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Experiment number 1

Objective : To study the stationary and moving automobile

parts

Apparatus required: disassemble parts of a 4 stroke IC engine,

models etc.

Theory: the parts of a four stroke engine (internal combustion )

are divided into two categories:

1. Moving parts

2. Stationery parts

Moving parts

moving parts are further classified as:

1. Piston: A piston is at the heart of a reciprocating

engine. It consists of a moving cylinder of metal with

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piston rings to achieve an air-tight seal once it is installed

within the engine cylinder. The piston is attached via a

piston pin to a connecting rod, which in turn is connected

to the crankshaft.

In four-stroke (gasoline and diesel) car engines, the

intake, compression, combustion and exhaust process
takes place above the cylinder head, which forces the
piston to move up and down (or in and out in a flat engine)
within the cylinder, thereby causing the crankshaft to turn.

2. Piston Ring : . A piston ring is an expandable split ring used

to provide a seal between the piston an the cylinder wall. Piston

rings are commonly made from cast iron. Cast iron retains the

integrity of its original shape under heat, load, and other

dynamic forces. Piston rings seal the combustion chamber,

conduct heat from the piston to the cylinder wall, and return oil

to the crankcase. Piston ring size and configuration vary

depending on engine design and cylinder material. Piston rings

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commonly used on small engines include the compression ring,

wiper ring, and oil ring.

3. Piston Pin A piston pin bore is a through hole in the side of

the piston perpendicular to piston travel that receives the piston

pin. A piston pin is a hollow shaft that connects the small end of

the connecting rod to the piston. The skirt of a piston is the

portion of the piston closest to the crankshaft that helps align the

piston as it moves in the cylinder bore. Some skirts have profiles

cut into them to reduce piston mass and to provide clearance for

the rotating crankshaft counterweights.

4. Crack Shaft : The crankshaft is a hardened-steel shaft

running the length of the engine that converts the linear
force of the moving pistons into rotational force. To use
the bicycle analogy, the cyclist’s legs are the pistons, and
the pedals and crank are the crankshaft.
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A failure in the crankshaft or piston connecting rods typically

produces loud knocking or banging sounds from the engine

and represents expensive repairs in the form of an engine

rebuild or replacement.

5.Connecting Rod : A connecting rod, also called a con rod,

is the part of a piston engine which connects the piston to

the crankshaft. Together with the crank, the connecting

rod converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into

the rotation of the crankshaft. The connecting rod is

required to transmit the compressive and tensile forces

from the piston, and rotate at both ends.

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The predecessor to the connecting rod is a mechanic

linkage used by water mills to convert rotating motion of

the water wheel into reciprocating motion.

The most common usage of connecting rods is in internal

combustion engines and steam engines.

6. Flywheel : The flywheel is a cast iron, aluminum, or zinc disk

that is mounted at one end of the crankshaft to provide inertia

for the engine. Inertia is the property of matter by which any

physical body persists in its state of rest or uniform motion until

acted upon by an external force. Inertia is not a force, it is a

property of matter. During the operation of a reciprocating

engine, combustion occurs at distinct intervals. The flywheel

supplies the inertia required to prevent loss of engine speed and

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possible stoppage of crankshaft rotation between combustion

intervals.

During each stroke of an internal combustion engine, the

flywheel, crankshaft, and other engine components are affected

by fluctuations in speed and force. During the power event in a

four-stroke cycle engine, the crankshaft is accelerated rapidly by

the sudden motion of the piston and connecting rod assembly.

The flywheel smooths out some of the rpm and force deviation

by its resistance to acceleration. The inertia of the flywheel

provides a dampening effect on the engine as a whole to even

out radial acceleration forces and rpm deviations produced in the

engine.

7.Valve System : The valve which allows mixture into

the cylinder is the inlet valve; the one through which the

spent gases escape is the exhaust valve. They are

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designed to open and close at precise moments, to allow

the engine to run efficiently at all speeds.

The operation is controlled by pear-shaped lobes, called

cams, on a rotating shaft, the camshaft , driven by a chain,

a belt, or a set of gears from the crankshaft .

Where the camshaft is mounted in the engine block , small

metal cylinders tappets sit in channels above each cam,

and from the tappets metal pushrod extend up into

the cylinder head . The top of each pushrod meets

a rocker arm which bears against the stem of a valve,

which is held in a raised (closed) position by a strong

coiled spring the valve spring .

As the pushrod rises on the cam it pivots the rocker arm,

which pushes the valve down (open) against

the pressure of its spring. As the cam lobe rotates further,

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the valve spring acts to close the valve. This is called an

overhead-valve (OHV) system.

Some engines have no pushrods; the valves are operated

more directly by single or double camshafts in the cylinder

head itself the overhead-cam system.

8. Fuel Feed System:T he main purpose of the fuel feed

system is to control the fuel supply to the engine. To supply

the fuel from the fuel tank to the engine cylinders,

manufacturers use the following methods in case of a petrol

engine.

