ABSTRACT

Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) now provide a new monitoring and control capability
for monitoring the borders of the country. Using this concept we can easily identify a stranger or
some terrorists entering the border. The border area is divided into number of nodes. Each node is
in contact with each other and with the main node. The noise produced by the foot-steps of the
stranger are collected using the sensor. This sensed signal is then converted into power spectral
density and the compared with reference value of our convenience. Accordingly the compared value
is processed using a microprocessor, which sends appropriate signals to the main node. Thus the
stranger is identified at the main node. A series of interface, signal processing, and communication
systems have been implemented in micro power CMOS circuits. A micro power spectrum analyzer
has been developed to enable low power operation of the entire WINS system.
Thus WINS require a Microwatt of power. But it is very cheaper when compared to other security
systems such as RADAR under use. It is even used for short distance communication less than 1
Km. It produces a less amount of delay. Hence it is reasonably faster. On a global scale, WINS will
permit monitoring of land, water, and air resources for environmental monitoring. On a national
scale, transportation systems, and borders will be monitored for efficiency, safety, and security.
BORDER SECURITY USING
WIRELESS INTEGRATED NETWORK SENSORS (WINS)
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) combine sensing, signal processing, decision
capability, and wireless networking capability in a compact, low power system. Compact geometry
and low cost allows WINS to be embedded and distributed at a small fraction of the cost of
conventional wireline sensor and actuator systems. On a local, wide-area scale, battlefield
situational awareness will provide personnel health monitoring and enhance security and efficiency.
Also, on a metropolitan scale, new traffic, security, emergency, and disaster recovery services will
be enabled by WINS. On a local, enterprise scale, WINS will create a manufacturing information
service for cost and quality control. The opportunities for WINS depend on the development of
scalable, low cost, sensor network architecture. This requires that sensor information be
conveyed to the user at low bit rate with low power transceivers. Continuous sensor signal
processing must be provided to enable constant monitoring of events in an environment. Distributed
signal processing and decision making enable events to be identified at the remote sensor. Thus,
information in the form of decisions is conveyed in short message packets. Future applications of
distributed embedded processors and sensors will require massive numbers of devices. In this paper
we have concentrated in the most important application, Border Security.
2. WINS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Conventional wireless networks are supported by complex protocols that are developed for voice
and data transmission for handhelds and mobile terminals. These networks are also developed to
support communication over long range (up to 1km or more) with link bit rate over 100kbps. In
contrast to conventional wireless networks, the WINS network must support large numbers of
sensors in a local area with short range and low average bit rate communication (less than 1kbps).
The network design must consider the requirement to service dense sensor distributions with an
emphasis on recovering environment information. Multihop communication yields large power and
scalability advantages for WINS networks. Multihop communication, therefore, provides an
immediate advance in capability for the WINS narrow Bandwidth devices. However, WINS Multihop
Communication networks permit large power reduction and the implementation of dense node
distribution. The multihop communication has been shown in the figure 2. The figure 1 represents
the general structure of the wireless integrated network sensors (WINS) arrangement.
Continuous operation low duty cycle
Figure 1. The wireless integrated network sensor (WINS) architecture.
3. WINS NODE ARCHITECTURE
The WINS node architecture (Figure 1) is developed to enable continuous sensing, event detection,
and event identification at low power. Since the event detection process must occur continuously,
the sensor, data converter, data buffer, and spectrum analyzer must all operate at micro power
levels. In the event that an event is detected, the spectrum analyzer output may trigger the
microcontroller. The microcontroller may then issue commands for additional signal processing
operations for identification of the event signal. Protocols for node operation then determine whether
a remote user or neighboring WINS node should be alerted. The WINS node then supplies an
attribute of the identified event, for example, the address of the event in an event look-up-table
stored in all network nodes. Total average system supply currents must be less than 30A. Low
power, reliable, and efficient network operation is obtained with intelligent sensor nodes that
include sensor signal processing, control, and a wireless network interface. Distributed network
sensor devices must continuously monitor multiple sensor systems, process sensor signals, and
adapt to changing environments and user requirements, while completing decisions on measured
signals.
Figure 2. WINS nodes (shown as disks)
For the particular applications of military security, the WINS sensor systems must operate at low
power, sampling at low frequency and with environmental background limited sensitivity. The micro
power interface circuits must sample at dc or low frequency where 1/f noise in these CMOS
interfaces is large. The micropower signal processing system must be implemented at low power
and with limited word length. In particular, WINS applications are generally tolerant to latency. The
WINS node event recognition may be delayed by 10 “ 100 msec, or longer.
4. WINS MICRO SENSORS
Source signals (seismic, infrared, acoustic and others) all decay in amplitude rapidly with radial
distance from the source. To maximize detection range, sensor sensitivity must be optimized. In
addition, due to the fundamental limits of background noise, a maximum detection range exists for
any sensor. Thus, it is critical to obtain the greatest sensitivity and to develop compact sensors that
may be widely distributed. Clearly, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology provides an
ideal path for implementation of these highly distributed systems. The sensor-substrate Sensorstrate
