1.

DESIGN
of
AXIALLY AND ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN
1.1. Introduction

Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in compression, even though the
bending action may produce tensile forces over part of their cross section.

On the basis of construction and lateral ties, three types of reinforced concretes
compression members are in use.

(i) Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties.

(ii) Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and continuous spirals.

(iii) Composite compression members reinforced longitudinally with structural steel

shapes, pipe, or tubing, with or without additional longitudinal bars, and various
types of lateral reinforcement.

Types 1 and 2 are by far the most common.

On the basis of the slenderness ratio columns may be classified as short or long (slender).

- For isolate columns, the slenderness ratio is defined by

Le

i

where Le – is the effective buckling length

i - is the minimum radius of gyration of the concrete section only.

1
 _ For multistory sway frames comprising rectangular sub frames, the following
expression may be used to calculate the slenderness ration of the columns in the
same storey
12 A

Ki L
Where; A= the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all the columns of the story.
Ki=the total lateral stiffness of the columns of the story (story rigidity)
With modulus of elasticity taken as unity,
L=the story height.
The effective height (length) of a column is the distance between the two
consecutive points of contra flexure or zero bending moments. The figure shown
below may serve this purpose.

L
0.5L 0.7L 1.2L 0.8L

e  L e  0.65 L e  0.8 L e  1.2 L e  0.8 L e  1.5 L

However in accordance with EBCS-2, 1995, the effective length Le for an RC

Column is given as,

Le  m  0.4
a. Non-sway mode   0.7
L  m  0.8
Le7.5  41   2   1.61 2
b. Sway mode   1.15
L 7.5  1   2
Le
Or Conservatively  1  0.8 m 1.15.
L
For the theoretical model shown below.

k1  kc
1 
k11  k12 Lc2 Ic2
k 2  kc
2  Ib22 Ib21
k 21  k 22
Lc Ic
  2 Ib12 Ib11
m  1
2
Lc1 Ic1
Where K1 and K2 are column stiffness coefficients (EI/L) for the lower and the upper
column respectively. Kc is the stiffness coefficient (EI/L) of the column being designed.

2
 Kij is the effective beam stiffness coefficient (EI/6)
= 1.0 (EI/L) for opposite end elastically or rigidly restrained.
= 0.5 (EI/L) for opposite end free to rotate.
= 0.0 (EI/L) for a cantilever beam.

For the purpose of design calculations, structures or structural members may be classified
as braced or unbraced depending on the provision or not of bracing elements and as sway
or non- sway depending on their sensitivity to second-order effects due to lateral
displacements.

In a sway frame, additional internal forces or moments due to the effects of the horizontal
displacements of its nodes shall be taken into account for design. Additional internal
forces or moments are neglected in a non-sway frame since its response to in-plane
horizontal forces is sufficiently stiff.

N sd
For a non – sway frame  0.1
N cr
Where: Nsd – the design value of the total vertical load.
Ncr – critical vertical load for failure in a sway mode given as
 2 EI e
N cr 
L2e
M bal
EIe= O.2EcIc + EsIs (or EIe =  o.4 E2 )
1 rbal 
1100 f cd Curvature 1
rbal
 
 5  103
d
Ec

I c= Moment of inertia of the concrete sections of the substitute column w.r.to centre
Is = Moment of inertia of reinforcement sections of the conc. section

A frame may be classified as braced if its sway resistance is supplied by a bracing system
which is sufficiently stiff to assume that all horizontal loads are resisted by the bracing
system. (Not more than 10% of the horizontal loads are attracted by the frame)

Generally, the slenderness ratio of concrete columns shall not exceed 140.
Second-order effects in compressive members need not be taken into account in the
following cases:
(a). For sway frames, the greater of the two
  25
15
 
d
(b).For non – sway frames
  50  25
 M1 
M2

3
Where M1and M2 are the first-order (calculated) moments at the ends. M2 being always
positive and greater in magnitude than M1, and M1 being positive if member is bent in
single curvature and negative if bent in double curvature.
 d  N sd f A  N sd  design axial load 
cd c

1.2. Reinforcement arrangement & Minimum Code Requirements.

Functions of Lateral Reinforcement.

- they hold the longitudinal bars in position in the forms while the concrete is
being placed
- they prevent the slender longitudinal bars from buckling out ward by
bursting the thin concrete cover.

Rules for the arrangement:

- Diameter of ties, t t  6mm or  4

12 in l

- C/C spacing 

b  least lateral dim ension 
300
 mm.

