Assessment of Sewer Pipe Conditions in

Barangay 656 Intramuros, Manila using GIS

and Convolutional Neural Networks

by

KC. S Cabundocan
Antonette S. Canlas
Hannie Pearl L. Cortez

A Thesis submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering in

Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Mapùa University

PROPOSAL

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables

List of Figures

Chapter

1 Introduction -

Statement of the Problem -

Objectives of the Study -

Scope and Limitations -

Significance of the Study -

2 Review of Related Literature -

Related Readings

The Plumbing Law (Republic Act No. 1378) – Section 5 -

DPWH NSSMP Operations Manual - Sewer Maintenance -

Related Literature

Combined Sewer -

Combined System -

Domestic Sewage -

Drainage System -

Open Channel -

Sewer -

Sewer/Drainage System of the Philippines -

Pipe Inspection and Condition Assessment -

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 Condition Assessment of Underground Pipes: Engineering Calculations -

Related Studies

Visual Inspection of Storm-Water Pipe Systems using Deep

Convolutional Neural Networks -

Underground sewer pipe condition assessment based on

convolutional neural networks -

Assessment of the Condition of Pipelines Using Convolutional

Neural Networks -

Obstruction Level Detection of Sewer Videos Using

Convolutional Neural Networks -

An Effective Approach for Assessing Risk of Failure in Urban Sewer

Pipelines Using a Combination of GIS and AHP DEA -

Risk Assessment model to prioritize sewer pipes inspection in wastewater

collection networks -

Pipe failure analysis and impact of dynamic hydraulic conditions in

Water Supply Networks -

3 Methodology -

Theoretical Framework -

Conceptual Framework -

References

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List of Figures

Figure Page

1 Aerial view of the Intramuros “Walled City” -

2 Map of Intramuros -

3 Mapf of Barangay 656 -

4 The diagram of the automated storm-water pipe inspection process. -

5 Types of defects in pipes. -

6 Overview of the proposed defect classification and defect location -

recognition framework for sewer line assessment system.

7 CNN architecture for the proposed sewer defect classification -

framework

8 The system architecture for the sewer text detection and recognition -

9 Six types of sewer defects extracted from CCTV videos. -

10 Sewer defects and their corresponding visualization. -

11 (a) Detailed diagram of the algorithm for converting measurements -

to RGB images. (b) An example of processing acoustic signals: on

the left, from a defect-free pipeline; in the center, from a pipeline

with a defect of the “crack” type; on the right, from a pipeline with

a defect of the “hole” type.

12 Block diagram of acoustic signal conversion and neural network -

training.

13 Samples of pixels trajectories. Blue line shows change in pixel -

values. Red lines show a smoothed version of the same function.

Notice the significant scale variations in the vertical axis.

14 Normalized image-wise confusion matrix for validation set. -

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15 Normalized video-wise confusion matrix on the validation set. -

From the voting of classified images.

16 The steps to calculate the risk of the pipes of failure. -

17 Bayesian Network structure. -

18 CoF calculation procedure. -

19 Learned Bayesian Network of the case study. -

20 Frequency of ser pipes in risk categories. -

21 Failures based on mains diameter range. -

22 Failures based on different mains material. -

23 Failure based on seasons (temperature). -

24 Failure based on pipe age. -

25 Failure due to soil fracture potential. -

26 Failure due to soil corrosivity. -

27 Number of bursts per length vs. pressure variation for metallic -

pipes.

28 Failure rate vs. pressure variation range for longitudinal (a) and -

circumferential (b) bursts.

29 Framework of the proposed assessment of sewer pipe condition. -

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List of Tables

Figure Page

1 A comparison between results from proposed model and manually -

generated

assessment report.

2 The effectiveness of the neural network in the search for defects. -

3 Indirect consequences of failure and related factors in sewer -

networks.

4 Distribution of historical burst records and failure mechanisms vs. -

pressure variation range.

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Pipelines

One of the important structural element of many systems are the pipelines. For

instance, they are used in heat and water supply systems, in chemical productions, in

the oil and gas industry and aircraft manufacturing. Due to its significance, accidents in

piping system can result to economic damage. These accidents occur periodically and

quite often due to cracking and corrosion. A study indicated that the causes of accidents

in pipeline systems are more likely due to local damage rather than a deterioration of

material properties during operation along the entire length of the pipeline.

For modern municipalities, sewer pipeline networks have become their main

concern as these networks are reaching their design lifetime and too old. Moreover, the

increasing environmental and health requirements, tight budgets and growing demands

have made all the problems difficult to deal with. Because of the degradation of sewer

networks over their service life, even if they were in good condition now, they would

still require gradually bigger investments as they age. Therefore, in prevention to these

problems such as sever and costly damages, sewer system conditions were needed to

be monitored through timely and comprehensive periodic assessment. This research is

focused in the pipelines or the drainages in Intramuros, Manila particular in Barangay

656.

