!

" #

$ % & ' (

→ + −
+ υ β
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!
$ % %&

( ,
- , (
% . /
$ % %&
$0 1 2 -
- 2 (

3 ,

(4 5 , (
1 6
% 2
−

− ! − ! ⋅ ! −+! ⋅ ! −+!
= = = ! −+7
,
8
! ! ⋅ ! −+*
3πε ! 3πε !

, 6 1 2
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0 - 1 2 -
, 2 - 0 % , (
 9
4 : ,
;
1 <-
= = 2
9
)
)
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; , @ > ?& : ,
,
,

• 4 , = = %
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• 4 A 1 B- A B
$ 0 , 5 6, (

" %
"
"
" C

[ ] = @ 1@ > - @= < ( ( "

'

% (
$0
• = ⋅ 1 1 - %
( - " (
• ' % D 2
1 - ) = 1

' ,

' E { - }-
6 ) E E = ( F 1 - + F1 ∧ F 1 - )
 ' 2 ,
, 0 ) = −λ ⋅ F 1λ >!

=− ⋅ F
1 >!
F

+ ' (G )

1 - 6
= + - D 6 - 2
1 0
1
- (
) <
, - 2 6 -

= =−
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, (
1 H , - ,
(

3 ' ( ,

0 2
, ( I J FF -
J = 1 J= −

+
 H 5 J = 1% %

& %0 - =

H =− 1 − ! ⋅ - D - !
6, (

%
0 , ,
) - % (

1 6 1
F1 = ⇔ =!
1 =!

1 - - ) 0
χ << 3 - χ << K3!!<

9 %
G 0 2
= → - 0 (
= → - 0 (

=−

G , I 6 - FF

3
 $

1 - 6
= ⋅ F1 1
,

H F1 = ⋅ F1 , 1

=
F1
- 1 , ,

1 % )

6 % ) 1 ⇔ F1 =! F1 =! =!

H 5 , , ! (
6 = !(
•: 1
•G 2 5
•9
• : 2 1 - -1 -
= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
F1 = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅

F1 = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅

= ⋅ =− ⋅
! = ! α⋅ + ! α⋅

#
: = ⋅ F1

H 5 0
!= =
!= ⇔ =
− = =− + +

6 = !- F1 = 1 ! ⋅ + 1! ⋅ + 1! ⋅ = ⋅ + ⋅ + + ⋅
= ! α/ =!/ + = ! α

= ! α 1 = ! α⋅ +!
=! ⇔ 1 =!
=− + ! α 1 =− + ! α ⋅ +!
$ 5

=− + α
! α
H % % ) % = !(

α
• '2 = 1 = !( H 2 = !

α α α
2 =− !
+ ! α× !
= !
(

π
2 0 α=

• =! ≠!
α
− + ! α⋅ =!⇔− + ! α =!⇔ = !

α α α π
1 = !
= !
( 0 α=
3

• ) L
0 - α =− + α = 1α
! α
H 0 6
H J 1α = =!
α
− − × 1− α α
J 1α = + = −
!
+
α α α !

π
H D =! α=

K
 α
J 1α = ! ⇔ − =!⇔ = !
α= !

! α ×

=− + α =− 1 + α + α
α
0
! !
3
=− + !
+ !
=− − !
+ !
=− + !

! × ! !

$ , - ) ) - A ) L B
1 6 %0 I (

1α J

1α αJ
α

9 ) , 6 ,

9 - = −λ ⋅ F1 = −λ 1 ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
: + = ⋅ F1

⇔ +λ⋅ =
F1
F1
1

H , ) (
λ
−
= + (H τ=
F1
λ λ
= !- ! =τ ⋅ + ( = ! −τ ⋅
λ
−
F1 =τ ⋅ +1 ! −τ ⋅
− Fτ
= τ ⋅ ⋅ + 1τ ⋅ − τ ⋅ ! +
6 = !- = ! = τ ⋅ −τ ⋅ ! + ( =τ ⋅ ! −τ ⋅
− Fτ
= τ ⋅ ⋅ +τ 1 ! −τ ⋅ 1 −
1 =τ ⋅ α ⋅1 − !
− Fτ
1 − Fτ
1 = −τ × × + τ ⋅ 1 ! α + ⋅τ ⋅ 1 −

2 5 0 = !(
− Fτ
⇔ −τ × + 1 ! α + ⋅τ ⋅ =!
− Fτ τ× τ× α + ⋅τ
⇔ = ⇔ = −τ =τ !
1 ! α + ⋅τ ! α + ⋅τ τ×

M
 α + ⋅τ
=τ !

τ×
2

Fτ
1 = −τ × × 2 +τ ⋅ 1 ! α + ⋅τ ⋅ 1 − − 2

α
= −τ + !
+τ × α
τ×
!

G ∞ 1
1 =τ × ! α
→∞

F1 =τ ⋅ = −τ × ⋅
→∞

; %

H 2 , (
• : 1
• G 2
• ' - - 1 +
• ) 0 (
π
• ( = α ! - D α ! ∈ !/

• 2 C (
= = α⋅ − α⋅
= ⋅
= ⋅ 1 - )
, ( = ⋅ / F1 = ⋅ / F1 = ⋅
% 2 -
+ + = F1 ⇔ α⋅ − α⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = ⋅
α+ =
⇔
− α+ =!

G )
1 = =!

α+ = =− α
⇔
− α+ =! =− α

*
 α
= = = α≤ 1 % ) )
α
α ≤ α!
% ) % ) α ≤ α! (
1 α > α! - I )

G , +
=− =− ⋅
F1

F1

⇔ =− =− ⋅ =− × α
⇔ = α− × α
⇔ = α ×1 α − α!
H , , (
= α ×1 α− α! × + !
>!

= α ×1 α− α! × + ! + !
=!

" G α ≥ α! - 1 (H ,
(1 )
" G α < α! - H I , (

0 >! 1 =! = !

α1 α! − α
∈ [!/ [- 1 >!( I (
≥ - ) 1

G , −
=− ⋅ 1− = ⋅ = × α⋅
⇔ = α+ × α
⇔ = α × 1 α + α!
= α × 1 α + α! × + !
<!

= α ×1 α+ α! × + ! + !
=!

% 2 , - < !( H - ! <! (
−
0 >! 1 =! = !

α1 α+ α!
∈ [!/ [- < !(
1
≥ - α > α! - , + / α ≤ α! -
) % I 1

7
 6
: E

- - 6 6, ! (
• 1
• 2
• ' - - (
• : 2 1 - - ( = ! (

= =− ⋅
= ⋅ + ⋅
=− 1 − ! ⋅ =− 1 + − ! ⋅ =− 1 ! + − ! ⋅ =− ⋅

= ⋅ / F1 = ⋅ / F1 = ⋅

6 % ) 1 - + + =!⇔ =!

F1 = + +
=−
⇔ !=− + ⇔ + =! =−
!=
H , N

1 = 1ω × + ϕ , ω=
$0 , ! = !- ! = ! >!
∀ > !- 1 =− ω 1ω( + ϕ
π
=! ϕ =! ϕ=±
!
⇔ ⇔
= − ω ϕ = ! >! π
! ! ϕ=− = !

ω
π
1 = 1ω( − = !
ω(
ω

!
: ,

6
= =− ⋅
=− 1 − ! ⋅ 1− = 1 − ! ⋅

$ ) 1
+ =!
− + 1 − ! =!

= ! +

H = 1 =− ( = ⋅

F1 = +
⇔ ⋅ =− ⋅ + 1 − ! ⋅
⇔ = 1 − ! − = 1 −
= = + = − ! + = ! −
=−

⇔ + =!