EEE 107

Lecture 8
FM and PM Modulators and Demodulators

2s1415 Revision 5 May 2015

 Recall: Exponential Modulation
• PM signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
– Instantaneous phase varies linearly with message
• FM signal
𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓Δ � 𝑥𝑥 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

– Instantaneous frequency varies linearly with message

2
FM and PM Modulators and
Demodulators
FM and PM Modulators

3
 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
• Oscillation frequency linearly depends on input
voltage
• Change resonant frequency using a variable-
reactance element
– E.g. Varactor, 𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶0 − 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑡
– Message is slow, i.e. 𝑊𝑊 ≪ 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐

4
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 209.
 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
• FM signal (output of oscillator)  Direct FM
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
−1⁄2
1 1 𝐶𝐶
̇
𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑡𝑡 = = 1 − 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑡𝑡 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶0 𝐶𝐶0
1 𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶
≈ 1+ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶0 2𝐶𝐶 0 2𝐶𝐶 0

𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 � 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝐶𝐶0 𝑡𝑡
– Approximated from binomial series expansion for
𝐶𝐶
𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 ≪ 1
𝐶𝐶0

5
 Phase Modulator
• PM is less common than FM
– But PM generator can be used for FM generation, how?
– Indirect FM
• Recall: Narrowband PM signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ≈ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝜙𝜙Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
– Simple implementation using product modulator
– Message distorted if not narrowband (𝜙𝜙Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 ≪ 1)

6
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 210.
 Switching-Circuit Modulator

PM signal
Indirect FM possible

7
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 211.
 Frequency Multiplier
• Narrowband frequency modulator
𝜙𝜙Δ
𝑓𝑓1 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
– 𝑇𝑇 is the integrator proportionality constant
– Indirect FM

8
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 211.
 Frequency Multiplier
• Frequency multiplier
𝜙𝜙Δ
𝑓𝑓2 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓1 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
• Downconversion
𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡

9
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 211.
FM and PM Modulators and
Demodulators
FM Demodulators

10
 Frequency Detection
• Process of extracting instantaneous frequency from
received signal
– Therefore extracting the message from FM
• By frequency detector or more commonly,
discriminator

11
 FM-to-AM Conversion

FM Signal AM Signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥̇ 𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃̇𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 sin 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝜃𝜃̇𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 sin 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ± 180°

12
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 215.
 FM-to-AM Conversion
• Ideal differentiator frequency response
𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
– Can be approximated by filters (transition band), resonant
circuits (near resonant frequency)
• Slope detection Limited frequency range

Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 216. 13

http://www.tpub.com/neets/book12/51c.htm
 FM-to-AM Conversion
• Balanced discriminator  Extend frequency range

Combined frequency response

14
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 216.
 Phase-Shift Discriminator
• Requires linear phase response instead of linear
amplitude response
• Differentiator approximation
1
𝑣𝑣̇ 𝑡𝑡 ≈ 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1
𝑡𝑡1
1
𝜙𝜙̇ 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 ≈ 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1
𝑡𝑡1
𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 ≈ 𝑡𝑡1 𝜙𝜙̇ 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑡𝑡1 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
– 𝑡𝑡1 is small for approximation to hold

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 Phase-Shift Discriminator
• Quadrature detector

Linear phase shift  Constant group delay 𝑡𝑡1

Carrier delay 𝑡𝑡0 such that 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡0 = 90°  Cosine to sine
𝑦𝑦𝐷𝐷 𝑡𝑡 = sin 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 ≈ 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1
≈ 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑡𝑡1 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐾𝐾𝐷𝐷 𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡

16
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 216.
 Phase-Shift Discriminator
• Foster-Seeley Discriminator

17
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book12/51c.htm
 Phase-Shift Discriminator
• Ratio detector
– Similar operation to Foster-
Seeley discriminator
– Added tertiary winding to
transformer
– More robust against
amplitude changes due to C5
– Limiting and demodulation
functions combined

18
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book12/51d.htm
 Zero-Crossing Detector
• Generates pulses for every zero-crossing
• Integration of pulses for message recovery

19
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 216.
FM and PM Modulators and
Demodulators
Interference

20
 Interfering Sinusoids
• Sample received signal with interference
𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖
– Unmodulated carrier + interference
– 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 is small
• Envelope-and-phase form
𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡
𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖
𝜌𝜌 = , 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐

21
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 219.
 Interfering Sinusoids
• Sample received signal with interference
𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖
– Unmodulated carrier + interference
• Envelope-and-phase form
𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡
𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖
𝜌𝜌 = , 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝜌𝜌2 + 2𝜌𝜌 cos 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
−1
𝜌𝜌 sin 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
𝜙𝜙𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = tan
1 + 𝜌𝜌 cos 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡

22
 Interfering Sinusoids
• Envelope-and-phase form, 𝜌𝜌 ≪ 1
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 ≈ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝜌𝜌 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖
𝜙𝜙𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 ≈ 𝜌𝜌 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖
– Weak interference
– AM modulation and FM or PM modulation
• Envelope-and-phase form, 𝜌𝜌 ≫ 1
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 ≈ 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝜌𝜌 1 + 𝜌𝜌−1 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖
𝜙𝜙𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 ≈ 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖
– Strong interference
– AM modulation, shifted carrier frequency

23
 Interfering Sinusoids
• Weak interference, detector output
𝐾𝐾𝐷𝐷 1 + 𝜌𝜌 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 , AM, envelope detector
𝑦𝑦𝐷𝐷 𝑡𝑡 = � 𝐾𝐾𝐷𝐷 𝜌𝜌 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 , PM demodulator
𝐾𝐾𝐷𝐷 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 , FM demodulator
– Tone with 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 appears on the message output
– Amplitude of tone is proportional to 𝜌𝜌 = 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 ⁄𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
– In FM, amplitude is also proportional to 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
• Stronger interference, larger tone  As expected
• In FM, 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = 0 is better  Interference exactly at 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ?
– Co-channel interference vs. adjacent channel interference

24
FM and PM Modulators and
Demodulators
Deemphasis and Preemphasis

25
 Deemphasis Filtering
• Interference most severe at larger values of 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
– Improve performance by reducing interference effects
– Deemphasis filter
• Complete FM demodulator

– LPF cutoff is at 𝑊𝑊
– Deemphasis filter cutoff is below 𝑊𝑊
– Wait, wouldn’t this filter out parts of the message too?

26
 Preemphasis Filtering
• Compensates deemphasis distortion
– On message, at transmitter, before modulation
– Before interference effects
– Overall effect should cancel out with deemphasis filter
• Preemphasis and deemphasis frequency response
1
𝐻𝐻𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓 = , 𝑓𝑓 ≤ 𝑊𝑊
𝐻𝐻𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓

27
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 222.
FM and PM Modulators and
Demodulators
Capture Effect

28
 Capture Effect
• When two signals have nearly equal amplitudes at
the FM receiver
– Stronger signal will still dominate
• Unmodulated carrier with modulated co-channel
interference (𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = 0)
𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡
𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖
𝜌𝜌 = , 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
−1
𝜌𝜌 sin 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
𝜙𝜙𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = tan
1 + 𝜌𝜌 cos 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡

29
 Capture Effect
• Demodulated FM signal
𝑑𝑑 𝜌𝜌 sin 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
𝑦𝑦𝐷𝐷 𝑡𝑡 = 𝜙𝜙̇𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = tan −1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + 𝜌𝜌 cos 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
𝜌𝜌2 + 𝜌𝜌 cos 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
= 2
𝜙𝜙̇𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
1 + 𝜌𝜌 + 2𝜌𝜌 cos 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
= 𝛼𝛼 𝜌𝜌, 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝜙𝜙̇𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑 1
– Note: tan−1 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1+𝑥𝑥 2
• If 𝜌𝜌 ≫ 1, 𝛼𝛼 𝜌𝜌, 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 ≈ 1
𝑦𝑦𝐷𝐷 𝑡𝑡 ≈ 𝜙𝜙̇𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡

30
 Capture Effect
• Looking at 𝛼𝛼 𝜌𝜌, 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 ,
𝜌𝜌
, 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 = 0, ±2𝜋𝜋, …
1 + 𝜌𝜌
𝜌𝜌 𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼 𝜌𝜌, 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = , 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 = ± , ± ,…
1 + 𝜌𝜌 2 2
𝜌𝜌
− , 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 = ±𝜋𝜋, ±3𝜋𝜋, …
1 − 𝜌𝜌

31
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 225.
 Capture Effect
• If 𝜌𝜌 → 1, 𝛼𝛼 𝜌𝜌, 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 0.5
𝑦𝑦𝐷𝐷 = 0.5𝜙𝜙̇𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
• If 𝜌𝜌 < 1, peak-to-peak value of 𝛼𝛼 𝜌𝜌, 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
2𝜌𝜌
𝛼𝛼𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝛼𝛼 𝜌𝜌, 0 − 𝛼𝛼 𝜌𝜌, 𝜋𝜋 =
1 − 𝜌𝜌2

𝑦𝑦𝐷𝐷 𝑡𝑡 = 𝛼𝛼 𝜌𝜌, 𝜙𝜙𝑖𝑖 𝜙𝜙̇𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡

Interfering message captured

32
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 225.