Convolutional Neural Network

With many applications in image classification and segmentation, deep learning

methods has gained significance in computer vision community. The Convolutional

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Neural Network (CNN) used in image classification consists of multiple layers of

convolution operations combined with non-linear operations. The output of the

convolutional stack is fed through a classification neural network that output the

probability of the input image belonging to each of the predefined categories

(Krizhevsky et al., 2012).Using back propagation algorithm on labelled training data is

the parameter of the overall network. There are many CNN architectures has been

proposed so far for the image classification tasks and, the of-art method of-the art

method such as the (Simonyan and Zisserman, 2014), (He et al., 2016) and (Szegedy et

al., 2015).

CNN learn the relevant features from data unlike traditional machine learning.

However, it requires large amount of labelled data which might not be available for

many applications. There were several approaches that have been proposed to solve this

problem including unsupervised pre-training of the featured layers, transfer learning by

using off-shelf pre-trained models and fine-tune the final classification layer, and data-

augmentation.

Intramuros, Manila

One of the oldest district of Manila, the capital of the Philippines, is the

Intramuros which is located along the Manila Bay and the Pasig river. In 1574,

Manila was vulnerable to foreign attacks since the city had no stone buildings or

walls to protect it such as when Chinese pirates attacked. Aside from this, the city

was always prone to fire since most of the houses were made out of nipa and

bamboo. As a result, stone houses were beginning to build all over Manila.

Under the tenure of Governor Gomez Perez Dasmariñas, the wall began

construction. By the eighteenth century, the city was completely enclosed in wall

hence its name Intramuros which means “within the walls” in Latin.

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 Figure 1.Aerial view of the Intramuros “Walled City”

(Photo Taken from Mavic Conde;

https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-history-of-manilas-walled-

city-of-intramuros/)

In 1951, reconstruction of the walls has faithfully restored after the Battle of

Manila where all structures were destroyed. The reconstruction reestablished

Intramuros’ colonial architecture to its pre-war appearance which turned into tourist

sight it is today. Many of the buildings still have Spanish-tile street names and the

residential areas within the walls provide a pleasant change of pace. The Intramuros

Administration renovated the walled city into a much develop but still retained the

old-Spanish era influences. The outside of the gates of Intramuros have minimally

touched by modernization. From the old moats that surrounded the Intramuros, it

had been filled up and transformed into a golf course and the garrison which was

now called For Santiago is now a tourist spot.

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 Figure 2 .Map of Intramuros

(Photo Taken from Google Earth; https://earth.google.com)

This research will focused in Barangay 656 which is located along the shore of

Pasig River having an area of 0.321 km2 .

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 Figure 3.Map of Barangay 656

(Photo Taken from Google Maps; https://www.google.com/maps)

Statement of the Problem

Flooding has been a recurrent problem for the residents of Intramuros. During

rainy seasons, from June up to the early part of October, the city dwellers live

through the heavy rainfalls and its consequential flooding. According to a MMDA’s

flood control and sewerage management office, “Manila has the highest number of

flood-prone streets at 16 after an hour’s worth or 80 millimeters (mm) of rain” (as

cited in Cayabyab, 2019). Aside from flooding, the stench of the sewerage, which

can be smelled while walking along the streets of Intramuros, has also been a

problem that has never been tried to be solved.

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 Pipe defect detection in Intramuros is the focus of this study. Despite the

constant maintenance and monitoring, the pipelines or the drainages in the area are

still vulnerable in losing their functionality due to its outdated design and factors that

contribute to corrosion and cracking. Everything from water to oil even solid

materials is being conveyed through these pipelines. The transport and distribution

network became prone to many risks however pipelines and drainages were still

among the safest means of transportation.

Leakage is the major threat occurs in pipelines. The effects will go beyond

repair expense and cost and will significantly affects the environment as well as

human lives. To hinder these huge expenses, it is crucial to design a reliable leak

detection system.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to develop and assess the existing sewer

pipes conditions in Intramuros particular in Barangay 656 with an effective

computer aided sewer pipeline defect detection using convolutional neural networks.

Specifically, the study will address the following:

• Identify the behavior and various factors associated with pipe defects.

• To determine leakage detection techniques.

• To utilize hydraulic analysis and associate its conditions to make

generalization about possible pipe defects.

• To identify and interpret pipe defects based on CCTV images using

image processing techniques

• Analyze the data gathered using computer aided defect detection.

• To apply fuzzy logic to variety of characteristics in detecting defections.

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 • Assess the results to its functionality and significance to predicting

future condition of pipes.

