Umm Al-Qura University

College of Engineering & Islamic Architecture

Mechanical Engineering Department

Course # 804314-2: Heat Transfer (1)

Solution of Home Midterm Examination

Question 1
▪ Stefan-Boltzmann law:

q rad
 =
q
A
(
=   Ts4 − Tsur
4
)
▪ Fourier’s law:
dT dT
qx = − k or q x = − kA
dx dx

where qx (W/m2 ) ≡ heat flux = heat transfer in the x-direction per unit area

perpendicular to the direction of transfer and k (W/m.k) ≡ thermal conductivity of the

medium. q x (W) is the heat transfer rate.

▪ Thermal conductivity: The thermal conductivity is the property of a material

to conduct heat.

▪ Conduction: It is the heat transfer that occurs across a stationary medium (a solid or a
fluid) when a temperature gradient exists in the medium.

▪ Convection: It is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of fluids.

▪ Radiation: The net heat transfer that occurs between two surfaces at different temperatures
as a result of energy emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves.

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Question 2

Known:

Radiation Tsur = 27 ℃

Inside Qradiator=150 W/m2

Conduction

Convection

Air (T∞=40 ℃; h = 5 W/m2K)

Ti= 27 ̊C To= 44 ̊C

L=40 cm Outside

Find: the effective thermal conductivity of the wall, k

Solution:

Assumptions: 1D heat conduction, steady state, without heat generated

The heat flux conducted through the plate must be equal to the sum of convection and
radiation heat fluxes (the energy balance equation):

''
qcond = qconv
''
+ qrad
''
where

dT k (Ti − To ) k (To − Ti )
• Conduction heat flux: qcond
''
= −k =− = ,
dx L L
• Convection heat flux: qconv
''
= h(T − To ) = 5  (40 − 44) W/m 2 = −20 W/m 2 , and

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 • Radiation heat flux:
''
q rad ( 4
)
= Q rad −  To4 − Tsur (
=   Qradiator −  To4 − Tsur
4
)
 
= 0.8  150 − 0.8  5.67  10−8 (44 + 273.15) 4 − (40 + 273.15) 4 ; in W/m 2
= (120 − 22.72) W/m 2
= 97.28 W/m 2

k (To − Ti )
 q cond
''
= = (−20 + 97.28) W/m 2 = 77.28 W/m 2
L

L  qcond
''
k = where To = 44 C; Ti = 27 C ; L = 40 cm = 0.4 m and qcond
''
= 77.28 W/m 2
(To − Ti )

0.4  77.28
k = W/m  K = 1.818 W/m  K
(44 − 27)

Question 3
1. Complete the following analogies between thermal and electrical systems

Electricity circuit Thermal System

Current Heat transfer rate
Voltage Temperature
Electrical resistance Thermal resistance

2. Give expressions of conduction, convection and radiation resistances :

Thermal resistance Expression

Conduction resistance Rcd = L / kA (for plane wall)

Convection resistance Rcv = 1 / hA

Radiation resistance Rrad = 1 / hrA

3.

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