MA 102 (Ordinary Differential Equations)

IIT Guwahati
Tutorial Sheet No. 7 Date: March 9, 2020

Basics of ODEs, General solutions of first order ODEs.

(1) Determine the order and degree of the following differential equations. Also, state whether
they are linear or nonlinear.
d4 y dy 2 d2 y d2 y dy 21 d2 y


(a) dx 4 +19 dx
   = 11y; (b) dx 2 +x sin y = 0; (c) dx 2 +y sin x = 0; (d) (1+ dx
) = x dx 2;
d6 y d4 y d3 y 3
d y 2
2d y
(e) dx6
+ dx4 dx3
+ y = x; (f ) x3 dx x
3 + x dx2 + y = e .

Solution: (a) O=4, D=1, nonlinear; (b) O=2, D=1, nonlinear; (c) O=2, D=1, linear;
(d) O=2, D=2, nonlinear; (e) O=6, D=1, nonlinear; (f ) O=3, D=1, linear.

(2) Obtain the differential equation satisfied by the following functions.

(a) y = c1 e−x + c2 e2x ; (b) x2 + c1 y 2 = 1; (c) All lines tangent to the parabola x2 = 4y.

Solution: (a) y 00 − y 0 − 2y = 0; (b) y 0 = (xy)/(x2 − 1);

(c) If the line y = mx + c is a tangent to the parabola x2 = 4y, then it has a single point of
intersection with the parabola. This point is a double root of x2 − 4mx − 4c = 0. But this
is possible if and only if 16m2 + 16c = 0 ⇒ c = −m2 . Thus y = mx − m2 is the equation of
dy
the tangent. Differentiating with respect to x, we have m = dx so that the required ODE
dy dy 2


is y = x dx − dx .

(3) In part c) of the above problem, show that the parabola itself forms an integral curve of
the differential equation. Thus show that two integral curves of the differential equation
pass through each point of the parabola.
dy dy 2


Solution: It is easy to verify that y = x2 /4 is a solution of y = x dx − dx .

(4) Show that if (Nx − My )/(xM − yN ) is a function say g(z) of z = xy, then the
R equation


M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0 has an integrating factor µ(z), where µ(u) = exp g(u)du .

Solution: Note that

Z  Z 0
0
µ (u) = exp g(u)du g(u)du = µ(u)g(u).

Since µ(xy)M dx + µ(xy)N dy = 0 is exact, we have

∂ ∂(xy)
{µ(xy)M } = µ0 (xy) M + µ(xy)My
∂y ∂y
= µ(xy) [g(xy)xM + My ] ,

∂ ∂(xy)
{µ(xy)N } = µ0 (xy) N + µ(xy)Nx
∂x ∂x
= µ(xy) [g(xy)yN + Nx ] .
Now, (Nx − My ) = (xM − yN )g(xy) =⇒ yN g(xy) + Nx = xM g(xy) + My , hence
∂ ∂
{µ(xy)M } = {µ(xy)N }.
∂y ∂x
2

(5) Under what conditions, are the following differential equations exact?
(a) (ax + by)dx + (kx + ly)dy = 0; (b) [f (x) + g(y)]dx + [h(x) + l(y)]dy = 0;
(c) (x3 + xy 2 )dx + (ax2 y + bxy 2 )dy = 0.

Solution: (a) b = k; (b) g 0 (y) = h0 (x); (c) a = 1, b = 0;

(6) Examine the following differential equations for exactness. Solve them by finding appro-
priate integrating factors if necessary.
i) (xy 2 + y)dx + (x2 y − x)dy = 0. ii) y 2 (x2 + 2)dx + (x3 + y 3 )(ydx − xdy) = 0.
iii) (sin x tan y + 1)dx − cos x sec2 ydy = 0. iv) cos x cos2 ydx − 2 sin x sin y cos ydy = 0.
v) (2y 2 − 4x + 5)dx + (4 − 2y + 4xy)dy = 0. vi) (y 2 + xy + 1)dx + (x2 + xy + 1)dy = 0.
vii) xdy = (y + x2 + 9y 2 )dx. viii) xdy − ydx = (2x2 − 3)dx.
ix) ex dx + (ex coty + 2y cosecy)dy = 0. x) ydx + (2x − yey )dy = 0.
∂M ∂N
Solutions: i) Not exact as ∂y
− ∂x
= 2. It may be re-arranged as
xy(ydx + xdy) + ydx − xdy = 0,
which gives d(xy) − d(y/x) = 0. Solution is xy − ln  xy  = C.
 
y/x  
x2 +2 y3
ydx−xdy
ii) The equation is not exact. Upon rearranging terms, + 1+
x3
dx x3
y2
= 0.
y 2
Setting t = xy gives x1 + x23 dx + 1 + t13 dt = 0. The solution is ln|x| − x12 + xy − 2x2 = C.

iii) The equation is exact. If f (x, y) = c be the solution, then

∂f ∂f
M (x, y) = and N (x, y) = .
∂x ∂y
R R
Thus f (x, y) = M dx + h(y) = (sin x tan y + 1)dx + h(y) = x − cos x tan y + h(y). Since
N = ∂f∂y
, we have − cos x sec2 y + h0 (y) = − cos x sec2 y ⇒ h0 (y) = 0 ⇒ h(y) = C. Hence
the solution is x − cos x tan y = K.

