ME 452 - Machine Design II Name of Student:_____________________________

Spring Semester 2014 Lecture Division Number:_____________________

Homework No. 7 (30 points). Due at the beginning of lecture on Friday, March 7th.

Solve the following problems from Chapter 12, Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, Ninth
Edition, R.G. Budynas and J.K. Nisbett.

1. 10 Points. Problem 12-1, page 669.

2. 10 Points. Problem 12-2, page 669. Use the interpolation formula given by Raimondi and Boyd
to determine the minimum film thickness variable, the maximum-film pressure ratio, and the
flow variable.
3. 10 Points. Problem 12-3, page 669.

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Solution to Homework 7.
1. Problem 12-1. 10 Points. The minimum radial clearance, see Example 12-5, page 647, can be written
as
b  d max
cmin  min (1)
2
The unilateral tolerance of the bushing bore is 0.04 mm and this will be neglected in the following
calculations (refer to Example 12-5, page 647). Therefore, the minimum diameter of the bushing bore is
bmin  25.03 mm (2)

The unilateral tolerance of the journal bearing is  0.03 mm and this will be neglected in the following
calculations (refer to Example 12-5, page 647). Therefore, the diameter of the journal bearing (that is,
the maximum diameter of the journal bearing) is
d  d max  25 mm (3a)

or the radius of the journal bearing is

25
r  12.5 mm (3b)
2
Substituting Eqs. (2) and (3a) into Eq. (1), the minimum radial clearance is
25.03  25.00
cmin   0.015 mm (4)
2
The radial clearance ratio of the journal bearing, see Eq. (12-7), page 622, is defined as
r
(5a)
c
Substituting Eqs. (2b) and (4) into Eq. (5a), the radial clearance ratio of the journal bearing is
r 12.5
  833.33 (5b)
c 0.015
The speed of the journal is specified as 1100 rev / min, that is

1100
N  18.33 rev / s (6)
60
The length to diameter ratio (referred to here as the slenderness ratio) is specified as
l 1
 (7a)
d 2
Substituting Eq. (3a) into Eq. (7a), and rearranging, the length of the journal is
l  0.5 x 25  12.5 mm (7b)

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Since l / d  0.5 (the bearing is commonly referred to as a short bearing) then the side flow rate (or
leakage) cannot be ignored.
The nominal pressure (that is, the load per unit of projected bearing area), see page 622, can be
written as
W
P (8a)
2rl
The radial load is given as
W  1.2 kN  1200 N (8b)

Substituting Eqs. (2a), (7b), and (8b) into Eq. (8a), the pressure is
1200 N
P  3.84 MPa (8c)
2  12.5 mm  12.5 mm

The Sommerfeld number (or the bearing characteristic number) can be written from Eq. (12-7), see page
622, as
 r  N
2

S   (9a)
c P
The average value of the absolute viscosity of the lubricant is given as
  55 m Pa.s (9b)

Substituting Eqs. (5b), (6), (8c), and (9b) into Eq. (9a) gives

 55  103  18.33 
S  833.33 2
 (10a)
 3.84 10
6

Therefore, the Sommerfeld number is
S  0.182 (10b)
Using the Sommerfeld number S  0.182 and the slenderness ratio l / d  0.5 , the minimum film
thickness variable from Figure 12-16, see page 636, is
h0
 0.3 (11a)
c
Then substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (11a), and rearranging, the minimum film thickness is
h0  0.3  0.015  0.0045 mm (11b)

The minimum film thickness can be written in terms of the eccentricity, see page 638, as
h0  cmin  e (12a)

Rearranging Eq. (12a), the eccentricity can be written as

e  cmin  h0 (12b)

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Substituting Eqs. (4) and (11b) into Eq. (12b), the eccentricity is
e  0.015  0.0045  0.0105 mm (13a)

