TTE4274 - Class 20

TTE 4274:
Transportation Engineering Systems
Instructor: Sabreena Anowar, PhD

Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering
University of Central Florida
1
Today’s Outline
• Road safety
• ITS
2
Analysis of Crash Data
• To facilitate the comparison of safety conditions
among different locations, one or more of the
following procedures have been used:
• Direct comparison of number of crashes
• Direct comparison of crash rates
• Crash patterns
• Statistical comparison
• the t-test for comparison of two means
• the Proportionality test for the comparison of two proportions
• the KruskalWallis test
• the Empirical Bayes Method
3
• Statistical Comparison – Hypothesis Testing
• Hypothesis Testing is a procedure used to make inferences
on populations based on samples from these populations
• In hypothesis testing, the analyst first assumes that the
means of two or more independent samples are equal.
This assumption is referred to as the Null Hypothesis -
This is a claim that is initially assumed to be true
• The Alternative Hypothesis nullifies this assumption - it is
a statement that contradicts the null hypothesis
A STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS is a statement about the parameters of one or

more populations.
4
• T-test
• The estimated means and/or variances of the populations
obtained from the data sets are used to test the hypothesis
by computing the test statistic T which is then compared
with a similar value t obtained from the theoretical
distribution
5
• T-test
• The theoretical value of t depends on the degrees of
freedom and the level of significance used for the test, and
whether the test is for a one- or two-tail test
• Degree of freedom for the t-distribution is (n1+ n2-2)
• The level of significance is the probability of rejecting the
null hypothesis when it is true
• The most commonly used value in traffic safety studies is
5 percent although 10 percent is sometimes used
• When the test is one-tail, the t value selected is for 𝛼
and when it is two-tail, the t value selected is 𝛼/2
6
• T-test
• The region of rejection of the null hypothesis
Critical Region Acceptance Region Critical Region
7
Example 4 : An engineer wishing to test whether large trucks are
significantly involved in crashes on rural two-lane highways than
on rural multilane highways, provided data for a period of 5 years
on randomly-selected rural two-lane and multilane highways in
her district, as given in Table below. These sections are each of
the same length, with similar large truck percentages, AADT, and
posted speed limits. Using the t-test, determine whether it can be
concluded that large-truck-involved crashes on rural two-
lane highways are significantly higher than those on rural
multilane highways at a significance level of 5%.
8
9
t-table
10
• Proportionality Test
• This is used to compare two independent proportions.
• For example, it can be used to compare the proportion of
fatal and injury crashes at an unsignalized intersection
with that at signalized intersections.
• In this case, the null hypothesis is
• The alternative hypothesis is
11
• Proportionality Test
• The test statistic is calculated from equation below and
the value obtained compared with 𝑍𝛼, the standard normal
variant corresponding to a significance level of 𝛼.
12
Example 5: Table below gives the number of fatal and injury
(F& I) crashes and property damage only (PDO) crashes that
occurred over the same period at randomly-selected unsignalized
and signalized intersections with similar approach volumes and
geometric characteristics. Using the proportionality test,
determine whether, based on this data set, it can be concluded that
the proportion of fatal and injury crashes is significantly
higher at unsignalized intersections than at signalized
intersections at a 5% significance level.
13
Example
14
Z-table
15
Hazardous Locations
• A primary function of an accident record system is to
regularly identify locations with an unusually high
rate of accidents and/or injuries and/of fatalities.
• Hazardous locations are sites where crash
frequencies, calculated on the basis of the same
exposure data, are higher than the expected value for
other similar locations or conditions.
• A technique that is used to identify possible
hazardous locations is known as
• The critical rate method (CR) method
16
Hazardous Locations
• It incorporates the traffic volume to determine if the
crash rate at a particular location is significantly
higher than the average for the type of facility.
• It involves the following expression.
17
Hazardous Locations
• The crash ratio of actual crash occurrence for the
segment being studied with respect to the critical rate
is determined.
• Locations with critical crash ratio greater than 1 are
considered hazardous.
18
Hazardous Locations
Example 5 : An urban arterial street segment 0.2 mile long has
an average annual daily traffic (AADT) of 15,400 veh/day. In a
three-year period, there have been eight crashes resulting in death
and/or injuries and 15 involving property damage only. The
statewide average crash experience for similar types of roadway
is 375 per 100 million vehicle miles (MVM) for a three-year
period of which 120 involved death and/or injury and 255 caused
property damage only. Is the 0.2 mile long street segment
hazardous? In identifying hazardous locations, consider that a
single death/injury crash is equivalent to three property
damage crashes. Use a 95% confidence level.
19
Transportation Safety Analysis
Transportation Safety Analysis
Statistical analysis by Conflict Naturalistic Driving