- Pitch of spiral  100mm

- Ties shall be arranged such that every bar or group of bars placed in a
corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by
the corner of a tie with an included angle of not more than 135o and no bar
shall be farther than 150mm clear on each side along the tie from such a
laterally supported bar.
Equal or less
than 150mm
At center
0
135
At center

May be greater than 150mm

t l No intermediate tie is required
15t  300mm

Main or Longitudinal reinforcement

15t  300mm
- Area of longitudinal reinforcement, Ae.
Ae
0.008Ac  Ae  0.08Ac or 0.008   0.08
Ac
4 in rec tan gular arrangement
- Min. # of bars  
6 in Circular arrangement .

- The diameter of longitudinal bars,  12mm.

4
 - The minimum lateral dimension of a column shall be at least 150mm and
the minimum diameter of a spiral column is 200mm.
- The Min. cover to reinforcement should never be less than
(a)  or  n ( 40mm), or
(b)    5mm  Or   n  5mm  if d g  32mm.
dg – the largest nominal maximum aggregate size.

Example 1.1. (Classification of columns).

The frame shown in figure below is composed of members with rectangular cross
sections. All members are constructed of the same strength concrete (E is the same for
both beams and columns). Considering bending in the plane of the frame only, classify
column EF as long or short if the frame is (a) braced and (b) unbraced. All girders are
300 x 600 mm.
600 525 KN
F I
C F M1 = 30 KNm
350
3.80 m 300 x 350
600
B H
E
3.80 m 400
300 x 400 E M2 = 45 KNm
A D G
9m 7.5 m

Solution:

Moments of inertia
3
300 x600
Girders: I g   54 x108 mm 4
12
300 x 400
Columns: I DE   16 x108 mm 4
12
300 x350 3
I EF   10.71875 x10 8 mm 4 .
12

Stiffness Coefficients:

  
 E  54 x108  6 x105 E.
EI g  K BE  K cF 
9000
Girders : K g   
Lg   
 E  54 x108  7.2 x105 E.
 K EH  K FI 
 7500

5
   
 E  16 x108  4.21 x105 E
 K DE 
EI c 3.8 x103
Columns: K c   
Lc 
 EF
K 

 E 10.71875 108  2.82 x105 E 
 3.8 x103

The column being considered is column EF.

Rotational stiffnesses at joints E and F.

  EI col / L   I col / L 
 
 f EI g / Leff   f I g / Leff 

4.21x105  2.82 x105

Joint E: E   0.53
6 x105  7.2 x105
2.82 x105
Joint F: F   0.21
6 x105  7.2 x105

 E   F 0.53  0.21
m    0.37
2 2

(a) For a braced column (Non sway structure ) for design

Le  m  0.4 0.37  0.4

   0.66  0.7
L  m  0.8 0.37  0.8

Le= (0.66) (3.8) = 2.508m = 2508mm

Le Le 2508
  
The slenderness ratio: I I A 10.71875 x10   300 x 350
8

   24.82.
  30 
  50  25   66.66  ok!
 45 
 The colum is short.

(b) For unbraced column (sway structure)

6
 Le 7.5  4  E   F   1.6 E F
  1.15  for design 
L 7 .5   E   F

7.5  4 0.53  0.21  1.6 0.53 0.21

=  1.136
7.5  0.53  0.21

 Le  1.136  3.8  4.32m

4320
  42.76
101.036
15
  25 or    27.66  not ok!
525 x103
0.85 x 30 x300 x350
1.5

 The Column is Long .

1.3. Short Versus Long Columns in Axial Compression.

In Compression, both the longitudinal steel and concrete contribute to the

resistance of the applied axial force. For the design of short columns in pure
compression, EBCS-2 limits the strain in the concrete to 0.002, since generally
this is the strain at which the stress in the concretes is maximum. The capacity to
resist compressive force, Pult is approximately equal to:

f ck  Ag  As 
Pult = fck (Ag-As)+ fy As , Pd= f A
c  y s
s

Where  = Coefficient, generally taken as 0.85.

fck = Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete
Ag= gross cross-sectional area (bh).
As = area of longitudinal reinforcement.
fy = yield strength of reinforcement.
c & s = Partial factors of safety for concrete and steel.

Short columns usually fail by crushing. Slender column is liable to fail by buckling. The
end moments on a slender column cause it to deflect sideways and thus bring into play an
additional moment. The additional moment causes a further lateral deflection and if the
axial load exceeds a critical value, this deflection and the additional moment become self
-propagating until the column buckles.

For Pin ended columns:

7
  2 EI
Pcr=
2
A column is classified as short if both Lex/h and Ley/b are:
 15 for a braced column
 10 for an unbraced column

Example 1.2.1. The 300x400mm Column shown below is having eight 16mm diameter
bars. Calculate the ultimate capacity to resist compressive and tensile
force if (a) L=5.5m (b) L=7m
Take, fy =460 N/mm2
fck =35N/mm2
Ec  9.5 f ck  8 3
1

Es= 200GPa

Solution: The Column is braced.

