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RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN: 2395 -5775

EVOLUTION AND FUTURE OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGIES
R B Ram

Abstract
Application of wired telephony shall be minimized/almost removed and, cordless telephony, Wireless Networking; WLAN/WPAN/
WiMAX/WWAN/WMAN, WCDMA, optical wireless communications - Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) (similar to Wi-Fi) and massive MIMO
technologies shall be increased much to increase convenience and freedom of mobility in future. The 5G mobile networks will focus on the
development of the user terminal where the terminals have to access to the different wireless technologies at the same time. Satellite
network will be used from 6G mobile communication systems onwards. Data rate in 6G will be upto 10-11 Gbps. In 6G the cost of mobile
call will be relatively high but in 7G this problem will be improved and the cost of call will be reduced and lower level user will benefit
from it. 6G will integrate all wireless mobile networks with satellites to get more global coverage. 5G, 6G, 7G services will change lives of
the masses. 7G and further wireless mobile networks will be complete wireless solution by uniting the four or more GPS systems available in
space to get space roaming in addition to 6G and other wireless systems. Focus will be to enhance the quality of services, increase the
bandwidth and to reduce the cost of the resource along with reduction of RF pollution/radiation-heat (future major threat to living
organism) and power consumption. Also interface devices may be developed to integrate other intelligent species with human to achieve
goals of networked information, wisdom and enlightenment for integrated global development.

The term wireless has been used twice in communications

INTRODUCTION
Evolution of Wireless Communication Technologies
Wireless communication is the transfer/distribution of
data / information between two or more points
using radio waves (wireless) i.e. without connecting
electrical conductor.The idea of wireless communication
predates the discovery of "radio,derived from Latin
word "radius", meaning "spoke of a wheel, beam of
light, ray"" with experiments in "wireless telegraphy"
via inductive and capacitive induction and transmission
through ground, water, and even train tracks since
1830. James Clerk Maxwell showed in theoretical and
mathematical form in 1864 that electromagnetic waves
could propagate through free space.The first
transmission of a signal by means of electromagnetic
waves was performed by David Edward
Hughes around 1880. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz proved
transmitted airborne electromagnetic waves confirming
Maxwell's theory of electromagnetismin 1888. The
world's first wireless telephone conversation occurred in
1880, when Alexander Graham Bell and Charles
Sumner Tainter used photo phone, a wireless telephone
over modulated light beams. In 1891, Edison obtained
the wireless patent using inductance.In 1888, Heinrich
Hertz demonstrated electromagnetic waves, the basis of
wireless technology.Concept of cellular telephony was
developed in AT&T’s Bell labs in 1970s.
history, initially used about 1890 as in wireless
telegraphy, until the new word radio replaced it and
further revived in the 1980s-1990s mainly to distinguish
digital devices that communicate without wires.
The 1stcommercial mobile was developed in
Scandinavian country in 1981 Nordic mobile telephone
(NMT) networks. The first mobile communication trial was
placed in Chicago in 1978, and launched in 1983
commercially.
Mobile phone system was introduced in Japan
in1979.4G, LTE, LTE-Advanced, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth are the
most common wireless technologies now a days.
Wireless system is replacing the wired into wireless
electronic communication system. The next generation
communication networks i.e. 5G, 6G, 7G and Satellite
Networks, Broadcasting, WWWW etc. shall be
integrated as common wireless networks.Wireless
Networks; WLAN, WWAN/WMAN/WiMAX, WCDMA,
optical wireless communications - Light Fidelity (Li-Fi)
(similar to Wi-Fi) and massive MIMO technologies shall
be increased in future.