The eccentricity ratio, see page 625, is defined as

e
 (13b)
c
where the eccentricity ratio 0    1. Substituting Eqs. (4) and (13a) into Eq. (13b), the eccentricity
ratio is
0.0105
  0.7 (13c)
0.015
Using the Sommerfeld number S  0.182 and the slenderness ratio l / d  0.5, the coefficient of
friction variable from Figure 12-18, see page 639, is
r
f  5.4 (14a)
c
Aside: Recall that the coefficient of friction variable from Petroff’s law, see Eq. (12.8), page 623, is
r
f  2  2 S  2  2 x 0.182  3.59 (14b)
c
Note, however, that this value should not be used to determine the coefficient of friction.
Substituting Eq. (5b) into Eq. (14a), and rearranging, the coefficient of friction is
5.4
f   0.00648 (14c)
833.33
The frictional torque acting on the journal can be written from Eq. (c), see page 622, as
T fWr (15a)

Substituting Eqs. (3b), (8b), and (14b) into Eq. (15a), the frictional torque acting on the journal is

T  0.00648 1200 12.5 103  0.0972 Nm (15b)

The thermal energy loss at steady state (that is, the heat rate) can be written from page 643 as
2 T N
H Loss  (16)
J
For common petroleum lubricants, the Joulean heat equivalent, see page 643, is taken as
J  778 x 12  9336 in.lb / Btu (17)

Substituting Eqs. (6), (15b), and (17) into Eq. (16), the heat rate is

4
 2   0.0972 18.33
H Loss   0.0012 Btu / sec (18)
9336
Using the Sommerfeld number S  0.182 and the slenderness ratio l / d  0.5 , the flow variable
from Figure 12-19, see page 640, is
Q
 5.1 (19a)
rcNl

Then substituting Eqs. (3b), (4), (6), and (7b) into Eq. (19a), and rearranging, the total volumetric flow
rate of oil is
Q  5.112.5  0.015 18.33 12.5  219.1 mm3 / s (19b)

Using the Sommerfeld number S  0.182 and the slenderness ratio l / d  0.5 , the flow ratio from
Figure 12-20, see page 640, is
Qs
 0.81 (20a)
Q

This supports the claim after Eq. (7b) that the side flow rate (or side leakage) cannot be ignored.
Substituting Eq. (19b) into Eq. (20a), and rearranging, the side flow rate is

Qs  0.81 219.1  177.5 mm3 / s (20b)

2. Problem 12-2. 10 Points. The minimum radial clearance, see Example 12-5, page 647, can be written
as
b  d max
cmin  min (1)
2
The unilateral tolerance of the bushing bore is 0.032 mm, which is neglected for the following
calculations (refer to Example 12-5, page 647). The minimum diameter of the bushing bore is
bmin  32.05 mm (2a)

The unilateral tolerance of the journal bearing is - 0.012 mm, which is neglected for the following
calculations (refer to Example 12-5, page 647). The diameter of the journal bearing (that is, the
maximum diameter of the journal bearing) is
d  d max  32.00 mm (2b)

Therefore, the radius of the journal bearing is

r  32 / 2  16 mm (3)
Substituting Eqs. (2a) and (2b) into Eq. (1), the minimum radial clearance is
32.05  32.00
cmin   0.025 mm (4)
2

5
The radial clearance ratio of the journal bearing, see Eq. (12-7), page 622, is defined as
r
(5a)
c
Substituting Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq. (5a), the radial clearance ratio of the journal bearing is
r 16
  640 (5b)
c 0.025
The speed of the journal is 900 rev / min, that is

900
N  15 rev/s (6)
60
The pressure (that is, the load per unit of projected bearing area), see page 622, can be written as
W
P (7a)
2rl
The radial load is
W  1.75 kN  1750 N (7b)

The length is of the journal is

l  64 mm (8)
Substituting Eqs. (2), (7b), and (8) into Eq. (7a), the pressure (that is, the load per unit of projected
bearing area) is
1750 N
P  0.854 MPa (9)
2  16 mm x 64 mm

The Sommerfeld number (or the bearing characteristic number) can be written from Eq. (12-7), see
page 622, as
 r  N
2

S   (10)
c P
The absolute viscosity of the lubricant is
  55 m Pa.s (11)

Substituting Eqs. (5b), (6), (9), and (11) into Eq. (10), the Sommerfeld number can be written as

 55  103  15 
S  6402  6 
(12a)
 0.854  10 
Therefore, the Sommerfeld number is
S  0.3957 (12b)