Scope and Limitations

The scope for this thesis will be the development and assessment on the sewer

pipe conditions in Intramuros with the aid of piped defect detection system using

convolutional neural network. The researchers will gather data and information

through closed interviews among agencies or entities that will help analyze and

evaluate the behavior and factors that contributes to leakage of pipes. Through this,

the researchers can have any data regarding the subject as well as guidelines when

detecting defects in pipelines. Thereafter, the data needed for computer modeling

will be designed. Moreover, the researches will determine the designed pipe defect

detection techniques using convolutional neural network. Then, from the results and

data gathered through computer modelling, the researchers will assess the results of

the designed computer model by evaluating the level of functionality and

significance to the present condition of Intramuros sewer pipelines.

Significance of the Study

The proposed pipe defect detection technique for the drainages in Intramuros in

order to develop and assess the sewer conditions, if proven to be effective, will offer

great impact to predicting and monitoring the defections in the pipelines. This

assessment will be used to analyze and make decisions regarding whether to

rehabilitate or replace these pipelines. The purpose of this research is to introduce a

technique that allows to conduct inspection of these pipelines without any physical

damages to the structure and produce data that will provide information to the service

life and future asset performance of these infrastructures.

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 The study will also be beneficial to the Department of Public Works and

Highways (DPWH) and the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

(MWSS) since maintenance of the drainage will be monitored. As of now, the

DPWH and the MWSS are having difficulty to maintain the proper condition of the

pipes due to flooding, leakages, and foul odor from these pipes. This research will

introduce a system that will provide them guidelines and preparation in case of

defections.

Additionally, by inspecting and maintaining the good condition of these

pipelines will maintain health and environmental effects for the residents in the area

and preserve the cultural heritage.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

This chapter overviews the existing research and studies that apply to the topic

of this paper. These related works will allow the researchers to expand their

knowledge and to support their ideas in the paper. Various studies and literature from

both local and foreign researchers are presented and discussed to substantiate the

researchers’ conceptual framework.

Related Readings

The Plumbing Law (Republic Act No. 1378) – Section 5

According to the Plumbing Law, Republic Act No. 1378 (1955), the “plumbing

system shall be subject to such tests as will effectively disclose all leaks and defects in

the work”. The Plumbing Law, Republic Act No. 1378 (1955) also stated that the

“piping of the plumbing system shall be of durable materials, free from defective

workmanship and so designed and constructed as to give satisfactory service for its

reasonable expected life”. Inspection and testing of the drainage and sewer system are

essential to identify the presence of leaks and defects on the pipes. This will secure the

wellness of the people, economy and environment. It was also stated that the design,

construction, and maintenance of the system must be made to prevent contamination

and clogging in the pipes. These can be obtained with thorough and reliable monitoring

of the existing pipelines.

DPWH NSSMP Operations Manual - Sewer Maintenance

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 The semi-automated sewer pipes inspection and maintenance that Manila can

benefit from today is far from what most of the rural areas experience. According to the

Department of Public Works and Highways [DPWH] (2013), leakage and defects on

pipes in rural areas are inspected by walking on the route of the sewer and visual

investigation using mirrors on an adjustable pole. Aside from that, the sewer

maintenance techniques on those areas are:

• root cutting using a remotely operated cutting tool inserted at maintenance holes

• chemical cleaning to reduce root infestation

• removal of blockages by rodding

• sewer flushing to remove accumulated sediment

In cases where leaks and defects are detected, DPWH (2013) stated that broken

or cracked sewer pipes are rehabilitated to minimize infiltration or inflow and leakage.

Trenchless technology is used in the most commonly used techniques for rehabilitation.

This technology minimizes the costs and disruption compared with open excavation.

There are two common approaches:

• grouting the sewer to fill cracks and joint defects

• lining sewers with a durable waterproofing liner material or inserting a new pipe

(through an approach called pipe bursting)

Related Literature

Combined Sewer

Combined sewers are designed to carry domestic sewage, industrial waste, and

storm sewage.

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Combined System

Combined system is a sewer system that is composed of combined sewers.

Domestic Sewage

Domestic sewage or sanitary sewage is liquid waste from dwellings, business

buildings or institutions.

Drainage System

A drainage system is composed of drainage pipes that contain wastewater from

plumbing fixtures and delivering it to a sewer or some other outlet.

Open Channel

An open channel is a waterway or conduit where liquid flows with a free

surface.

Sewer

It is a pipe or conduit used for carrying sewage. It is generally closed but is

normally not flowing full.

Sewer/Drainage Systems of the Philippines

Sewage from sewer systems in the Philippines are normally connected to nearby

rivers or creeks. These drainage systems can be classified as a combined sewer since it

carries both sanitary sewage and storm water. In most urban areas in the country, the

drainage system is underground and is made of huge precast concrete pipes.