using police reported technique driving study Simulation
crash database study
Crash Crash
frequency severity
analysis analysis
20
Typical Crash Types
• Based on severity
• Fatal
• Personal injury
• Incapacitating/major
• Non-incapacitating/minor
• Possible injury/minimal
• Property damage only (PDO)
21
Typical Crash Types
• Based on the road users involved
• Motor vehicle crashes
• Non-motorized crashes
• Pedestrian
• Bicyclist
• Heavy vehicle crashes
22
Typical Crash Types
• Based on the number of vehicles involved
• Single vehicle
• Ran-off-road collisions
• Rollover crashes
• Collisions with fallen rocks or debris in the road
• Collisions with animals
23
Typical Crash Types
• Based on the number of vehicles involved
• Multivehicle (two or more)
• Rear end
• Sideswipe
• Angular
• Head on
24
What Can We Do?
How to
How to deal
deal with
with traffic
traffic safety?
safety?
Engineering Enforcement Education Encourage
Encouraging
Safer Improving Speed Alcohol /seat Improving
the use of
vehicles roadway reduction belt road driving skills safer modes
and modes facilities checks
25
Engineering: Designing Safer Vehicles
• Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
• Airbags
• Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS)
• Lane change assist
• Blind spot monitor
• Cruise control
26
Engineering: Improved Road Facilities
• Role of road design in crash prevention
• Design can reduce:
• Incidence of human error
• Chance of human error resulting in crash
• Severity of the consequences of crashes
• How a particular highway is built impacts both the
number and severity of crashes
• Steps
• Change the vertical and horizontal geometry
• Install new signals and pavement markings
• Install guardrails and median barriers
• Pavement maintenance
27
Curb side not

Worn out markings marked
Poor Surfacing
28
Pedestrian
walkway
Visible markings Curb side
properly
marked
Well done surfacing
29
Pedestrian crossing
30
Signal
Pedestrian crossing
31
To call attention to unexpected conditions and to situations that
might not be readily apparent to road users
Sign indicating
that a curve
is ahead
32
Use retroreflective strips on sign posts