(a) For L = 5.5m

Le= 0.7L (for one end fixed the other pinned – nomograph)
 Le = (0.7) (5.5) = 3.85.
Lex 3.85
  9.625  15  short.
n 0.4
Ley 3.85
  12.83  15  short.
b 0.3

 The Column with this length and restrain Conditions is a

short column.
 Ag=300x400= 120000 mm2 (gross area).
As = (8 *162)/4= 1608mm2 (reinforcement area).

Design Compressive force:

fy
N sd 
0.85 f ck
A  As   As
c g
s

Taking c = 1.5
s =1.15
 0.85 35 120000  1608   4601608.
Nsd=
1.5 1.15
= 2991308 N = 2991.308 kN

In tension, the design axial load is:

8
 f 460
Nsd =  r As   1.15 1608 N   643.2kN
y

(b) For L=7m.

Le=  0.7  7   4.9m.
Lex 4.90
  12.25  15  short
n 0.4
Ley 4.90
  16.33  15  Long .
b 0 .3

 The column is slender .

 2 EI e
Ncr = 2 EI e  0.2 E c I c  E s I s .
Le
40mm 220mm 40mm
 16 Ic 
 400 300 3  9 x108 mm 4
12
40mm 220mm 40mm

Is 
 4  16 2 110  2  9.73x10 6 mm 4 .
400 mm

4
..

300 mm

Take minimum reinforcement Cover = 32mm

 
 EI e   0.2   33 9 x108   200  9.73 x106 .  
 59.4 x10  19.46 x10  78.86 x10 kN .mm 2
8 8 8

 N cr 
  78.86 x10   3241.6kN .
2 8

 4900 2

1.4. Design of Short Members for Axial Force and Uniaxial Bending

General:

A column is subjected to uniaxial bending when the load applied to a column is eccentric
about one axis only. The presence of this form of bending in axially loaded members can
reduce the axial load capacity of the member. It is the combined effect of axial
compression and bending at the ultimate limit state that tends to govern the design.

Design load for axially loaded columns (ideal columns)

-No moment considered.

Pod fy Steel

9
 fc’

Stress
Concrete
A A Section A-A
0 0.001 0.002 0.003
Pod Strain

fc’ Ast f y A g  Ast  0.85 f c'

Pod  Fs  Fc  
fy fy s c
Ast f y
Fs 
rs
Fc   Ag  Ast O.85 f c '

In practice column loads will have eccentricities at least due to imperfect constructions.

Design Eccentricity

ed = ec + ea + e2

Where ee =equivalent constant first-order eccentricity of the design axial load.

ee = eo for eo equal at both ends of a column

Higher of ee= 0.6 eo2+0.4eo1

ee=0.4eo2 For moments varying linearly along the length.

eo1 and eo2 are first order eccentricities at the ends with eo2 being positive and greater in
magnitude than eo1.
ea=additional eccentricity in account of geometric imperfections.

Le
 20mm
ea=
300
e2 = Second-order eccentricity .
K 1 L2e 1 r 
For non – sway frames, e2=
10

K1   0.75 for 15    35
20
K  1.0 for   35.

1  Curvature at the critical sec tion

r
5
 K 2  10 3
d 

10
Where d = the Column dimension in the buckling plane less the cover to the center of the
longitudinal reinforcement.

Md
K2 = M bal
Md = design moment at the critical section including second-order effects.
Mbal = balanced moment capacity of the column.

The sway moments found by a first-order analysis shall be increased by multiplying

them by the moment magnification factor:

1
s 
1  N sd / N cr

N sd
Provided  0.25
N cr

Ultimate Limit state

As a loading approaches the ULS, the following valid assumptions are made.
 Non elastic redistribution of stresses take place
 Plane section before loading remain plane after loading
 Failure of concrete is governed by the maximum strain criteria.

0.01 0 -0.002 -0.0035

B 3
h
7
h d C
sy A
0.01 s c
0 -0.002
Strain Diagram at ULS
 The maximum compressive strain in the concrete is taken to be: 0.0035 in
bending (simple or compound) 0.002 in axial compression.