1 DE, NABM, Delhi

Correspondence and Reprint Requests: R B Ram
Received: O c t o b e r 2 1 , 2 0 1 6 | Accepted: N o v e m b e r 2 9 , 2 0 1 6 | Published Online: D e c e m b e r 2 8 , 2 0 1 6
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)
Conflict of interest: None declared | Source of funding: Nil
 R B Ram

History(Chronology of events) of mobile(wireless)

telephone, internet and website technologies
Wireless Communication Technologies
Multi-Access Radio Techniques
Events/product
Date/Year Date/Year Events/ product launch
launch
1900 Radio 1969 Internet
1945-50 0G 1971-1993
1993 e-mail
1980 1G
1990 2G 1989 WWW, by Tim Berners-Lee
2000 2.5 G 1994 W3C was founded by Tim Berners-Lee
Lee
2003 2.75 G 1989-1990
1990 Web 1 (web of content)
2001 3G 1999-2004
2004 Web 2 (web of communication)
2003 3.5 G
2003 3.75 G 2006-2009
2009 Web 3, the “Semantic Web”(web of context)
2010 4G
2015-16 5G 2015-16
16 WWWW {Internet of Things (IoT)}
2020-22 6G 2018 Web 4 (Mobile Web) (Web of things)
Web 5 (linked & intelligent web, Emotional Web) and also called “symbiotic” web. Web 5.0
2025-30 7 G/7.5 G 2020 will be about the (emotional) interaction between humans and computers, based on neuro-
neuro
technology.

Comparison of data transfer speed of 2G(GSM),

G(GPRS), 2.75G(EDGE) and 3G(UMTS)

International Journal of Current

Cur Innovation Research, Vol. 2, Issue 12, pp 534-539
539, December 2016 535
 Evolution And Future Of Wireless Communication Techno
Technologies

Features of the Mobile(Wireless)

ireless) Technology generations
Features of Wireless
0G 1G 2G 2.5 G 2.75G 3G
Technology generations
Year of deployment 1946-70 1980 1990 2000 2003 2001
Technology
Analog Analog Digital Digital Digital Digital
(Analog/Digital)
UMTS, W-CDMA,
PTT, MTS, IMTS, EDGE Broad band /
Technologies GSM GPRS
AMTS, OLT, MTD IP technology FDD
TDD
IMT 2000,
MTS, IMTS, AMTS, CDMA TDMA Supported TDMA/ GSM CDMA/ WCDMA/
Standard AMPS
OLT, MTD GSM GSM CDMA UMTS/CDMA
2000,CDMA (IS-95 )
High Speed
Voice+Data+MM Voice+Data+MM
Services Voice Voice Voice+Data Voice+Data+
S+Internet S+Internet
MMS+Internet
Data Transfer Rate 62–144
144 kbps 2 kbps 10 kbps 200 kbps 473 kbps 384 kbps
AMTS-900
900 MHz, 850-1900
800-
OLT-160-170
170 MHz, MHz(GSM) 850-1900
Frequency of operation 900 850-1900
1900 MHz 1.6-2.5GHz
VHF/ 825-849 MHz MHz
MHz
UHF (CDMA)
W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD),
TDMA TDMA TDMA
Multiplexing FDMA UTRA-TDD (TD-CDMA,
CDMA CDMA CDMA
TD-SCDMA)
Circuit/
Switching Circuit Circuit Circuit/ Packet Circuit/ Packet Circuit/ Packet
Packet
Bandwidth 30 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 5 to 20 MHz
GSM
Main Network PSTN PSTN, IS-41 WCDMA WCDMA+HSPA
TDMA
Hand off
H H H H H
(Horizontal/Vertical)
Evolution from2G to4G

536 International Journal of Current

Cur Innovation Research, Vol. 2, Issue 12, pp 534
534-539, December 2016
 R B Ram