is then a platform for support of interface, signal processing, and communication circuits. Examples
of WINS Micro Seismometer and infrared detector devices are shown in Figure 3. The detector
shown is the thermal detector. It just captures the harmonic signals produced by the foot-steps of the
stranger entering the border. These signals are then converted into their PSD values and are then
compared with the reference values set by the user.
Figure 3. Thermal Infrared Detector
5. ROUTING BETWEEN NODES
The sensed signals are then routed to the major node. This routing is done based on the shortest
distance. That is the distance between the nodes is not considered, but the traffic between the
nodes is considered. This has been depicted in the figure 4. In the figure, the distances between the
nodes and the traffic between the nodes has been clearly shown. For example, if we want to route
the signal from the node 2 to node 4, the shortest distance route will be from node 2 via node 3 to
node 4. But the traffic through this path is higher than the path node 2 to node 4. Whereas this path
is longer in distance.
Figure 4. Nodal distance and Traffic
6. SHORTEST DISTANCE ALGORITHM
In this process we find mean packet delay, if the capacity and average flow are known. From the
mean delays on all the lines, we calculate a flow-weighted average to get mean packet delay for the
whole subnet. The weights on the arcs in the figure 5 give capacities in each direction measured in
kbps.
Figure 5. Subnet with line capacities Figure 6.s Routing Matrix
In fig 6 the routes and the number of packets/sec sent from source to destination are shown. For
example, the E-B traffic gives 2 packets/sec to the EF line and also 2 packets/sec to the FB line. The
mean delay in each line is calculated using the formula
Ti =1/(µc-)
Ti = Time delay in sec
C = Capacity of the path in Bps
µ = Mean packet size in bits
= Mean flow in packets/sec.
¬¬
The mean delay time for the entire subnet is derived from weighted sum of all the lines. There are
different flows to get new average delay. But we find the path, which has the smallest mean delay-
using program. Then we calculate the Waiting factor for each path. The path, which has low waiting
factor, is the shortest path. The waiting factor is calculated using
W=i/
i = Mean packet flow in path
= Mean packet flow in subnet
The tabular column listed below gives waiting factor for each path.
Figure 5. WINS Comparator response
7. WINS DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
If a stranger enters the border, his foot-steps will generate harmonic signals. It can be detected as a
characteristic feature in a signal power spectrum. Thus, a spectrum analyzer must be implemented
in the WINS digital signal processing system. The spectrum analyzer resolves the WINS input data
into a low-resolution power spectrum. Power spectral density (PSD) in each frequency bins is
computed with adjustable band location and width. Bandwidth and position for each power spectrum
bin is matched to the specific detection problem. The WINS spectrum analyzer must operate at W
power level. So the complete WINS system, containing controller and wireless network interface
components, achieves low power operation by maintaining only the micropower components in
continuous operation. The WINS spectrum analyzer system, shown in Figure 7, contains a set of
parallel filters.
Figure 7. WINS micropower spectrum analyzer architecture.
8. PSD COMPARISION
Each filter is assigned a coefficient set for PSD computation. Finally, PSD values are compared with
background reference values In the event that the measured PSD spectrum values exceed that of
the background reference values, the operation of a microcontroller is triggered. Thus, only if an
event appears, the micro controller operates. Buffered data is stored during continuous computation
of the PSD spectrum. If an event is detected, the input data time series, including that acquired prior
to the event, are available to the micro controller. The micro controller sends a HIGH signal, if the
difference is high. It sends a LOW signal, if the difference is low. For a reference value of 25db, the
comparison of the DFT signals is shown in the figure 8.
Figure 8. Comparator plot
9. WINS MICROPOWER EMBEDDED RADIO
WINS systems present novel requirements for low cost, low power, short range, and low bit rate RF
communication. Simulation and experimental verification in the field indicate that the embedded
radio network must include spread spectrum signaling, channel coding, and time division multiple
access (TDMA) network protocols. The operating bands for the embedded radio are most
conveniently the unlicensed bands at 902-928 MHz and near 2.4 GHz. These bands provide a
compromise between the power cost associated with high frequency operation and the penalty in
antenna gain reduction with decreasing frequency for compact antennas. The prototype, operational,
WINS networks are implemented with a self-assembling, multihop TDMA network protocol.
The WINS embedded radio development is directed to CMOS circuit technology to permit low cost
fabrication along with the additional WINS components. In addition, WINS embedded radio design
must address the peak current limitation of typical battery sources, of 1mA. It is critical, therefore, to
develop the methods for design of micropower CMOS active elements. For LC oscillator phase noise
power, S, at frequency offset of away from the carrier at frequency with an input noise power, Snoise
and LC tank quality factor, Q, phase noise power is:
Now, phase noise power, Snoise, at the transistor input, is dominated by 1/f noise. Input referred
thermal noise, in addition, increases with decreasing drain current and power dissipation due to the
resulting decrease in transistor transconductance. The tunability of micropower CMOS systems has
been tested by implementation of several VCO systems to be discussed below. The embedded radio
system requires narrow band operation and must exploit high Q value components.
10. CONCLUSION
A series of interface, signal processing, and communication systems have been implemented in
micropower CMOS circuits. A micropower spectrum analyzer has been developed to enable low
power operation of the entire WINS system. Thus WINS require a Microwatt of power. But it is very
cheaper when compared to other security systems such as RADAR under use. It is even used for
short distance communication less than 1 Km. It produces a less amount of delay. Hence it is
reasonably faster. On a global scale, WINS will permit monitoring of land, water, and air resources
for environmental monitoring. On a national scale, transportation systems, and borders will be
monitored for efficiency, safety, and security