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 Currently, the drainage system in Manila and suburbs are composed of closed

principal channels (drainage mains or outfalls), and open channels (creeks or estuary),

secondary or tertiary drainage channels (drainage laterals), and pumping stations.

Pipe Inspection and Condition Assessment

Assessing the condition of water transmission and distribution systems which

are typically underground or out of sight is critical for its management and maintenance.

Due to the technological developments, modern pipe inspection technologies that can

identify damaged and leaking infractions are available. Data collected can be analyzed

and used for condition assessment and monitoring.

• CCTV – used for visual documentation and analysis of defects

• Lidar – used to measure profile and actual pipe conditions above the flow level

• Sonar – used to detect cracks/holes/leaks and assess pipe conditions

With the help of a computer aided software, the gathered data from one or

multiple sensors can be processed and interpreted into different classifications. The

basic steps include data acquisition, signal processing, feature extraction, data fusion,

and diagnosis. A fuzzy logic based sensor fusion algorithm can be used.

Condition Assessment of Underground Pipes: Engineering Calculations

In the absence of CCTV or sensors, flow meter data can provide pipe conditions.

Flow meters provide numerical data to quantify flow for the area tributary to the

metering location and therefore a well-defined sewer shed tributary must be mapped

out. Flow monitoring has real value in development of a database on long-term historic

trends in order to determine seasonal variations and impacts of wet weather on the

sewer system.

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 Take the calculation of hydraulic capacity as an example. Flow data can provide

direct measurement of actual flow conditions; and then be interpolated using a

hydraulic model to calculate hydraulic capacity of a pipe segment under current or

projected conditions. If it does not meet the required design conditions or performance

conditions, then replacement or rehabilitation is required. (U.S. EPA, 2015)

Related Studies

Visual Inspection of Storm-Water Pipe Systems using Deep Convolutional Neural

Networks

The commonly used method of inspection is through the use of video

surveillance or closed-circuit television (CCTV), which is a semi-automated type of

processor. This type of monitoring and inspection can be time-consuming as it requires

manual labor involving continuous video observations and detections of defects

through videos. Additionally, semi-automated inspections are more prone to human

errors caused by fatigue, speed working or poor training. A computer vision algorithm

based on deep-neural network architecture is an efficient way to monitor and inspect

storm-water pipe systems, which would allow for the automatic identification and

classification of defects in the pipes without extensive manual labor.

Figure 4. The diagram of the automated storm-water pipe inspection process.

Figure shows the diagram of the general process of the proposed automated

storm-water pipe inspection process. A technician, who is not necessarily required to

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be an expert, will control the robot in recording a clear video of the pipe’s internal

condition. The model will analyze the video, frame by frame, and detect the defects

present in each frame. The identified defects will undergo classification and extraction

for assessment and investigation of the pipe’s current condition. Not only does

automated inspection increase the accuracy of the results, it also reduces the time and

cost of the inspection process.

According to Tennakoon, Hoseinnezhad, Tran, & Bab-Hadiashar (2018),

existing methods of machine learning techniques, that are used for the automated

inspections, are mostly dependent on image processing techniques or image

segmentation techniques, which involves extraction of features from input images.

These types of machine learning techniques allow faster detection of pipes defects, and

even prediction of the presence of infiltration on pipes. Despite the convenience of the

existing machine learning techniques for automated pipe inspections, the output is not

reliable in comparison to the manual monitoring and inspection of pipes due to the

limitation of the following:

• data size

• data collection techniques

• image processing

• pattern classification approaches

• type of defects

The limitations of the existing machine learning techniques were transcended

when the “Deep Convolutional Neural Networks” were developed. Deep convolutional

neural network (CNN) is a deep learning method applied to image classification and

segmentation that uses “multiple layers of convolutional operations and non-linear

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operations”, as stated by Tennakoon, Hoseinnezhad, Tran, & Bab-Hadiashar (2018).

Krizhevsky et al., stated that the probability of an input image belonging to one of the

defined categories is given by the result of convolutional stack going through a

classification neural network (as cited in Tennakoon, Hoseinnezhad, Tran, & Bab-

Hadiashar, 2018). Compared to the traditional machine learning, which involves

extraction of features from images, CNNs learn the important features from the input

data by itself. However, its parameters are learned end-to-end through back propagation

algorithm. This becomes a problem because end-to-end training requires a large amount

of labelled data.

This study proposed a storm water pipe inspection consisting of a novel defect

type detection module, which will detect the five main types of defects, namely:

1. Breaking

2. Cracks

3. Deposition

4. Root Intrusion

5. Holes

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 Figure 5. Types of defects in pipes.