11
  The maximum tensile strain in the reinforcement is taken to be 0.01.
 The strain diagram shall be assumed to pass through one of the three points A,B
Or C.
 The design stress – strain curve for concrete (fig. a) & steel (fig. b) are as shown
below.
Idealized Diagram
fc fs
Idealized Diagram

Design Diagram f yk
Design Diagram f yd 
0.85 f ck s
f cd 
c
f c 1000 c  250 c  1 f cd , for  c  0.002

-0.001 -0.002 -0.0035 c 0.01 s

(a) (b)

Consider the rectangular section when subjected under an axial load Pd with large
eccentricity e, as shown below. For the purpose of stress calculation, the actual non-linear
stress distribution shown can be replaced with equivalent rectangular stress distribution.
Pd Pd Pd
fcd c fcd
e Ns2 s’ Ns2
h
d’ As’ e’
x Nc a
Nc
a  0.8x
d
d’ As s
Ns1
b Ns1
Applying
Cross – sectionforce equilibrium.
Actual stress Strain Simplified stress

FH  0  Pd  N c  N s 2  N si  (1)

M Ns1  O  Pd e  N c  d  a 2   N s 2  d  d
' '
  ( 2)
N c  f cd  ab  A s  '
N s1  As f s .
1 1
N s 2  As f s

For very small eccentricity, the stress distribution along the cross-section is as shown
below.
d ’
As’ cu = 0.0035 – 0.75cb Ns2
Ns2 s’
P Pd
Pd d
Nc Nc
h e x
e
As e’ x x x’
Ns1 s Ns1
cb
Cross-section Simplified stress
Actual Stress Strain

12
Applying force equilibrium.

FH=O  Pd = Nc+Ns2+Nsi --------------- (3)

 M N 51 O    
Pde’ = Nc d  x 2  N 52 d  d       4
1

Hence Nc = fcd (b x x – Ast)
N52 = As’fs’
Nsi = Asfs
h, when0.8 x  h
x  
0.8 x, when0.8 x  h.
Note also e '  e  d  d1  / 2.

Design Criteria

Balanced Condition:

For a given cross-section a design axial force Pda acts at one specific eccentricity e’ =eb’
(or e = eb) to cause failure by simultaneous yielding of tension steel and crushing of
concrete. For simplification purpose symmetrical reinforcement is considered and
compressive steel is assumed to be its limiting stress level.

 0.8  cu 
Fn  O  pd  Pnb  f cd bd      5
  s   cu 

Since part of the concrete is under tension,

f yd
c = cu = 0.0035 ,and s = yd = .
Es
 
f cd abb  As'  d  b   As' f yd d  d '

a
2
 
MN s1  O  e'  eb'   (6)
Pnb

0.8cu A A'
in which ab  0.8 x = d and   s  s
s  cu bd bd

13
In case where compression steel is not at its limiting stress.

's 

cu xb  d ' 
, xb 
cu
d
xb s  cu
& f’s =Es s’  fyd.

Whenever, fs’ < fyd , a value of a force As (fyd – fs’) shall be subtracted from pnb of eq’n (5)
and fyd in (6) shall be replaced with fs’

Tension Failure Controls:

Again As = As1 assumed & both steel are stressed to fyd. The two equilibrum equations
yield.
 2 
 e'   e'   d'  ' 
Pd = fcd bd 1       1    2  1  m 
d 2 d 2 d  

  

As' f yd
Where   As  & m' 
bd bd fc d

Compression Failure Controls (very small eccentricity):

In this case fs < fyd & it is not known whether the steel furthest from the load is under
compression or tension. This situation makes the solution procedure more complicated.
Column interaction diagrams can be used to simplify the design.

Column Interaction Diagram. (Dimensionless).

- It is a plot of a column axial load capacity against the moment it sustains.

P
Pdo Compression failure zone
Pd
Balanced failure
Pnb
Tension failure zone
O
Md Mnb M
- Any loading within the curve is a possible safe loading combination.
- Any combination of loading out side the curve represent a failure combination.
- Any radial line from point O represents a constant ratio of moment to load  Constant
eccentricity.
- The full line curve in compression failure range can be conservatively replaced by the
dashed line as shown. Knowing the coordinates (O, Pdo) & ( Mnb, Pnb), the design

14
 capacity Pd for a known moment Md, [ Md = ed Pd] can be obtained using the straight
line equation as :

Pdo
Pd    8 .
P e
1   do  1 d
 Pnb  eb

Here ed & eb are design eccentricity & eccentricity for balanced condition respectively.

When Pd = 0
Md = fcd (0.8bx - As’ ) (d – 0.4x) + As’fs’ (d – d’).

in which x
1
2

 b1  b12  4c 
 
b1  As  Es cu  f yd  f cd  /  0.8b f cd 
c '
s A d
'

cu Es /  0.8bf cd .
and x  xmax   max md .

Example 1.4.1. (Analysis).

A rectangular column 300x500 (mm x mm) reinforced with 4  26 (As’ = As =1060mm2)

1
one at each corner with d  0.1. Determine the design strength Pd when the design
h
eccentricity from centerline of column x-section including all effects is
a) eb (balanced ) b) 20mm c) 150mm d) 400 mm e)Very large approaching  .