Comparison of 3.5G, 3.75G, 4G, 5G and 6G wireless

telecommunication technologies
Features of the
Mobile(Wireless) 3.5G 3.75G 4G 5G 6G
Technology Generations
2020-22
Year of deployment/launch 2003 2003 2010-12 2015-16
16
(forecast)
Technology(Analog/Digital) Digital Digital Digital Digital Digital
4G+WWWW, LAS-CDMA,LAS
GSM/ LTE Advance, OFDM, MC-CDMA,
CDMA, UWB,
Technologies LTE, WiMAX 5G+satellite
3GPP LTE WiMAX2, IPv6, MIMO Internet-IPv6,
IPv6, MIMO, UWB,
Network-LMDS
LMDS
IP-broadband IP-broadband
broadband
HSPA-HSDPA/HS GPS,COMPAS S, GLONASS,
Standard 1xEVDO LAN/WAN/PAN, LAN/WAN/PAN
UPA Galileo systems
IEEE802.16, IMT-Advanced &WWWW
voice, data,
voice, data,
Dynamic Information access, internet, and video
internet, and video
High speed High speed wearable devices with AI broadcasting; the earth
Services broadcasting; video
voice/data/video internet/ multimedia Capabilities,fully IP based imaging,fully IP based
conferencing, VoIP,IPTV, fully
integrated system integrated system,Ultra fast
IP based integrated system
access Internet
Data Transfer Rate/
2Mbps 30Mbps 200Mbps-to- 1Gbps >1Gbps-10Gbps
10Gbps 10-11Gbps
Data Capacity
Frequency band of operation 1.6-2.5GHz 1.6-2.5 GHz 2-8 GHz 73-85
85 GHz Freq. Band W (75-110 GHz*)
Multiplexing CDMA WCDMA MC-CDMA, OFDM WCDMA and BDMA WCDMA and BDMA
QPSK, 16QAM, QPSK, 16QAM, FBMC, UFMC, GFDM or f- f
Modulation techniques QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
64QAM 64QAM OFDM
Switching Packet Packet Packet Packet Packet
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 5-20 MHz 5–20 MHzupto 40 MHz 500 MHz to 2 GHz 2 GHz
Internet-Enhanced
Enhanced Internet-Enhanced Broadband
WCDMA and HSDPA, Internet, wireless LAN and
Main Network GSM TDMA Broadband Entirely IP-
IP Entirely IP-based+Satellite
Internet WAN
based networks
Hand off
H H H+V H+V H+V
(Horizontal/Vertical)

* Near to 73-85
85 GHz RF may be used in 5G and, 88
88-100
GHz RF may be used in 6G/7G system.
The wireless mm transmission frequency windows exist at
Speed of data vs mobility diagram about 35 GHz, 94 GHz, 140 GHz and 220 GHz.TheGHz.
Frequency range (Band)W: 75 75-110 GHz (Wavelength
range: 4 – 2.73 mm) may be used largely in future
because of very wideband and capable to carry more
number of channels.
Bluetooth and WiFiWireless Technologies
These technologies are used for transfer of
Fig. Speed of data vs mobility diagram in wireless technologies data/messages at low range/distance for
Atmospheric opacity, frequency absorption and transmission WLAN/WPAN. The comparison is given below:
window of RF/EMWaves Advanced(next generation) (Future) Wireless
Communication Technologies
(5G, 6G and 7G, and WWWW):
5G(4G+WWWW for global wireless
coverage):5G (5thgeneration mobile networks or 5th
generation wireless systems)
systems denotes the proposed next
major phase of mobile telecommunications standards
beyond the current 4G 4G(IMT-Advanced) standards. It
refers to the next and newest mobile wireless standard
based on the IEEE 802.11ac standard of
broadband technology.5G 5G planning includes Internet
connection speeds faster than current 4G, and other
Atmospheric gas improvements. It focuses for global coverage. It is a
Atmospheric gas
Parameters (mm waves) (water vapour)-
-O2
H2O wireless internet network, supported by OFDM, MC- MC
RF (GHz) for Maximum
60 GHz and 120 23 GHz and 180
CDMA, LAS-CDMA,
CDMA, UWB, NetworkLMDS and IPv6. The
atmospheric basic protocol for running on both 4G and 5G is IPv6.
GHz. GHz
absorption/attenuation
RF (GHz) for Minimum The 5G is complete wireless communication system
atmospheric 33 GHz and 110 GHz having no limitation and is called as Real world wireles
wireless
absorption/attenuation
International Journal of Current
Cur Innovation Research, Vol. 2, Issue 12, pp 534-539
539, December 2016 537
 Evolution And Future Of Wireless Communication Technologies