With the aid of deep convolutional neural networks, it will learn end-to-end

using data alone, and without the need for manual extraction of input data’s features.

Using the transfer learning method, a set of parameters that was already trained on a

different domain is used and fine tuned to the original domain, as stated in Tennakoon,

Hoseinnezhad, Tran, & Bab-Hadiashar (2018). This solves the problem of the limited

labelled data available.

Underground sewer pipe condition assessment based on convolutional neural

networks

According to Hassan, et al., (2018), robots are used to record CCTV videos of

the sewer pipes to assess their current conditions. CCTV systems made the inspection

easier because the underground sewer system has an unsanitary environment, and high-

water pressure on the pipes. IN addition to this, CCTV systems are cost-effective and

efficient ways to monitor the sewer pipes. However, CCTV systems can also be time-

consuming because the footage needs to be reviewed in order to manually identify the

defects. It also has the possibility to produce inaccurate results due to human error as it

relies heavily on manual labor for the assessment of the videos.

The aim of this research is to propose a convolutional neural network (CNN)

based system for sewer defects classification and location recognition. This will allow

automatic detection and diagnosis of defects, along with pinpointing the location of the

defect in the sewer pipe system, without having to heavily rely on manual labor. This

research also presents a comparison of the reports made by the proposed model and the

reports made manually by an operator.

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 Figure 6. Overview of the proposed defect classification and defect location

recognition framework for sewer line assessment system.

The proposed framework involves manual extraction of frames from the CCTV

footage, which are then categorized into normal or defect. Frames that are classified as

defective will undergo feature extraction through CNN, which will automatically

classify the types of defects on the images. After fine-tuning and augmentation

processes, text detection and the recognition modules are implemented to identify the

location of the defect in the sewer pipe. The classification of the defects is:

• Crack Longitude

• Debris

• Joint Faulty

• Joint Open

• Lateral Dame

• Surface Damage

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 Figure 7. CNN architecture for the proposed sewer defect classification framework.

The figure shows the detailed configuration for each layer using AlexNet

model’s parameters. The first eight layers of AlexNet architecture, which are Conv1,

Pool1, Conv2, Pool2, Conv3, Conv4, Conv5, and Pool3 are dedicated to feature

extraction. After each convolutional layer, a ReLU (Rectified Linear Units) function is

applied at the output of the convolutional layer. There are three fully connected layers

(FC-1, FC-2, and FC-3), and the output of the last fully connected layer was reduced

from 1000 to 6 neurons. The generated CNN model is trained using NVIDIA DIGITS

5 toolbox with Caffe framework.

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 Figure 8. The system architecture for the sewer text detection and recognition

The model consisted of four sections, namely the multi-frame integration,

preprocessing, text detection and text recognition. In the multi-frame integration

section, for each second, 30 continuous frames were extracted from the input video.

After that, frame averaging was adopted to enhance text edge and reduce background

complexity. Image processing comes next wherein various techniques are used to

extract relevant data and recognize pipe defect patterns. Text detection included two

steps, which were text localization (find the text lines) and text line verification (all

detected false alarm lines are removed). Text recognition consisted of two steps, which

were text quality enhancement and training with Tesseract OCR.

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 Figure 9. Six types of sewer defects extracted from CCTV videos.

The figure above shows the images of the six types of defects taken from the

CCTV video. These will be the basis of the classification of the defects on sewer

pipelines. The total number of manually validated defective images before applying

augmentation was 24,137. Then, the number of images in the dataset increased to

48,274 after data augmentation was used. Furthermore, the dataset was divided into two

separate parts, one for training and the other for testing. In the training part, 97% of the

entire dataset, which equals to 47,072 images, were applied for training and validation

purposes (75% out of 47,072 images were used as training, and 25% were used as

validation). The remaining 3% of the dataset was used in the testing part (1202 images).

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 Figure 10. Sewer defects and their corresponding visualization.

In the figure, the sewer defects and their corresponding class activation map are

shown. It shows that the defect classification framework correctly learned the defects

feature. The experimental results of the research shows that the CNN model correctly

recognizes all the six types of defects with an accuracy of 99.5% for debris silty and

surface damage, and 85% on longitudinal type of defects.

Table 1. A comparison between results from proposed model and manually generated
assessment report.

Results from the model were compared to the existing assessment reports of the

underground sewer pipes. The table above shows that the number of defects identified

by the assessment report is accurate with the number of defects identified on the

proposed model.

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Assessment of the Condition of Pipelines Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Pipelines are important structural elements. It contains many systems and is

often vulnerable to corrosion and cracking. Based on data gathered, accidents occur in

the energy systems of the Russian Federation at 0.94-2.86 per 1 km of pipeline network

due to the lack of flaw detection equipment. It says that accidents due to local damage

during operation are more likely, than deterioration of material properties. Operational

loads that cause static and dynamic loads cause crack-like defects and corrosion.

