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Franz Hirtenfelder
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Franz Hirtenfelder
CST GmbH, Bad Nauheimer Strasse 19
D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany,
E-Mail: franz.hirtenfelder@cst.com
1 www.cst.com
CST Worldwide
CST Office CST Europe
CST Distributors and Reps
CST of America CST of Korea
AET Japan
CST China
• Founded in 1992
• Focus on 3D EM Field calculation
• 100 Employees + Worldwide Distributors
• Best in Class links: Cadence, Agilent,
2 AWR, Sonnet, .... www.cst.com
FI - The Finite Integration Method
Discretizing each Maxwell Equation
∫
δA
E d s = − ∫∫A
& dA
B Ce = − b&
ek
el ej ⎡ei ⎤
bn ⎡ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎡⋅⎤
⎢ 1 1 −1 −1⎥ ⎢ej ⎥ = − d ⎢b ⎥
ei ⎢ ⎥ ⎢e ⎥ dt ⎢ n ⎥
⎢⎣ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⎥⎦ ⎢ k ⎥ ⎢⎣ ⋅ ⎥⎦
144 424443⎣el ⎦ 1 424 3
C { −b&
ei + e j − ek − el = −b&n e
3 www.cst.com
FI - The Finite Integration
Method
Covering the whole frequency range
r r ∂ r r
∫ E ⋅ ds = − ∫∫ B ⋅ dA Ce = − b&
∂t A
∂A ~
r r
∫ H ⋅ ds = ∫∫ ⎜
r
⎛ ∂D r⎞ r
+ J ⎟ ⋅ dA
C h = d& + j
∂A A
⎝ ∂t ⎠ ~
r r
∫∫ ⋅ dA = 0
B S d = q
∂V
r r
∫∫ D ⋅ dA = Q
Sb = 0
∂V
∂ ∂ ∂
= 0 a iω ≠ 0
∂t ∂t ∂t
M-static Explicit
Eigenvalue Problem (j=0)
Time
J-static Domain
Tracking EMS MWS
PIC
MAFIA
5 www.cst.com
CST MICROWAVE STUDIO®
General purpose solver 3D-volume
• large problems
Transient • broadband
• arbitrary time signals
• narrow band / single frequency
Frequency Domain • small problems
• periodic structures with Floquet port modes
6 www.cst.com
Comparison of Simulation
Methods
Frequency Domain Time Domain
Solvers Solvers
FEM,
FEM,
MoM,
MoM,
FIT FIT, FDTD, TLM
MLFMM, FIT
7 www.cst.com
Finite Integration in Time Domain
Explicit Time integration
()b
= M(
b
)
(n+1) (n)
e e
en+1/ 2
en −1 / 2 > bn −1 > e n +1/ 2 > bn
No Matrix Inversion Required !
8 www.cst.com
Meshes + Frequency / Time Domain
Numerical Effort
can be applied to tetrahedral meshes very efficient for many mesh cells
Typical effort Frequency
Frequency
Domain
Domain
Direct
Iterative
Time Domain
or
Numerical Effort ?
10 www.cst.com
Growth through technology
FEM FDTD
CST
Competitors
FIT+PBA
11 www.cst.com
Accuracy: PBA
1. Adaptive mesh refinement 2. Tuning Step
of untuned filter 30 Lines/Lambda = 51000 cells
TD (AR) Solver time: 256 s
Resonant (MOR) Solver 91 s
slight readjustedment of
only one parameter
by 0.0125mm!!
14 www.cst.com
Example of a Vivaldi Antenna
15 www.cst.com
EM / Circuit Co-Simulation via
APLAC for CST DESIGN STUDIO™
Example: Antenna including feeding network and filter
Sub-model
CST MWS model
Circuit elements
APLAC for CST DESIGN STUDIO™ is a subset of APLAC Simulator, APLAC Solutions‘ Circuit
Simulation and Design Tool, featuring a selection of linear and nonlinear elements & methods
16 geared for EM / Circuit co-simulation tasks. www.cst.com
Subgrid: Spiral with phone and head
Here: Subgridding reduces
• number of cells by factor > 13
• computing time by factor 10
No Subgridding Subgridding
1987440 Meshcells 148922 Meshcells
Meshing: 294 s + Solver: 14322 s Meshing: 607 s + Solver: 816 s
Total: 14616 s Total: 1423 s
17 www.cst.com
Conformal YAGI Array
18 www.cst.com
Multilevel Subgridding
Automatic
Multilevel
Subgridding
20 www.cst.com
Electrical Phase Shift Angle = 45 deg
21 www.cst.com
Portinformation: PlaneWave 1 and 2
22 www.cst.com
New Unit Cell Boundary Condition
honeycomb_02.zip
S2
60°
S1
S1 is always along Ox
S2 at an angle („grid angle“)
with respect to Ox
23 www.cst.com
New Unit Cell Boundary Condition
Slanted Ports
24 www.cst.com
Periodic Boundaries
Astrium Terra-SAR: “Complete Model”
25 www.cst.com
Periodic Boundaries
Astrium Terra-SAR: Unit Cell
26 www.cst.com
LeftHanded Materials
Wedge Model
Drude Lorentz
ω 2
( μ s − μ ∞ )ω 02
ε eff (ω )= ε ∞ − p
μ eff (ω )= μ ∞ + 2
ω (ω − iν c ) ω 0 + iωδ − ω 2
27 www.cst.com
LeftHanded Materials
Antenna Model
28 www.cst.com
Integral Equation Solver
• I-solver is based on…
[ ]
E(r) =−iωμ∫ g(r−r')J(r')+γ−2∇g(r−r')∇'⋅J(r') dS'
S
29 www.cst.com
www.cst.com • Dec-07
I-solver – MLFMM idea
30 www.cst.com
www.cst.com • Dec-07
MLFMM Solver Example
7.30m x 6.10m x 2.30m 175λ x 147λ x 56λ at 7 GHz
880k Surface mesh cells, 1st order MLFMM
Plane wave illumination from front
The Helicopter requires at 7 GHz
approx. 72 h and 22GB RAM.
50λ
Radiation pattern
33 www.cst.com
www.cst.com • Dec-07
Summary
1) User Friendliness
Intuitive Parametric CAD-Modeling
Powerful Postprocessing
2) Speed and Accuracy
FI-Method + PBA
Various Solvers, Hexa and Tetra Mesh
Frequency dep. Materials
3) Interoperability
Powerful CAD-Import + Export
Open Archicture CST Design Studio
4) Automation / Optimisation
OLE + VBA-compatible Macro Language
Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Matlab, Animations
5) Support
34 www.cst.com
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Effective Antenna
Simulations using
CST MICROWAVE
STUDIO ®
Thank you!
Franz Hirtenfelder
CST GmbH, Bad Nauheimer Strasse 19
D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany,
E-Mail: franz.hirtenfelder@cst.com
35 www.cst.com