Types of Fuel Feed systems of a petrol engine:

• Gravity Feed

• Pressurized Feed

• Vacuum system

• Pump Feed
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• Fuel injection system

First four out of these fuel feed systems work

with carburetor while the fuel injection system uses
an injector to supply the fuel to the engine cylinders.

9.Fuel Injection System:

Modern/present-day vehicles use petrol injection

system which replaced the carburetor. The injector nozzle
atomizes the fuel and forces it into the air stream. Newer
generation engines use separate injector for each cylinder.
The air-fuel mixture for different load and speed conditions
is controlled either mechanically or electronically. Hence,
this makes the fuel system more accurate

10. Governor : it is a device that automatically maintains the

rotary speed of an engine or other prime mover within
reasonably close limits regardless of the load. A typical
governor regulates an engine’s speed by varying the rate at
which fuel is furnished to it.

Stationary parts
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Stationary parts are further classified as –

1.Cylinder Head : The cylinder head , bolts to the deck of

the cylinder block. It covers and encloses the top of the

cylinders. Combustion chambers, small pockets formed in

the cylinder heads where combustion occurs, are located

directly over the cylinders. Spark plugs (gasoline engine)

or injectors (diesel engine) protrude through holes into the

combustion chambers.

The cylinder heads are sealed to the cylinder block to

prevent gases from escaping. This is accomplished on

liquid-cooled engines by the use of a head gasket. In an

air-cooled engine, cylinder heads are sealed to the tops of

the cylinders by soft metal rings. The lubrication system

feeds oil to the heads through the pushrods.

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2.Fuel Tank : A fuel tank (or petrol tank) is a

safe container for flammable fluids. Though any storage

tank for fuel may be so called, the term is typically applied

to part of an engine system in which the fuel is stored and

propelled (fuel pump) or released (pressurized gas) into

an engine. Fuel tanks range in size and complexity from

the small plastic tank of a butane lighter to the multi-

chambered cryogenic Space Shuttle external tank.

3. Fuel line : A fuel line is a hose used to bring fuel from

one point in a vehicle to another or from a storage tank to

a vehicle. It is commonly made of reinforced rubber to

prevent splitting and kinking.

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4. Carburettor : It is a device used in Internal combustion

engine for mixing air with fuel in a system for the proper

burn of fuel. The carburetor is only used in a petrol engine,

where spark ignition happens.

5. Air cleaner : An air cleaner is vital to engine

performance. As outside air travels through the intake on

its way to the engine, it passes through the air

cleaner element. Dirt and debris, harmful to an engine, are

trapped in the air cleaner element.

6. Battery : An automotive battery is a rechargeable

battery that supplies electrical current to a motor vehicle.

Its main purpose is to feed the starter, which starts

the engine. Once the engine is running, power for the car's
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electrical systems is still supplied by the battery with

the alternator charging as demands increase or decrease.

7. Sparking Device : sparking plug is a device for

delivering electric current from an ignition system to

the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to

ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark,

while containing combustion pressure within the engine. A

spark plug has a metal threaded shell, electrically isolated

from a central electrode by a porcelain insulator. The

central electrode, which may contain a resistor, is

connected by a heavily insulated wire to the output

terminal of an ignition coil or magneto.

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8. Contact Breaker: A contact breaker is a mechanical

switch, activated by a rotating cam, that makes or breaks

the ignition circuit to send a spark to the spark plug.

The contact breaker is a mechanical device in the

distributor system and is used to break the circuit.

9. Distributor : It is an ignition component that, as its name

implies, distributes spark to each of the engine’s spark

plugs. Voltage is sent from the ignition coil to the

distributor cap via a spark plug wire. That voltage then

travels from the cap’s center terminal to the rotor located

inside the distributor.

10. Solenoid Switch : A solenoid switch is

an electrical switch that is often used where a

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high current circuit, such as a starter motor circuit, is

brought into operation by a low current switch.

11. Water jacket: A water jacket is a water-filled casing

surrounding a device, typically a metal sheath having

intake and outlet vents to allow water to be pumped

through and circulated. The flow of water to an external

heating or cooling device allows precise temperature

control of the device.

12. Thermostat : The thermostat's main job is to allow the

engine to heat up quickly, and then to keep the engine at

a constant temperature. It does this by regulating the

amount of water that goes through the radiator. At low

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temperatures, the outlet to the radiator is completely

blocked all of the coolant is recirculated back through the

engine.

13. Radiator : A radiator is a type of heat exchanger. It is

designed to transfer heat from the hot coolant that flows
through it to the air blown through it by the fan.
Most modern cars use aluminum radiators. These radiators
are made by brazing thin aluminum fins to flattened
aluminum tubes. The coolant flows from the inlet to the
outlet through many tubes mounted in a parallel
arrangement. The fins conduct the heat from the tubes
and transfer it to the air flowing through the radiator