For this research, an acoustic diagnostic method was used to detect pipeline

defects. The acoustic signals were then processed using convolutional neural network

architecture based on the modified Inception ResNet V2. The input data, amplitudes of

vibration signals were converted using developed algorithms into RGB format images

with resolution of 210x210 pixels. Computational experiments were carried out for the

problems of binary classification into the categories: “norm” and “defect”, “crack” and

“hole”, “crack”/ “hole” and “others.”

(a)

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 (b)
Figure 11. (a) Detailed diagram of the algorithm for converting measurements to

RGB images. (b) An example of processing acoustic signals: on the left, from a defect-

free pipeline; in the center, from a pipeline with a defect of the “crack” type; on the

right, from a pipeline with a defect of the “hole” type.

Figure 12. Block diagram of acoustic signal conversion and neural network training.

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 Table 2. The effectiveness of the neural network in the search for defects.

Obstruction Level Detection of Sewer Videos Using Convolutional Neural

Networks

Sewer networks transport sewage to a centralized treatment plant to be treated

and returned to the environment. To enhance general sanitation and for the sewer to be

perfectly operational, constant inspections must be conducted. Typically, Closed-

Circuit Television systems are used to monitor the inside of the pipes, then personnel

would review the footage and report its condition. This manual process is time-

consuming and inconsistent. This research developed a Convolutional Neural Network

to perform obstruction level assessment by gathering a database of videos that are used

to feed frames into the model.

This system interprets the images into classifications of clean, slightly dirty, dirty,

and very dirty. This is done by a pixel motion analysis that measures the degree of noise

in the dataset, and to define a unified frame extraction policy. Upon exploring the

behavior of the model, the researchers validated the visual features used by the model

to make predictions. In particular, the center canal of the sewer is essential for the

assessment of obstructions, the visibility of circles around the pipe speaks of cleanness,

and the illumination and perspective can complicate the resolution of the problem.

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Based on the encountered complications, two inspection protocols are recommended:

appropriate camera location before starting the recording and inspections during heavy

rain must be avoided.

Figure 13. Samples of pixels trajectories. Blue line shows change in pixel values.

Red lines show a smoothed version of the same function. Notice the significant scale

variations in the vertical axis.

Only a small portion of frames are extracted from full length videos. Frames from

the videos where the camera is not zoomed are used. The segment of interest is located

by using the VidStab video stabilization algorithm from the OpenCV library. This

algorithm produces a smoothed trajectory of pixels through use of key point detectors.

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 Figure 14. Normalized image-wise confusion matrix for validation set.

Figure15. Normalized video-wise confusion matrix on the validation set. From the

voting of classified images.

An Effective Approach for Assessing Risk of Failure in Urban Sewer Pipelines

Using a Combination of GIS and AHP DEA

The condition of sewer pipeline network is vital to any city and infrastructure. Its

failure can cause harm to the environment, and public health and safety. Therefore, an

effective assessment approach is needed. This paper conducted a risk assessment

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approach in sewer pipeline using a combination of Geospatial Information System

(GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)- Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This

approach calculates the Probability of Failure using Bayesian Network (BN), along

with Consequence of Failure (CoF) using GIS functionalities along with DEA and

AHP. Results showed that 3% of sewers are in critical situation due to the young age

of pipelines.

• Calculation of PoF

Figure 16. The steps to calculate the risk of the pipes of failure.

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 Figure 17. Bayesian Network structure.

BN can integrate various variables into a single model, this PoF of the sewer

pipeline was calculated using it. First, the impact factors were categorized, then BN

was constructed, and the learning and validation process was performed on the data.

The datasets were divided into two categories: 70% was used for learning and 30% for

validation purposes.

• Calculation of CoF

Figure 18. CoF calculation procedure.

CoF was calculated by a combination of GIS and AHP-DEA. AHP was used to

determine criteria weights, and GIS was applied for storing the data, and performing

some spatial analysis to prepare the data to ender the DEA model. DEA was used for

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assessing quantitatively the CoF without using imposed weights and experts’

judgement.

Risk Assessment model to prioritize sewer pipes inspection in wastewater

collection networks

Wastewater systems is one of the most important structure of urban infrastructures.

Its failure can cause adverse consequences and disrupt activities in the affected parts of

a city. By identifying high failure risk areas, inspections and prevention measures can

be implemented. In this study, a risk assessment model is developed to prioritize sewer

pipes inspection using Bayesian Networks (BNs) to compute the probability of failure,

and weighted average method to calculate the consequences of failure values. Then,

integration of probability and consequences using a fuzzy interference system (FIS).

Results show that 62% has moderate risk, but 12% of sewers are in critical condition.