or WWWW worldwide wireless web using 73-75 GHz mobile system and satellite networks, a Cheap and Fast
RF. Internet Technology to provide unbelievably high data
Parameter Bluetooth WiFi
Frequency band UHF radio waves in the ISM band {industrial, scientific 2.4 GHz (12 cm), 3.6 GHz UHF and 5 gigahertz
used and medical (ISM) radio bands} from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz (6 cm) SHF ISM radio bands
Coverage distance short distance(<30 m) short distance(<100 m)
Year of invention
and the In 1994 by Ericsson, as alternative to RS-232 Standard In 1997 by Victor Hayes
agency/person
WLAN, personal computers, video-game
fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet
Applications
networks (PANs)(mobile phone/computer etc.) computers, digital audio players and modern
printers.
IEEE 802.11 (802.11ac standard, which uses the
IEEE Standard IEEE 802.15.1
5 GHz band)
symmetrical Point centered, asymmetricalServer-client approach
Bandwidth Low ( 800 kbps ) High (11 Mbps )
Speed/Throughput 2.1-25 Mbps Upto1Gbps
Latency 200 ms 150 ms
Security Less More
Cost Low High

In 5G wireless network physical layer and data link
layer defines the wireless technology. The two layers
define that the 5G wireless technology is like open
wireless architecture (OWA). 5G provides large
broadcasting of data in Gigabit. 5G terminals have
software-defined radios. 5G uses different modulation
techniques and error-control techniques. The Next
Generation Mobile Networks Alliance feels that 5G
should be rolled out by 2020 to meet business and
consumer demands.In addition to providing simply
faster speeds, they predict that 5G networks also will
need to meet new use cases, such as the Internet of
Things (internet connected devices) as well as
broadcast-like services and lifeline communication in
times of natural disaster. Most telecom vendors expect
5G to offer the following performances:
 Data rates up to 10 Gbit/s over the air.
 Latency in the order of 1ms
 Enable Internet of Things (IoT) devices to run
on battery for up to ten years.
5G deployment will integrate telecommunication
technologies including mobile, fixed, and optical and
satellite (both GEO and MEO).Radio propagation
measurements and channel models for millimeter-wave
wireless communication in both outdoor and indoor
scenarios in the 28, 38, 60 and 72–73 GHz bands have
been published in year 2014.
rates or very fast Internet speed access on air through
wireless and mobile devices up to 11 Gbps while
travelling or in a remote location in year 2020-22.
These networks consist of telecommunication, Earth
imaging and navigation satellite networks. It focusesfor
space roaming. The telecommunication satellite is used
for voice, data, internet, and video broadcasting; the
earth imaging satellite networks is for weather and
environmental information collection; and the
navigational satellite network is for global positional
system (GPS). The four different countries which
developed these systems are; the GPS by USA, the
COMPASS system developed by China, the Galileo
system by EU, and the GLONASS system developed by
Russia. In 6G handoff and roaming will be the big issue
because these satellite systems are different networks.
The mankind will be more close to any extraterrestrial
civilization in the universe.
Fig: 6G with Satellite Networks

The key demands now are user-centric mobile

6G: 5G+Satellite (GEO&MEO) Networks (Space Roaming)
6G will integrate 5G with the satellite
networks(GEO&MEO) for global coverage for wireless
applications instead of traditional carrier-centric, high
mobile data traffic volume, large number of connected
devices, long device/network lifetime, and improved
quality of services, i.e., high-transmission rate, low
delay, and small jitter. These technologies will improve
the quality of wireless communications and focus on new
spectrum with millimeter wave, wider bandwidth, new
modulation techniques, enhanced small cell, massive
MIMO, etc. Frequency Band 85-100 GHz may be used
largely in future because of wideband to carry more
channels..

