Practice

Instruction: Identify the language and technical errors in the following in-text citations and
rewrite each citation correctly.

1. Flowerdew and Miller (1995: pg np 348) have illustrated the Asian notion of teacher-
learner relationship and which yields submissive behavior among students.
Flowerdew and Miller (1995, p.348)explain that the Asian notion teacher-learner
relationship and which yields submissive behavior among students.

2. The Indian learners on the other hand, are more spontaneous in comparison to their
Chinese and Malay counterparts (Amreet Kaur, 2006, Bernard, L. W., 2002)
Amreet Kaur (2006, as cited in Bernard, L. W., 2002) highlight that the Indian
learners on the other hand, are more spontaneous in comparison to their Chinese
and Malay counterparts.

3. Small group activities provide more opportunities to practise the target language
naturally than a traditional classroom (Davidson and Worsham, 2002).
According to Davidson and Worsham (2002), small group activities provide more
opportunities to practise the target language naturally than a traditional classroom.

4. Lim (2002) and Hirst, L. A. &Slavik, C. (2005) confirmed that approaches to language
learning which incorporate opportunities to use all learning modalities of
cooperative learning context are optimal for all.
According to Lim (2002, as cited in Hirst, L.A. & Slavik, C. 2015), approaches to
language learning which incorporate opportunities to use all learning modalities of
cooperative learning context are optimal for all.

5. The weak grasp of English language among Malaysian learners has been a matter of
concern to linguists, educationists and policy makers (Emmanuel and Rogers, 2005,
p. 311).
Emmanuel and Rogers (2015 p. 311) explain that the weak grasp of English language
among Malaysian learners has been a matter of concern to linguists, educationists
and policy makers.

6. Scholars argue that leaders can help to shape ethical climate and ethical culture of
an organization (Trevino, Butterfield & McCabe 1998; Al Mohamed, 2000).
According to Trevino, Butterfield & McCabe(1998, as cited in Al Mohamed, 2000),
scholars argue that leaders can help to shape ethical climate and ethical culture of
an organization.

7. In a study conducted by Lewis & Walker, (2007) they found that the response rate
between the two groups was almost similar.
Lewis & Walker (2007) point out that the response rate between the two groups was
almost similar.
8. “The increasing number of youth-in-conflict with the law in the Philippines has been
quite alarming.” De La Cruz, V (2009) p. 23
De La Cruz, V (2009, p. 23) stated that “the increasing number of youth-in-conflict
with the law in the Philippines has been quite alarming.”

9. Malaysia scores 104 on power distance index (PDI) in Hofstede’s Model (The
Hofstede Centre, nd), the highest among the 66 countries surveyed.
According to The Hofstede Centre (nd), Malaysia scores 104 on power distance index
(PDI) in Hofstede’s Model the highest among the 66 countries surveyed.

10. Many native speakers leave school with poor command of writing skills (Richards
1990) and never truly master this skill (Murcia and Macintosh, 1991: 187)
According to Richards (1990), many native speakers leave school with poor
command of writing skills and never truly master this skill (Murcia and Macintosh,
1991, p. 187)