3.-The Digestive and Respiratory System

3.
-THE DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
In this unit you will find out the answers to these questions:
-Why do we need the digestive and respiratory systems?
-What is the relationship between these systems and the circulatory system?
-What role does the liver play in our body?
-What is digestion?
-Is pulmonary respiration the same as cellular respiration?
FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ
© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

3.-THE DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
KEY WORDS
digestive system: group of organs that break down food.
respiratory system: organs responsible for carrying oxygen from the air into the
bloodstream.
circulatory system: heart and blood vessels, responsible for a continuos flow of
blood around the body.
liver: organ that regulates the levels of the main chemicals in the blood.
digestion: process of breaking down food.
pulmonary respiration: process by which oxygen reaches the cells in the body;
breathing. FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

3.1.-THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
KEY WORDS:
• Digestive tract: tube through which food passes; it is made up of
different parts.
• Pancreas: gland that lies behind the stomach. Produces trypsin
• Insalivation: process of mixing food in the mouth with saliva.
• Food bolus: soft mass of chewed (“chut”) food, produced by the
tongue, teeth and saliva.
• Mastication: chewing.(“chuin”)
• Tongue: flexible muscular organ located in the mouth.
• Pharynx: passage that connects the back of the mouth and nose to
the oesophagus.
• Oesophagus: muscular tube that carries food from the throat into
the stomach.

3.1.-THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive , respiratory, circulatory and excretory systems.
are all involved in human nutrition

The distestive system is made up of the digestive tract and series of accessory glands:
salivary, gastric and intestinal glands, as well as the liver and pancreas. These release
secretions into the digestive tract.
Salivary gland
mouth
pharinx
Salivary gland
oesophagus
diaphragma
liver stomach
Gall blader
pancreas
small intestine
large intestine
appendix
rectum
anus

3.1.-THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Preparation for digestion
Insalivation or the production of saliva helps the food bolus to pass down the pharynx
and the oesophagus, saliva starts the digestive process and destroy some of the
bacteria present in food.

Mastication , or chewing (“chuing”), is a mechanical process by which food is

ground and crushed, turning it into smaller pieces to make it easier to digest,
Mastication is carried out by the teeth and food is moved around the mouth
by the tongue.

Swalloguin takes place because of the movement of the tongue, pharynx and
oesophagus.

3.1.-THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Activities pag 25
Activity 2 Look at the diagram. Write the names of the parts A o J in your exercise book.
Then listen and check your answers.

Activity 2 Checking.
diaphragm
liver
Gall bladder stomach
pancreas
Large intestine
apendix Small intestine
rectum
anus

– Activity 3.- Match the systems to the definitions. Wrtie full sentences in your
exercise book.
– Listen and check your answers:
a) respiratory 1. processes foods so they can be distributed to cells
b) digestive 2. carries oxygen and waste products
c) excretory 3. captures oxygen for cells and eliminates carbon dioxide
d) circulatory 4. expels waste products

– Activity 3.-Checking
a) respiratory 3. captures oxygen for cells and eliminates carbon dioxide
b) digestive 1. processes foods so they can be distributed to cells
c) excretory 4. expels waste products
d) circulatory 2. carries oxygen and waste products

3.2.-THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS pag 76
• KEY WORDS
• Stomach: hollow organ shaped like a bag; part of the digestive system.
• Small intestine: part of the digestive system located below the stomach
and the liver; it has three separate parts.
• Chyme: food bolus mixed with the gastric juice in the stomach.
• Bile (“bail”): greenish-brown liquid, which the liver secretes.
• Gall bladder: hollow organ near the duodenum, which stores bile.

3.2.-THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS
The digestion process starts in the stomach and small intstine.
In the stomach the food bolus mixes with gastric juice, a secretion produced by glands
on the inside wall of the stomach. The resulting mixture is called chyme.

oesophagus
The stomach is an organ shaped "pipes" that
cardia connects to the small intestine through the pylorus,
a valve that is normally closed. The inlet valve is
called the cardia of the stomach and, unlike the
pylorus is always open.
muscles layers
piylorus

The bolus remains in the stomach between 3 and 4
hours on average and there is mixed with gastric
juice, a discharge produced by the glands that line
oesophagus the inner wall. The resulting mixture is chyme, a
cardia mass more fluid than the food bolus.
Gastric juice contains:
-Pepsin, an enzyme which begins the digestion of
proteins.
muscles layers -Hydrochloric acid, which, on one hand, activates
pepsin and favors its action to assist the break of food
pylorus
fibers, and secondly, this destroys the bacteria that
may contain
The inner wall is of the stomach is coated by mucus that protects and prevents
the mucosa from being attacked by hydrochloric acid and enzymes.