The slenderness ratio from Eqs. (2b) and (8) is

6
 l 64
 2 (13)
d 32
Note that this value of the slenderness ratio is valid for the short bearing solution. Also, note that this
value of the slenderness ratio does not appear on the design charts, see Figs. 12-16, 12-17, 12-18, and
12-19, pages 636-640. Therefore, to determine the minimum film thickness variable (that is, the ratio
h0 / c ), the maximum-film pressure ratio (that is, the ratio P / pmax ), and the flow variable (that is, the
ratio Q / r c N L ) use either: (i) approximations from the figures, or (ii) the interpolation formula
provided by Raimondi and Boyd (1958).
Using the interpolation formula (as indicated on the handout). The desired value, in the interval
  l / d  1/ 4 , can be written from Eq. (12-16), see page 644, as
1 1 l l l 1 l l 1 l l 1 l l
yl  [ (1  )(1  2 )(1  4 ) y  (1  2 )(1  4 ) y1  (1  )(1  4 ) y 1  (1  )(1  2 ) y 1 ]
3
d l 8 d d d 3 d d 4 d d 2 24 d d 4
 
d 
(14)
The minimum film thickness variable. From Fig. 12-16, see page 636, for the Sommerfeld number S =
0.3957, we have:
l
 1 0.5 0.25
d
h0
0.94 0.7 0.46 0.25
c
Substituting these values and the slenderness ratio l / d  2 into Eq. (14), the minimum film thickness
variable can be written as
h0 1 1 1 1 1
 3 [ (1  2)(1  4)(1  8)0.94  (1  4)(1  8)0.7  (1  2)(1  8)0.46  (1  4)0.25] (15a)
c 2 8 3 4 24
Therefore, the minimum film thickness variable is
h0
 0.824 (15b)
c
The maximum-film pressure ratio. From Fig. 12-21, see page 641, for the Sommerfeld number S =
0.3957, we have:
l
 1 0.5 0.25
d
P
0.84 0.51 0.39 0.26
pmax

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Substituting these values and the slenderness ratio l / d  2 into Eq. (14), the maximum-film pressure
ratio can be written as
P 1 1 1 1 1
 3 [ (1  2)(1  4)(1  8)0.84  (1  4)(1  8)0.51  (1  2)(1  8)0.39  (1  4)0.26] (16a)
pmax 2 8 3 4 24

Therefore, the maximum-film pressure ratio is

P
 0.645 (16b)
pmax

The flow variable. From Fig. 12-19, see page 640, for the Sommerfeld number S = 0.3957, we have:
l
 1 0.5 0.25
d
Q
3.1 3.75 4.7 5.4
rcN L

Substituting these values and the slenderness ratio l / d  2 into Eq. (14), the flow variable can be
written as
Q 1 1 1 1 1
 3 [ (1  2)(1  4)(1  8)3.1  (1  4)(1  8)3.75  (1  2)(1  8)4.7  (1  4)5.4] (17a)
rcN L 2 8 3 4 24

Therefore, the flow variable is

Q
 3.35 (17b)
rcN L

Summary: For the convenience of the reader, the results given by Eqs. (15b), (16b), and (17b), are
presented in the following table:

l/d y y1 y1/2 y1/4 yl / d

h0 / c 2 0.94 0.7 0.46 0.25 0.824
P / pmax 2 0.84 0.51 0.39 0.26 0.645
Q / rcNl 2 3.1 3.75 4.7 5.4 3.35

The minimum film thickness can be written from Eq. (15b) as

h0  0.824 c mm (18a)

Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (18a), the minimum film thickness is
h0  0.824c  0.824  0.025  0.0206 mm (18b)

The maximum film pressure can be written from Eq. (16b) as

P
pmax  MPa (19a)
0.645

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Then substituting Eq. (9) into Eq. (19a), the maximum film pressure is
0.854
pmax   1.32 (19b)
0.645
The total oil flow rate can be written from Eq. (17b) as
Q  3.35 r c N l (20a)

Substituting Eqs. (3), (4), (6) and (8) into Eq. (20a), the total oil flow rate is