Solution

d’ = (0.1) (500) = 50 mm
d = 500 - 50 = 450mm
4  26
500

Constants :- fck=24 , fcd=13.60

300

fyd = 260.87

15
 As
   0.00785
bd
f yd
m   23.98.
0.8 f cd
f yd
m'   0.8m  19.18
f cd

As'  As  2 x530  1060.

Ast  2120

(a) Balanced case:-

cu 0.0035
Xb  d  x 450  328mm
yd  cu 260.87
 0.0035
2 * 105

ab =0.8xb =262mm

278
's  x 0.0035  0.002966  0.003  yd  0.0013
328
 Compression steel is yielding
 0.8 cu 
Pnb  f cd bd   
yd  cu 
 0.8 0.0035 
 13.60  300  450    0.00785 
 0 . 0013  0 . 0035 
 1056587.4 N  1056kN

  
f cd abb  As' d  ab  As' f yd  d  d '
2
e 
'
b
Pnb
13.60   262 300  1060 450  262   1060 260.87 450  50
 2 
=
1056
 423mm

eb = eb’ - (d-d’)/2 =223mm.(from Centerline).

(b) e=ed =20mm < eb  Comp.failure controls.

Pdo = fcd (bh – Ast)+fyd Ast.

= (13.60) ((300) (500) – 2120)+(260.87) (2120)
= 2564212.4N  2564kN.

16
 Pdo 2564
Pd 
p e  2564  20 
1   do  1 d 1   1 
 pnb  eb  1056  223 
 2273kN .
(c ) e= ed = 150mm < eb  Comp. Controls.
Pdo 2564

Pdo = 2564 Pd = P e  2564   150 
1   do  1 d 1   1  
P
 nb  b e  1056   223 
= 1308kN

(d) e=ed =400mm > eb = 223mm  Tension controls.

e’ = e + (d-d’)/2 = 400 + (450 – 50)/2 = 600.
d' 50 e1 600
  0.111,   1.33
1
m =19.18, d 450 d 450
  0.00785.

 600 0.00785   600 0.00785 
2
 50  

Pd  13.60  300  450 1      1    2 0.00785 1  19.18 
 450 2   450 2   450  
 
= 514679.03 N.
 514.68 kN.

(e) e   or Pd  O  only flexure.

b1  
= As  Es cu  f yd f cd  /  0.8b f cd .
 
 1060 200 x103 x0.0035  260.87  13.60 / 0.8 x300 x13.60.
= 138.19mm
c
' '
 
= As d cu Es /  0.8bf cd .
= 1060 x50 x 0.0035x 2 x105  / 0.8 x300 x13.60.
= 11366.42.
1
x =  138.19  138.19 2  4 x11366.42 
2  
= 57.95 < xmax.
 x  d1  57.97  50
fs’=  cu  Es  x 0.0035 x 2 x105
 x  57. 97

= 96.24Mpa. > fyd.

Md = fcd (0.8bx-As’)(d-0.4x) + As’fs’(d - d1)
=(13-6) (0.830057.97-1060)(450-0.4x57.97)
+ 106096.24(450-50)=115411678 Nmm.
= 115.4 kNm.

ed (m) 0.00 0.020 0.150 0.223 0.4 

17
 Pd (kN) 2564 2273 1308 1056 515 0
Md (kNm) 0 45.46 196.20 235.49 206.00 115.40

 If compression member is subjected to Pd 0.1 fcd Ac, it may be designed as a

beam using flexural equation, provided min. steel is placed on the
compression face of the member.

Design of Columns for uniaxial Bending

Given Pd and ed , the design requires the following procedure.

- A trial cross section and steel area g are selected.
- The section in question is investigated which load combination it can sustain. More
suitably, for a fixed value of ed, determine Pdn (its capacity) such that .
If Pdn  Pd , safe but is it economical ?
 A 
If Pdn  Pd , Unsafe , choose new cross section and /or  g  
st 

A 
 g 

- Thus, the trial shall be repeated until the value of Pdn is close enough and Pdn  Pd

On the other hand, interaction chart are prepared using dimensional parameters such that
 v s  is Plotted .
Mh
 N , 
f cd bh f cd bh 2
where N  Pd Mh  Md.

 d’
=1.0 h
d’
=0.2 d '  0. 1
=0.1 b n

h is in the direction of the bending moment.
- Families of curves are drawn for fixed ratio [ranges 0.5 to 0.25] each curve
representing a particular mechanical steel ratio.

18
 Ast f yd

bhf cd
- The cover to reinforcement should not be too large [problem of spalling – concrete
cover falling off ] & also not too small to prevent corrosion /fire. Usually for column,
cover  25mm.