INTRODUCTION
•WIRE LESS INTEGRATED NETWORK
SENSOR(WINS)
•WINS provide a new monitoring and control
capability for
monitoring the Border of the country.
•WINS require a microwatt of power so it is very
cheaper
than other security system such as Radar and produce
less
amount of delay.
•It produce a less amount delay to detect the target.
•It is resonably faster.
•On global scale wins will permit monitoring of land ,water
and air resources for environment monitoring.

DEVELOPMENT OF WINS
•WINS Initiated in 1993 under Defence advance research
project
agency(DARPA)in US.
•LWIM (Low power wireless integrated microsensor)program
began

in 1995 for further development os WINS sponsored by DARPA.

•In 1998, WINS NG introduced for wide varity of application.

•the LWIM project multihop, self-assembled, wireless network

algorithms for operating at micropower levels

A general picture
Internet
sensing
signal processing / event recognition
wireless communication
low power
networking
event
information
local area
worldwide u
A general picture
Internet

sensing

signal processing / event recognition

wireless communication

low power

networking

event

information

local area
Nodes connection of WINS
REMBASS

•Remotely monitored battlefield sensor

system(REMBASS)

•Use now a day in unattended ground

sensor(UGS)
•These sensor used seismic-acoustic
energy,infrared energy and magnetic field
to detect enemy activity.
Physical Principles

•When are distributed sensors better?

A. Propagation laws for sensing

All signals decay with distance

e.g. electromagnetic waves

in free space (~ 1/d2)

in other media (absorption, scattering,

dispersion)

distant sensor requires costly operations

If the system is to detect objects reliably, it has to be distributed,

whatever the networking cost

Sensor board

Fig. . Sensor hardware from left to right: (a) Mica2 network node,
(b) Mica Sensor Board, (c) Mica Power
Board, (d) TWR-ISM-002 Radar Board, and (e) All of the boards
attached together.
WINS characteristics & application

Characteristics:

•Support large numbers of sensor.

•Dense sensor distributions .
•These sensor are also developed to support short

distance RF communication
•Internet access to sensors, controls and processor

•Applications: Industries, transportation,

and safety & security.

Design consideration

•Reliability
•Energy :There are four way in which node

consume energy

3. Sensing
4. Computation
5. Storing
6. Communicating

•Sensing:Choosing right sensor for thr job can

improve the system performance.

Packaging

•The sensor must be design to minimize the liklihood of

environment effect of wind, rain,snow etc.

•The enclosure is manufacture from clear acrylic material.

Enclosure
Unanticipated faulty behavior

•We experienced several failure as a result of undetectable, incorrectly download

program and depeleted energy level etc.

•For example node will detect false event

when sensor board is overheated.

Conclusion

•Densely distributed sensor networks.

•Application specific networking architectures
•Development platforms are now available .

•The network is self-monitoring and secure.

•. Now it is possible to secure the border with an invisible

wall of thousands or even millions of tiny

interconnected sensors.

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border security using wireless integrated network sensor by vinay kumar IPEC

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WINS is a such type of sensor which used at border of the country for sensing
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