The op-amp has many other applications in signal
processing, measurement, and instrumentation.

There are a lot of applications for the Op-Amp, Some of them are:

1. Non-Inverting op-amp

2. Inverting op-amp

3. Differentiator op-amp

4. Integrator op-amp

The objective of this experiment is to understand how integrator and differentiator works, what are their circuits,
what are they used for and what is their output.
 Introduction
■ Question 1: How can you use the operational amplifier(op-amp)
to obtain FM-signal from (PM) modulator?
Well, to overly simplify, frequency is the rate of change of phase.

1) A ramp wave of phase. This is a step in frequency!

2) A square-wave of FM is a triangular wave of phase.

So FM is the rate-of-change of PM.

If the modulator is a true PM, then integrate the signal before modulation to get FM.

For signal purposes, RC filters can differentiate or integrate the signal, C input differentiates, R input integrates.

So the circuit used for converting PM to FM is:

 Introduction
■ Question 2: How can you use the operational amplifier(op-amp)
to obtain PM-signal from (FM) modulator?
Well, to overly simplify, frequency is the rate of change of phase.

1) A ramp wave of phase. This is a step in frequency!

2) A square-wave of FM is a triangular wave of phase.

So FM is the rate-of-change of PM.

If the modulator is a true FM, then differentiate the signal before modulation to get PM.

For signal purposes, RC filters can differentiate or integrate the signal, C input differentiates, R input integrates.

So the circuit used for converting PM to FM is:

 Introduction

■ List Four applications of the op-amp, draw a circuit for each

application
1) Phase shifter 2) Scale changer

3) Summing amplifier 4) Voltage to Current Converter

 Introduction

■ Use the op-amp to design: a-Low-pass active filter b- High-

pass active filter c- Band-pass active filter:
a- Low-Pass active filter:

b- High-pass active filter:

c- Band-pass active filter:

 Procedures

■ The differentiator/integrator circuit is connected as shown in

(Fig. 1.).

We used breadboard, wires, oscilloscope and op-amp.

Then we connected them together with the wires.

Then we wired the output on the oscilloscope.

Then we wrote notes about the output waveform.

Then we used output waveform to find the solution for the given tables.

Finally, we wrote down our results as tables (tables are shown in the results section).
 Results and Discussion

■ Results:
Input Measured Input Measured
frequency peak frequency peak
400 Hz 10 mV 10 kHz 3V

1 kHz 25 mV 4 kHz 4V

30 kHz 60 mV 100 Hz 4V

Table 1: op-amp Table 2: op-amp

differentiator integrator

▪ Discussion:
The integrator amplifies the input voltages, while the differentiator minimizes the input voltages
 Conclusion

■ Op-amp can be used as a differentiator where the output is the first derivative of the input signal. The
following equation gives the relation between the input signal and the output signal.

As you can see the output voltage is a first derivative of the input voltage. We are not going into how the
equation is derived but only learning about the use of an op amp as a differentiator.

■ Op-amp is used as an integrator also. The integrator op-amp produces an output that is proportional to the
amplitude of the input signal as well as the duration of the input signal. Instead of a resistor in the feedback
loop, we have a capacitor. It is able to perform the mathematical operation of integration as the output
varies with the input and duration of the signal.