In using the chart for design the following procedure can be used .
Given Pd and ed such that Md = Pded.
Assume a cross – section, d’ and evaluate
d' to schoose appropriat e chart.
h
- Find  and 
- If the coordinates (, ) lies with in the families of the curve, the assumed cross-
section is feasible, which otherwise need to choose new large section.
- The coordinate (,) gives the value of .

bhf cd Ac f cd
- Obtain  or Ast using Ast =  and arrange the reinforcement.
f yd f yd
- Check minimum and maximum provisions.

Example 1.4.2.

Design a column to sustain a design axial load of 1100KN & design bending moment of
160KNm, which includes all other effects, assume concrete C-30, steel S- 400 class I
work. Approximate b=0.6h.

Solution:

Constants:
0.85 x 24
f ck  24, f ed   13.6
1 .5
f yd  347.83

M d 160 x10 3
Pda=1100KN, ed =   145mm.
Pda 1100
Using Equations.

Trial 1: Assume 300x500mm & 4 26

19
   g  0.014   g min   0.008
530
  As bd  2 *  0.00785.
300 x500
d  500  50  450 so that d '  0.1
h
Conditions controlling the design.
 0.8 cu 
Pub=fcd bd      967 kN .
 yd  cu 
0.8 cu
ab = d  240mm.
 yd  cu

  
f cd bab  As'  d  b   As' f yd d  d '

a
2

eb'   482mm
Pnb
eb =282mm > ed  compression controls.
Pdo = fcd
A g  Ast   f yd Ast  2749KN .
p do
 1412KN  Pd  1100 kN
Pd= P e Safe but not economical.
1   do  1 d
 Pnb  eb

- For ductility requirement, it would be better to go for low steel ratio.

Trial procedure: - Change cross-section fixing reinforcements or vice- versa.

For offshore structures use large  tie bars due to corrosion action.

Trial 2.

270  450 with 4 24   g  0.015.

2  452
  As bd   0.0083
270   450  45

Pnb = 13.60270405[0.534438 – 0.0083] 10-3 = 782kN.

ab = 0.534438405 = 216mm
 216 
’ 13.6   270  216  904  405    904  347.83   405  45.
eb =  2 
782 x103

= 441mm.
eb = 441 – 360/2 = 26mm > ed  Compression controls.

Pd0 = [13.6  (270  450-1808) + 347.83  1808]  10-3 = 2257 KN

20
 2257
 Pd = 1   2257  145 = 1102 KN > Pd = 1100 KN Safe and economical.
 782  1 261
Using interaction charts: - [Uniaxial chart No 2 ].
d' 45
Assume 270 x 450   0.10
h 450
N 1100  10 3
sd = f bh = 13.6  270  450 = 0.67
cd
 = 0.35
M 160 10 6

sd = 2 = = 0.22
f cd bh 13.6  270  450 2
A f 0.35  270  450 13.6
 Ast = fc cd  347.83
= 1662.71mm2
yd

  24 = 3.7  use 4  24
Example 1.4.3

Design a column to sustain a design axial load of 550 KN acting with a design bending
moment of 200 KNm including all other effects. Use the same materials example 1.4.2.

Solution:
M 200 x103
ed  d  mm = 364mm.
Pd 550
fcd = 13.6 Mpa , fyd = 347. 83 Mp

Trial 1: 270 x 450 with 4  26

4  530 450
  g  270  450  0.017, d  450   405mm
10
2  530
  As bd   0.0097
270  405
Pnb = 780 KN , ab = 216mm, eb = 467mm
eb = 287 < ed  Tension controls.
f yd
m'   25.58 , d1  0.11, e'  1.343
f cd d d

Pd=598 KN.> Pda=550 safe  It is possible to stop at this.

Trial 2: Let’s use 4  20 +4 16

 Pd=584 ok!

Using interaction chart : [ Uniaxial Chart No 2 ]

21
 270x450 d '  0.1 d = 405.
h
Nd M
   o.33 ,  bh 2  0.27.
f cd bh f cd

 = 0.40.
Ac f cd 0.40  270  450  13.60
 Ast    1900mm 2
f yd 347.83

 Use 4 20 & 4 16.

Ast = 4*314 + 4*201 = 2060mm2 > 1900mm2

Circular Columns.

Consider the cross – section shown reinforced with 6  longitudinal bars (the No of bars
can vary from 6 to 10).

Pda Pda
cu
a' 1 Ns1
a e x e a
2 Ns2
h

3 Ns3
4 Ns4

Strain Stress Simplified

- For bars with strains in excess of yield strain yd , f s  f yd .

- For the cross section with tension crack, cu  0.0035.
- For bars with smaller strains the stress is found using f s s Es in which the
strain s is obtained from the strain geometry.
- For analysis or design, the iterative procedure involves the following.

1. Assume a, equivalent stress block depth and compute

  a , 1  0.8
1
2. Evaluates the stress fs or fyd assuming cu  0.0035
3. Determine Pd and then a (or x), using the two equilibrium equations.