iv) The equation is exact. The solution is sin x cos2 y = C.

v) The equation is exact. Solution is 2y 2 x − 2x2 + 5x + 4y − y 2 = C.

vi) The equation is not exact. Upon rearranging the terms we get
d(x + y)
(x + y)(ydx + xdy) + d(x + y) = 0 ⇒ d(xy) + = 0.
x+y
The solution is xy + ln|x + y| = C.

vii) The equation is not exact but may be re-arranged as

y


9y 2
 
2 2 xdy − ydx d x
xdy − ydx = (x + 9y )dx ⇒ = 1 + dx ⇒ 3y 2
= dx.
x2 x2


1+ x
x
The solution is y = 3
tan(3x + B).

viii) Not exact. Solution is y = 2x2 + 3 + Cx.

 
ix) The equation is not exact but ∂N ∂x
− ∂M
∂y
/M = coty is a function of y. Thus
R
µ = e cotydy = eln sin y = sin y is an integrating factor. Using this the given equation
becomes ex sin ydx+(ex cos y+2y)dy = 0 ⇒ d(ex sin y+y 2 ) = 0. Solution is y 2 +ex sin y = C.

x) Similar to ix). Solution is xy 2 = (y 2 − 2y + 2)ey + C.

 3

(7) Solve the following equations by converting them to linear form (if necessary):
dy 1 − e−2x dy
(i) +y = x . (ii) (1 + x2 ) + xy + x3 + x = 0.
dx e + e−x dx
dy
(iii) = y(xy 3 − 1) (iv) ydx − 4(x + y 6 )dy = 0.
dx
dy dy 1
(v) (x + 2)2 = 5 − 8y − 4xy. (vi) = , y(−2) = 0.
dx dx x + y2
dy y
(vii) = , y(5) = 2. (viii) xdy + (xy + 2y − 2e−x )dx = 0, y(1) = 0.
dx y−x
dy
(ix) y 1/2 + y 3/2 = 1, y(0) = 4.
dx
−2x
Solutions: i) P (x) = 1, Q(x) = e1−e
x +e−x . The solution is
−2x
R R R
y = e− P (x)dx e P (x)dx Q(x)dx + Ce− P (x)dx ⇒ y = e−x ex e1−e −x
R R
x +e−x dx + Ce . This gives
−x −x x −x
y = e ln|(e + e )| + Ce .
x √C .
ii) The equation is linear in y and P (x) = 1+x2
, Q(x) = −x. Solution is y = −1 + 1+x2

iii) Use the transformation v = y −3 . The equation changes to dv

dx
− 3v = −3x and the
solution is y13 = 3x+1
3
+ Ce3x .

iv) The equation when rewritten as dx

dy
− 4 xy = 4y 5 is linear in x. The solution is given by
x = 2y 6 + Cy 4 .
5 C
v) The equation is linear in y. The solution is y = 3(x+2)
+ (x+2)4
.

vi) The given equation may be rewritten as dx

dy
− x = y 2 which is linear in x. The general
solution is x = −(y 2 + 2y + 2) + Cey . When (x,y) = (-2,0), C = 0. The required solution
is x = −(y 2 + 2y + 2).
y C
vii) The equation is linear in x. The general solution is x = 2
+ y
and the required
particular solution is x = y2 + y8 .

viii) The equation is linear in y. The solution is y = e−x 1 − 1

x2
.
3 dv
ix) Setting v = y 2 transforms it to the linear equation dx + 32 v = 32 . The general solution
3 3 3 3
is y 2 = 1 + Ce− 2 x and the particular solution is y 2 = 1 + 7e− 2 x .

(8) Examine whether the following equations are in homogeneous form. Solve each of them
by converting them to separable form after making appropriate substitutions if necessary.
i) (x sin xy − y cos xy )dx + x cos xy dy = 0. ii) (3y − 7x + 7)dx p
+ (7y − 3x + 3)dy = 0.
dy y x3 y
iii) dx = 2 x + y + x tan x2 . iv) 2xdy − 2ydx = x2 + 4y 2 dx.

Solutions: i) Here M (tx, ty) = tM (x, y) and N (tx, ty) = tN (x, y). Therefore the equation
is in homogeneous form. Using the transformation y = vx changes it to the separable
dv
equation dx = − tanx v . The solution is x sin( xy ) = B.

ii) The equation is not in homogeneous form. The simultaneous equations

3y − 7x = −7
7y − 3x = −3

are satisfied by x = 1 and y = 0. Setting x = u + 1 transforms it to the homogeneous

equation (3y − 7u)du + (7y − 3u)dy = 0 which is further transformed to the separable
4

7(1−t2 ) 2
equation dt
du
= u(7t−3)
by setting y = tu. The solution is (x−1)14 +( x−1+y
x−1−y
y
)3 +(1− (x−1) 7
2) =

C.

iii) The equation is not homogeneous. Setting y = vx2 transforms it to the separable
dv
= x1 v1 + tan v . The solution is given by x = A(cos xy2 + xy2 sin xy2 ).


equation dx

iv) The equation is homogeneous. Setting y = vx transforms it to the separable equation

√ 
1+4v 2
dv
p
= 2x . The solution is 2y + 4y 2 + x2  = Cx2 .
 
dx