• Calculating the Probability of Failure

In this study, possible damages to the sewer networks have two categories:

structural and hydraulic failures. In each damage, impact factors were determined to

calculate the probability of failure using Bayesian network model. The algorithm of

calculating probability of failure included: preparation of model inputs, learning

Bayesian Network, validation of the learned network, and obtaining the probabilistic

output results. The datasets are divided into two groups: calibration datasets for learning

the Bayesian Network and validation datasets to check the accuracy of the learned

network.

Equations used to verify the BN model:

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 Where, MPt, MPF, and MPNF are mean accuracy for all sewer pipes, mean

accuracy for sewer pipes withput failure event, and mean accuracy for sewer pipes

without a failure vent, respectively; (Pobs)NF,I and (Pest)NF,I are observation probability

of failure/non-failure of i-th pipe that is 100 percent for pipes with the failure event and

zero percent for pipes without failure and n is total number of sewer pipes associated

with each relationship.

Figure 19. Learned Bayesian Network of the case study.

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• Calculating the Consequences of Failure

The consequences of failure values were calculated using weighted average of the

factors affecting the consequences. Expert opinion was used to determine the weights

and scores of these factors. It is important to develop a comprehensive model to

calculate the consequences of failure of the sewer networks.

To calculate the total consequences of a sewer pipe failure with integration of

different consequences according to their weight and the scores of their impact factors,

Where, TC is total consequences; Wi is the weight of important factor i; CIi is the

consequences index of impact factor i; and n is the number of effective factors in the

consequences of sewer failure.

Table 3. Indirect consequences of failure and related factors in sewer networks.

• Results

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 Figure 20. Frequency of ser pipes in risk categories.

Pipe failure analysis and impact of dynamic hydraulic conditions in Water

Supply Networks

According to Rezaei, Ryan, & Stoianov (2015), pipe attributes, pipe material

properties, environmental conditions and pipe loading conditions can be factors that are

critical to pipe defects and failure mechanisms. It is crucial to always monitor the pipes

and the water’s hydraulic condition because the state and interaction of these factors

can change over time. There can be possibilities of excessive loading on pipes due to

the unsteady state of hydraulic conditions. It is even more dangerous for pipes with

undetected or overlooked pipe defects, because it can cause failures to the whole

system, as well as pose health and environmental hazards.

Deterioration rate of pipes can be accelerated by hydraulic instabilities that

cause short term and long term effects on the pipes (Rezaei, Ryan, & Stoianov, 2015).

One of the long term effects of hydrualic instabilities is the gradual decrease of the

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pipe’s tensile strength, due to the formation of microcracks, corrosion and fluctuation

of pipe stresses (Rezaei, Ryan, & Stoianov, 2015). Rezaei, Ryan, & Stoianov stated that

“pipe failures are caused by applied forces exceeding the residual strength of the pipe

material” (2015). These applied forces can be from internal loading, such as force

exerted by the flowing water inside the pipe, or external loading, such as soil pressure.

In addition to this, pipe properties and environmental factors, such as chemical

properties of the surrouding soil, can also contribute to the factors causing pipe failures.

additionally, pipe breakage can also develop when operational and environmental

stresses act on pipes that are already suffering from defects such as corrosion,

degradation, inadequate installation or other manurfacturing defects (Rezaei, Ryan, &

Stoianov, 2015). The most important factors of pipe failures are:

• Pipe size

• Pipe matrial

• Soil corrosivity

• Soil fracture potential

• Temperature

The relationship between the mentioned factors and historic burst records

were investigated. Using 78, 000 failure failure records over a 10-year period (2003-

2013) from a water supply network of approximately 48,000 kilometres of mains.

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 Figure 21. Failures based on mains diameter range.

Figure 21 shows that as the internal pipe diameter increases, the burst rate per

length of mains are reduced. Pipes with diameters less than 100 mm have higher number

of pipe bursts occurrence compared to pipes with diamter of greater than 600 mm.The

large diameter of some pipes helps the to resist the larger loads.

Figure 22. Failures based on different mains material.

Figure 22 shows that 69% of the occurrence of pipe burst happen to cast iron

pipes. There are 326 bursts/km for CI, 187 bursts/km for asbestos cement (AC), 143

bursts/km for polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 99 bursts/km for polyethylene (PE) and 75

bursts/km for DI over a 10-year period. The main reason for the higher density of

failures is the brittleness of cast iron and its lower tensile strength, which is 200 MPa.

Additionally, age, manufacturing, installation, temperature and cyclic pipe stresses also

contributes to the occurrence of bursts in cast iron pipes.

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 Figure 23. Failure based on seasons (temperature).