22
 To simplify the iterative procedure of determination of the unknowns an
approximate empirical formula modified to confirm LSD of the local standard, for
circular column of diameter h failing in compression is given [Whitney].

As f yd Ag f cd
Pd  
3e 9.6he
1  1.18.
h  2d ' 0.8h  0.67 h  2d ' 2

This approximate formula holds, for e  eb & eb for this purpose may be approximated as
eb = (0.2 + 0.9gm’)h.
For practical problems interaction charts are available for use.

Example 1.4.4.
Design a circular column for design axial load of Pda=1225 kN & design bending moment
of Md=180 KN.m. Use C-30, S-300, class I work.

Solution.

Pda = 1225 KN, Md= 180KNm, C-30, S-300, class I.

Required: Design a circular column.

Constants: fcd=13.6, fyd=260.87, m’=19.18.

Assume D=h= 500mm & 6  24 As=2712

h 2
Ag   196.35  10 3
4
 g  0.0138   max  Ok !
180  10 3
e  ed   147mm
1225
 
eb  0.2  0.9  g m ' h  219mm ed  Compressio n controls .

Using the formula:

 
 2712  260.87 196.35  10  13.6
3 
  3
Pd=  3  145    10
 9.6  500  145
1  1.18 
 500  2  50
  0.8  500  0.67 500  2  50  2 


=1313KN > Pda (= 1225kN)  Ok!

Using Interaction Chart

Assume D =500mm; Ag = 196.35 * 103 mm2 ; d '
h = 0.10

23
 Pda 1225 10 3
    0.46
f cd Ag 13.6 196.35 10 3

Md 180 10 6
    0.135
f cd Ag h 13.6 196.35 10 3  500

 = 0.19 from chart

0.19 196.35 103 13.6

 As   1945mm 2
260.87

 Use 6  22  this shows 6  26 is conservative

1.5 Short columns under Biaxial Bending

Consider an RC column section shown when subjected to design axial force pd acting
with eccentricities edx & edy, such that
M M
edx  dy & edy  dx , from centroidal axis.
Pd Pd

Pd
edx Y cu
Asci f cd
ed y sci f sci Nci + Nsci
x ci f ci
Aci

sti f sti Nsti

Y
Cross-section Strain Stress in Stress in
concrete steel

Computation begins with an assumed neutral axis depth and:

F h  0  Pd  N c  N sc  N st
where N c   Aci f ci , resul tan t force in concrete
The procedure using
N sc   Asci f sci resul tan t force in compression steel the expressions
N st   Asti f sti resul tan t force in tension steel. developed so far is
M dx   Aci f ci y ci   Asci f sci y sci   Asti f sti y sti tedious, as the
M dy   Aci f ci xci   Asci f sci x sci   Asti f sti x sti
determination of the

24
neutral axis requires several trials. Thus the two commonly used methods proposed by
Bresseler shall be discussed below.

A. Bresseler’s Method I - Inverse load versus eccentricities gives bowel shaped failure
surface.
1
P

A q B
C Q

edx
edy
R ex

ey

Consider the 1 P versus edi surface in the region of interest at pt. Q where edx & edy for
the respective uniaxial eccentricities are approximated using pt. A & B. Let pt. c
represent the reciprocal of the concentric design load capacity.

The pt. Q on the interaction surface is approximated by a point of which generally gives a
conservative estimate of the strength. On this basis the strength may be obtained from

1  1  1  1
Pd Pdx Pdy Pd 0
 Pdx Pdy Pdo 
 Pd  
 Pdx Pd 0  Pdy Pdo  Pdx Pdy 

Where,
Pd = design axial force capacity under biaxial bending edy & edx .
Pdx & Pdy = Capacities for uniaxial bending with eccentricities edy & edx respectively.
Pdo = concentric axial force capacity.

B) Bresler’s Method II

i) Assume the cross- Sectional dimensions, area of steel and its distribution.
Pda
ii) Compute concentric load Capacity Pdo and
Pdo
iii) Determine uniaxial moment capacities Mdxo and Mdyo of the section combined
with given axial load Pda with the use of interaction curves for axial load and
unixial moment.

25
 iv) Then the adequacy of the column section can be checked either with the
interaction equation or interaction curves. For checking the adequacy of
column section with interaction equation, determine
 n  0.667  1.667 Pd P which shall be 1< n <2. Then compute
do

 M dx   n  M dy  n
 M   M   1 , otherwise the section is unsafe. Then
 dxo   dyo 

the section is modified and checked again. For checking the adequacy of
section with interaction curves, the values of Mdx/Mdxo and Mdy/Mdyo are
plotted as Px and Py respectively. If the plot is within the interaction curve for
Pd
Pdo then the assumed section is safe.