538 International Journal of Current Innovation Research, Vol. 2, Issue 12, pp 534-539, December 2016
 R B Ram
7G: (6G+GPS+Networks)
The 7G will be like the 6G for global coverage but it
will also define the satellite functions for mobile
communication in 2025-30. But in 7G, there will be
some research because satellite is also moving in
constant speed and in specific orbit, the standards and
protocols for cellular to satellite system and for satellite
to satellite communication system. The dream of 7G can
only be true when all standards and protocols are
defined. This can be the best solution of cost on lower
level user.7G mobile network is like the 6G for global
coverage but it will also define the satellite functions for
mobile communication. In satellite system, the
telecommunication satellite will be for voice and
multimedia communication; navigational satellite will be
for global positional system (GPS) and earth image
satellite for some extra information like weather
update. Frequency Band 85-110 GHz may be used
largely in future because of very wideband and
capable to carry more number of channels. 6G mobile
wireless network will support local voice coverage and
other services. When 7G will complete all its week
points then there will be no issue of data capacity
coverage and hand off left behind. At that time there
may be demand from user for cost of mobile phone call
and services. This issue will evolutionally change in
standard &technology, and will also open new horizons
for research. This new technology may be called as
7.5G or 8G.
CONCLUSION
Application of wired telephony shall be
minimized/almost removed and, cordless telephony,
Wireless Networking;
References
WLAN/WPAN/WiMAX/WWAN/WMAN,
WCDMA,optical wireless communications - Light
Fidelity (Li-Fi) (similar to Wi-Fi) and massive MIMO
technologiesshall be increased much to increase
convenience and freedom of mobility in future. The 5G
mobile networks will focus on the development of the
user terminal where the terminals have to access to the
different wireless technologies at the same time.
Satellite network will be used from 6G mobile
communication systems onwards. Data rate in 6G will
be upto 10-11 Gbps.In 6G the cost of mobile call will
be relatively high but in 7G this problem will be
improved and the cost of call will be reduced and
lower level user will benefit from it. 6G will integrate
all wireless mobile networks with satellites to get more
global coverage. 5G, 6G, 7G services will change lives
of the masses.
*******
International Journal of Current Innovation Research, Vol. 2, Issue 12, pp 534-539, December 2016
7G and further wireless mobile networks will be
complete wireless solution by uniting the four or more
GPS systems available in space to get space roaming in
addition to 6G and other wireless systems. Focus will be
to enhance the quality of services, increase the
bandwidth and to reduce the cost of the resource along
with reduction of RF pollution/radiation-heat (future
major threat to living organism) and power consumption.
Also interface devices may be developed to integrate
other intelligent species with human to achieve goalsof
networked information, wisdom and enlightenment.
List of Acronyms
3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project, CDMA:
Code Division Multiple Access
EVDO: Evolution Data-Only, EVDV : Evolution Data and
Voice
EDGE :Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution , GPRS :
General Packet Radio Service
GSM :Global system for mobile communication , HSCSD
: High-Speed Circuit Switched Data
HSDPA: High-Speed Downlink Packet Access ,HSOPA:
High-Speed OFDM Packet Access
HSPA :High-Speed Packet Access, IPv6: Internet Protocol
version 6
LTE :Long-Term Evolution , OWB-Ultra Wide Band,
TD-SCDMA :Time-Division Synchronous Code-Division
Multiple Access
UMTS :Universal Mobile Telecommunications System,
UWB: Ultra-wideband
WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access,
xRTT: x times Radio Transmission Technology.
1. Wireless Communication by FCC, ITU-R, ECS by
Kennedy, and other references.
2. Internet/Wikipedia(Engr. Muhammad Farooq,
Engr. Muhammad Ishtiaq Ahmed, Engr. Usman
M Al and,
3. MTNL Delhi, and 4.Related research
papers/articles/websites for evolution,
advancements and future generations of
wireless communication technologies in the
worldas available on Internet.
539