Based on the figure 23, pipe failures increase during winter when temperatures

are cold. This can be attributed to the volume expansion of water, frost heave in the soil

surrounding the pipe, and increased brittleness. Development of frost heave can also be

affected by the intensity and duration of cold weather, rate of freezing, surface cover,

and pipe depth.

Figure 24. Failure based on pipe age.

Figure 24 shows the correlation between pipe age and the number of bursts

cannot be strongly established. Even though most people would likely be thinking that

as pipe age increases, it is more likely to burst. However, it is not the case in this figure.

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There may be other factors associated with the pipe age, such as method of pipe

manufacturing, construction methods, corrosion rate, and many more.

Figure 25. Failure due to soil fracture potential.

Figure 25 shows that pipe bursts are most likely to occur on areas where soil

fracture potential is very low. There is a 41% of pipe bursts on areas with moderate

level of soil fracture potential, while there is less than 15% of pipe bursts occurring on

areas with very high soil fracture potential. Soil with high soil fracture potential

experiences higher external loads on pipes caused by ground movement, resulting to

physical damage on the pipes.

Figure 26. Failure due to soil corrosivity.

Figure 26 shows that the corrosivity characteristic of soil where it is non-

aggressive has around one quarter of pipe bursts, while approximately three quarters of

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pipe bursts occurs with soil that are either non-aggressive, slightly or moderately

aggressive soil corrosivity. According to previous studies, bursts occur more on

aggressive soils which indicates the impact of soil corrosivity in initiating and

accelerating pipes/joins corrosion and consequently resulting in failure. However, the

result in figure above shows that there may be other factors affecting the pipe bursts

aside from soil corrosivity.

Rezaei, Ryan, & Stoianov concluded that, “the analysis presented a weak and

in some cases no correlation between mains failures and the factors conventionally

considered as the key impacting factors” (2015). Because of this, there might be other

potential factors that have yet to be distinguished to have a large impact on pipe defects.

This study suggests that stresses imposed by hydraulic instabilities in the system may

be one of the factors.

Figure 27. Number of bursts per length vs. pressure variation for metallic pipes.

The figure27 shows that number of pipe bursts per length increase as pressure

variation increases. This represents a positive correlation between rate of failure and

exposure of pipes to higher ranges of pressure variation.

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Table 4. Distribution of historical burst records and failure mechanisms vs. pressure

variation range.

According to Rezaei, Ryan, & Stoianov, “loadings imposed through hydraulic

dynamic condition and varying pressures will cause hoop stresses which in turn

contribute to the development of longitudinal failures” (2015). Table 4 shows the

correlation between pressure variation, and longitudinal and circumferential failure.

Using the data on table 4, the correlation between pressure variation, and longitudinal

and circumferential failures were graphed.

Figure 28. Failure rate vs. pressure variation range for longitudinal (a) and

circumferential (b) bursts.

From figure (28a), it can be observed that the longitudinal failure rate increases

as the pressure variation increases. On the other hand, figure (28b) shows that the

circumferential failure rate decreases as the pressure variation increases. Therefore, it

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can be concluded that pressure variation is also one of the most important factors that

contributes to the failure of the pipes.

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to assess and develop the existing conditions of the

sewer pipes in Barangay 656 Intramuros, Manila using convolutional neural networks

and GIS. This chapter presents the approach made by the researchers to accomplish the

main and specific objectives of this thesis. The processes that the input data go through

is illustrated in a schematic diagram, showing the data collection, analysis, application

of the proposed algorithm, up to the output data and its interpretation.

Theoretical Framework

Sewer pipes are often underground which makes it difficult to monitor and

assess its condition. In the past, a long pole with a mirror attached at its other end was

the only equipment used to inspect the state of sewer pipes. Now, through

modernization, advanced technologies used for pipe inspection and condition

assessment are available.

This paper aims to assess sewer pipe conditions using pipe properties and

hydraulic analysis. To increase accuracy the assessment model would integrate

probability and consequences failure values using fuzzy logic. The probability of failure

will be calculated by preparing the model inputs, calibration of Bayesian Network

(BN), validation of model and obtaining out puts. The consequences of failure, on the

other hand, would be calculated by using GIS and scoring categories are made. Then,

data from GIS will be entered to DEA model to be calculated and the sewer pipeline

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ranked. Fuzzy logic would then be used to integrate POF and COF. The data would

then be categorized based on their condition.

For Pof, this research would also use CCTV images of the internal conditions

of the sewer pipes and use them as input data. Relevant features are extracted from the

images using image processing techniques. Convolutional neural networks will be used

to process the information to turn them into classifications, specifically the types of

defects present in the sewer pipes. These images would be analyzed and turned into

algorithms to teach the system to make predictions.

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 Conceptual Framework

Figure 29. Framework of the proposed assessment of sewer pipe condition.

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