However interaction charts prepared for this purpose can be used for actual design using
the following procedure.

Mb

h’
h1 b1
h
  0.1 0
h b
Mh
’
Range values of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, … , 0.25 are available
h

b’ b’
b

- Select A Cross section dimension h & b, h’ , b’

- Compute:
N
Normal force ratio  = f A , N  Pd
cd c

Moment ratio
Mh
h  , M h  M dy .
f cd Ac h
Mb
b  , M b  M dx
f cd Ac b

- Select suitable chart, which satisfy h' & b' ratio

h b
- Enter the chart & pick , mechanical steel ratio.
Ac f cd
- Compute Atot = 
f yd
Check Atot satisfies the max. & min provisions

26
 - Select suitable bass

Example 1.5.1

Design a column to sustain a factored design load of 900 KN and biaxial moments of
Mdx = 180 KNm, Mdy = 270 KNm including all other effects. Assume materials of
concrete C-30, steel S-300, class I work.

Solution:
Constants fck = 24, fcd = 13.6, fyd = 260.87, m1 = 19.18
M dy M dx
edx =  300mm edy   200mm
Pda Pda

Trial 1: Assume 600 x 400 with 8  28 arranged as shown.

Y

Mdx
400
Mdy X

600

Ast = 8 615 = 4920;  g  0.0205

Pdo = fcd (Ag - Ast) + fyd Ast = 4480 KN
As = A 's = 3* 615
[The two bars on the centroidal axis have negligible moment for both cases of
direction]

X- direction:

edx =300 mm, Pda = 900 KN, d = 600-60 = 540mm

As
b = 400mm , =  0.00854
dd
Pnb = 1678 KN , eb' = 520mm , eb = 280mm < edx = 3  T-controls

  
2
 e '
    1  e '     2 m ' 1  d '
Pdx = bd fcd   1
d 
2  d 
2 d
  
= 1560 KN
If Pdx is near 900 or less, you should change the X- section immediately without
further check for Pdy because for even a uniaxial case it hasn’t satisfied to be 
900.

Y- direction;
edy = 200mm, d = 400 – 40 = 360mm , b = 600mm.
Pnb = 1687 KN, eb = 187mm < edy = 200  T-controls.
Pdy = 1560 KN

27
 Pdx Pdy Pdo
Pd=  944 KN  Pda  900 KN .
Pdo ( Pdx  Pdy )  Pdx Pdy

Using interaction chart.

400x600 - same section.

900  10 3
   0.28
13.6  400  600
270  10 6
h   0.138
13.6  400  600 2

180  10 6
b   0.138.
13.6  400 2  600

1.6 Slender Columns

A Column may be classified as long when the slenderness factor g defined as g =

e
 12. For such Columns a load reduction factor Cr is introduced in such a way that
b
the concentric design axial load capacity may be obtained as

Le
Pdw = Cr Pdo in which Cr = 1.25 .
48b

Slender Columns.

Summary

 The strength of Concentrically loaded Columns decreases with increasing

slenderness ratio k .
r

 In Columns that are braced against side sway or that are parts of frames braced
against side sway, the effective length k, i.e. , the distance b/n inflection points,
falls between  and  , depending on the degree of end restraint.
2

28
  The effective lengths of Columns that are not braced against side sway or that are
parts of frames not so braced are always larger than , the more so the smaller the
end restraint .In consequence, the buckling load of a frame not braced against side
sway is always substantially smaller than that of the same frame when braced.

 In flexural members the presence of axial Compression causes additional deflections

and additional moments Py. Other things being equal, the additional moments
increase with increasing slenderness ratio k .
r

 In members braced against side sway and bent in single curvature, the maxima of
both types of moments, Mo and Py, occur at the same or at nearby locations and are
fully additive, this leads to large moment magnifications. If the M o moments result
in double curvature (i.e., in the occurrence of an inflection point), the opposite is
true and less or no moment magnification occurs.

 In members of frames not braced against side sway the maximum moments of both
kinds, Mo and Py, almost always occur at the same locations, the ends of the
column, they are fully additives, regardless of the presence or absence of an
inflection point. Here, too, other things being equal, the additional deflections and
the corresponding moments increase with increasing k
r.

Moment Magnification

Non – sway: (According to ACI).

Mc=  ns M 2 .
Cm
 ns  1
1  Pu 0.75 Pc
Where Pu=Factored Load.
  2 EI 
 
Pc=Critical Load   ku  
2

effective length factor

M1
Cm=0.6+0.4  o.4.
M2

For members braced against side sway and without transverse loads between supports.
Here M2 is larger of the two end moments, and M 1 M 2 is positive when the end
moments produce single curvature and negative when they produce double curvature.

For unbraced frame, Cm=1.0.

29