Q  3.35 16  0.025 15  64  1.2864 103 mm3 / s (20b)

3. Problem 12-3. 10 Points. The minimum radial clearance, see Example 12-5, page 647, can be written
as
b  d max
cmin  min (1)
2
The unilateral tolerance of the bushing bore is 0.004 mm, which is neglected in the following
calculations (refer to Example 12-5, page 647). The minimum diameter of the bushing bore is
bmin  3.005 in (2a)

The unilateral tolerance of the journal bearing is - 0.001 mm, which is neglected in the following
calculations (refer to Example 12-5, page 647). The diameter of the journal bearing (that is, the
maximum diameter of the journal bearing) is
d  d max  3.000 in (2b)

Therefore, the radius of the journal bearing is

3.000
r  1.500 in (3)
2
Substituting Eqs. (2a) and (2b) into Eq. (1), the minimum radial clearance is
3.005  3.000
cmin   0.0025 in (4)
2
The radial clearance ratio of the journal bearing, see Eq. (12-7), page 622, is defined as
r
(5a)
c
Substituting Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq. (5a), the radial clearance ratio of the journal bearing is
r 1.5
  600 (5b)
c 0.0025

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 The length of the journal is l  1.5 in and the diameter of the journal is d  3 in, therefore, the
slenderness ratio is
l 1.5
  0.50 (6)
d 3.000
The pressure (that is, the load per unit of projected bearing area), see Example 12-5, page 647, can
be written as
W
P (7)
2l r
The radial load is
W  800 lb (8a)
The speed of the journal is 600 rev / min, that is

600
N  10 rev/s (8b)
60
Substituting l  1.5 in and Eqs. (3) and (8a) into Eq. (7), the pressure is

800
P  177.78 lbs/in 2 (9)
2 x 1.5 x 1.5

The Sommerfeld number (or the bearing characteristic number) can be written from Eq. (12-7), see
page 622, as
 r  N
2

S   (10)
c P

The two lubricants are SAE 10 and SAE 40 both at an operating temperature of 150 F. From Figure 12-
12, see page 633, the absolute viscosity of the SAE 10 lubricant operating at 150 F is
     1.75  reyn (11)

Substituting Eqs. (3), (4), (6), (9b), and (11) into Eq. (10), the Sommerfeld number can be written as

1.75  106 10 

S  6002   (12a)
 177.78 
Therefore, the Sommerfeld number is
S  0.0354 (12b)
For the Sommerfeld number S = 0.0354 and the slenderness ratio l / d  0.5 , the minimum film
thickness variable from Figure 12-16, see page 636, is
h0
 0.11 (13a)
c
Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (13a), the minimum film thickness is

10
 h0  0.11 0.0025  0.000275 in (13b)

For the Sommerfeld number S = 0.0354 and the slenderness ratio l / d  0.5 , the maximum film
pressure ratio from Figure 12-21, see page 641, is
P
 0.21 (14a)
pmax

Substituting Eq. (9b) into Eq. (14a), the maximum pressure (that is, the maximum load per unit of
projected bearing area) is
177.78
pmax   847 psi (14b)
0.21

The absolute viscosity of the SAE 40 lubricant operating at 150 F from Figure 12-12, see page 633, is
   4.5  reyn (15)

Using Eqs. (11), (12), and (15), the Sommerfeld number can be written as

 4.5 
S  0.0354   (16a)
 1.75 
Therefore, the Sommerfeld number is
S  0.0910 (16b)
For the Sommerfeld number S = 0.0910 and the slenderness ratio l / d  0.5 , the minimum film
thickness variable from Figure 12-16, see page 636, is
h0
 0.19 (17a)
c
Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (17a), and rearranging, the minimum film thickness is
h0  0.19  0.0025  0.000475 in (17b)

For the Sommerfeld number S = 0.0910 and the slenderness ratio l / d  0.5 , the maximum film
pressure ratio from Figure 12-21, see page 641, is
P
 0.275 (18a)
pmax

Substituting Eq. (9) into Eq. (18a), and rearranging, the maximum pressure (that is, the maximum load
per unit of projected bearing area) is
177.78
pmax   646 psi (18b)
0.275

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