to attract attention to the sign,
especially at night 33
• Chevron signs (or curve delineation signs)
• Indicate to drivers the alignment of the roadway when
they are within the actual horizontal alignment of a curve
• The signs show the shape and degree of curvature, and
they guide drivers through the entire curve or turn
34
Intersection lighting
Intersection lighting
35
• Guardrails
• Rural Highways/Roads
• Reduce the severity of accidents
• Three Types:
• Flexible
• tension cables
• Semi-Rigid
• double corrugation
• Rigid
• Concrete Jersey type
36
• Audible/vibratory markings
• Generate noise and vibration when you drive over them
• Alerts drivers-reduce crossover crashes
37
• Audible/vibratory markings at the edge of pavement
• Alerts drivers - reduce run-off road crashes
38
• In street rumble strips to alert drivers of the road
condition ahead
39
• Traffic calming in residential areas
• Reduce vehicle traffic speeds and volume – reduce noise
and pollution
• More popular in Europe and Australia
• Narrowing of traffic lanes
• Median island
• Bike lanes
• Vertical deflection
• Speed bumps/humps/speed stables
• Raised crosswalks
• Horizontal deflection
• Chicanes
• Bulb-outs
40
Narrowing of Traffic Lanes
Median
Island
Bike
lanes
41
Median Island
Condition before
Condition after
42
Narrowing of Traffic Lanes
In-street signs for pedestrian zones Delineators for road width and speed reduction
In-street signs for pedestrian crossing Radar speed display signs
43
Vertical Deflection
Speed Hump
Speed Tables
44
Horizontal Deflection
Chicanes
Curb extensions/
bulb-outs
45
Enforcement: Traffic Safety Rules
• Reduction of speed limits
• Forbid the use of cell phone while driving
• Reduction of legal blood alcohol limit for drivers
46
Enforcement: Radars/Cameras
Photo radars Red light cameras
47
Education
• Speed
48
Education: Awareness Campaigns
• Seat-belt awareness campaigns
• Campaigns against impaired driving during holidays
• Campaigns against distracted driving
• Leave the Phone Alone pledge campaign
• Awareness campaign alerting drivers about fatigue
• 100% Vigilant
• Montreal police have launched a campaign to educate
pedestrians and cyclists on the importance of keeping a
safe distance from heavy vehicles on the roads.
• Theme “I make sure to see, hear and be seen”
49
Post-crash Measures
• EMS – emergency medical service
• The first hour after crash occurrence – most
popularly referred to as the “golden hour”
• Most important phase in trauma care to ensure the
best chance of a crash victim survival
• Vehicles might be equipped with automatic
notification system in the event of a crash
• Helpful in rural crashes where it might take longer for the
crash to be notified
50
Vision Zero
• The Vision Zero is the Swedish approach to road
safety thinking. It can be summarized in one
sentence: No loss of life is acceptable.
• It is based on the simple fact that we are human and
make mistakes. The road system needs to keep us
moving. But it must also be designed to protect us at
every turn.
• According to the Vision Zero Network, Vision Zero
is "a strategy to eliminate all traffic fatalities and
severe injuries, while increasing safe, healthy,
equitable mobility for all."
51
Vision Zero
52
Vision Zero
• So what makes a Vision Zero City? One that meets
the following minimum criteria:
• A clear goal of eliminating traffic fatalities and severe
injuries has been set.
• The Mayor has publicly, officially committed to Vision
Zero.
• A Vision Zero plan or strategy is in place, or the Mayor
has committed to doing so in clear time frame.
• Key city departments (including police, transportation and
public health) are engaged.
53
Vision Zero
54
ITS – Intelligent Transportation System
55
Pros and Cons of Transportation
• Some serious problems need our attention:
• Equity
• Congestion and accompanying pollution
• Inefficient land use pattern
• An increasing percentage of fuel we use is imported
• Public mass transportation (except for few large cities) is
a neglected travel option
56
Causes of Traffic Congestion
• Demand exceeds capacities during certain period of
time or during certain conditions
• Resulting in Congestion
• Two types of congestion
• Recurrent congestion – Delay due to peak hour
congestion
• Non recurrent congestion – Delay due to breakdown (e.g.
accident, special events)
57
Causes of Traffic Congestion
58
Costs of Traffic Congestion
• The levels of congestion experienced across the
United States cost a large amount of money.
59
Solutions
• Capacity expansion
• Build more roads
• Widen existing roads
• Grade separated roads
• Land use improvement
• Travel demand management
• Encourages use of transit, walk and bike
• Car sharing
• Staggered working hours/telecommuting
• Capacity management via ITS
60
What is ITS
• ITS = Intelligent Transportation System
• Application of information, communication technology
and computer power to current freeway, traffic, freight
and transit systems to increase
• safety, quality and efficiency of the surface transportation system
• These systems have the ability to learn and to adapt to
new situations and use the information knowledge to
enhance operation efficiency
ITS = information technology + communication

technology + cars + roads + traffic management centers
61
Goals of ITS
• ITS Goals
• Enhance surface transportation efficiency
• Achieve transportation safety goals
• Protect and enhance environment
• Accommodate needs of all transportation users
• Improve transportation security
62
Technologies of ITS
• Sensing
• Communications
• Real time computing
• Advanced algorithms
63
References
 https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/hsip/
 https://www.massdot.state.ma.us/Portals/8/docs/designGuide/CH_6_a.pdf
 Fundamentals of Transportation Engineering: A Multimodal Systems
Approach. By Jon D. Fricker and Robert K. Whitford. Pearson
International Edition.
 Traffic Engineering. By Roger P. Roess, Elena S. Prassas and William R.
McShane. Fourth Edition.
 Traffic & Highway Engineering. By Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel.
Fourth Edition.
64

TTE4274 - Class 20

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

TTE4274 - Class 20

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

TTE 4274:

Transportation Engineering Systems

Instructor: Sabreena Anowar, PhD

A STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS is a statement about the parameters of one or

Critical Region Acceptance Region Critical Region

• The alternative hypothesis is

Transportation Safety Analysis

Statistical analysis by Conflict Naturalistic Driving

Engineering Enforcement Education Encourage

Curb side not

Well done surfacing

Use retroreflective strips on sign posts

In-street signs for pedestrian crossing Radar speed display signs

ITS = information technology + communication

S-ar putea să vă placă și