Foods that take longer to pass into the intestine are fats
(more than 4 hours on average) and proteins (3 hours),
oesophagus while carbohydrates remain in the stomach only an
hour and a half.
cardia
The stomach is composed of three muscle layers

facilitate movement of chyme kneading.(“chaim
niding”)
muscles layers
pylorus The longer it remains in the stomach, gastric juice

secreted more, and the mixture becomes acidic
liquid, when it reaches a high acidity opens the
pylorus and chyme pass into the small intestine.

Gall blader
oesophagus
liver stomach
ampulla of Vater
duodenum pancreas
The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gall blader and only
release when food enters the intestine. Bile does not contain digestive
enzymes, but substances called bile salts, which help to digest fats by
emulsiflying them.

Gall blader
oesophagus
liver
stomach
ampulla of Vater
duodenum
pancreas
The pancreas is a gland . It produces hormones that regulate the amount of

glucose in the internal midium . It also secretes pancreatic juice, which contains
enzymes that can digest food molecules (carbohydrates, fats and proteins), as
well as sodium bicarbonates which neutralises acidic chyme to prevent
damage to intestinal cells.

células de la mucosa intestinal

cells of the intestinal mucosa luz del tubo tube lumen
Microvellosidades
capilares sanguíneos microvilli
blood capillaries
glándula intestinal intestinal gland

capilar linfático lymphatic capillary
Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine.
The nutrients absorbed are simple molecules: monosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerol
and amino acids. Other molecules which do not need to be digested are aborbed, such
as vitamins and mineral salts.

Transverse colon
Ascending colon Descending col on
Ileocecal valve
caecum
rectum
anus
Water is absorbed in the large intestine, where the waste products of digestion are
compared to form faeces (“fisis”), which are expelled from the body via the anus.

Involvement of digestive fluids over time
FOOD FOOD
BOLUS CHYME CHYLE
Gastric juice Pancreatic and

Saliva
intestinal juices and bile

3.2.-THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS Activities pag 27
Activity 7.- Listen and choose the correct wrods in the text.
Write the correct text in your exercise book.
When the food bolus enters the (a) stomach / throat, the (b) gastric / intestinal
muscles contract. The food bolus stays there for between three and (c) ten/ four hours.
Here it mixes with (d) gastric / hydrochloric juice. The resulting mixture is called (e) bile
/ chyme. It is more (f) solid / fluid than the food bolus now.

Activity 7.- Checking
When the food bolus enters the (a) stomach the (b) gastric muscles contract.
The food bolus stays there for between three and (c) four hours. Here it mixes with (d)
gastric juice. The resulting mixture is called (e) chyme. (“caim”) It is more (f) fluid
than the food bolus now.

Activity 8.- Copy and complete thewords with the missing vowels.
Listen and check your answers.
a) l__ v__ r d) s t __m__c h
b) g__ ll bl__ dd __ r e) __n t __s t __n__
c) p__n c r __ __ s

a) l i v e r d) s t o m a c h
b) g a ll bl a dd e r e) i n t e s t i n (e)
c) p a n c r e a s

Activity 9.- Look at the diagram.

Write the names for parts A to G in your exercise book.
Then listen and check your answers.

oesophagus
liver
Gall bladder stomach
Ampulla
of Vater
pancreas
duodenum

Activity 10.- In pairs, discuss the following questions:
“Why do herbivores have a longer digestive tract than carnivores?”
Use the words and phrases below to help you.

- I think this is because…
- I agree…/disagree…
- That can’t be true because…
- Herbivores eat / don’t eat…
- Carnivores eat / don’t eat…

Activity 10.- In pairs, discuss the following questions:

Why do herbivores have a longer digestive tract than carnivores?”
Use the words and phrases below to help you.
- I think this is because…
- I agree…/disagree…
- That can’t be true because…
- Herbivores eat / don’t eat…
- Carnivores eat / don’t eat…
Anwsering:
Foods of animal are rich in nutrients and are highly digestible, so carnivores do not
require a very lon digestive tract. In contrast, foods of plant origin are more difficult to
digest, because the cell walls of their cells must be broken down (this is done by certain
micro-organisms), so digestion of them takes longer.

Activity 11.- Copy and complete the text with the words in the boxes
anus faeces large waste water
(a)____is absorbed in the (b)______intestine, where the (c) ______products

of digestion are compacted to form (d) _________, which are expelled from
the body via the (e) ________

Activity 11.- Copy and complete the text with the words in the boxes
anus faeces large waste water
Checking
(a) Water is absorbed in the (b) large intestine, where the (c) waste products
of digestion are compacted to form (d) faeces, which are expelled from the
body via the (e) anus

Activity 12.- Put the following in order of the digestive process (1=first)
a) Chyme b) food bolus c) chyle d) food

Activity 12.- Put the following in order of the digestive process (1=first)
d) food=1 b) food bolus=2 a) Chyme =3 c) chyle= 4

3.1.-THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: ANATOMY AND MAIN PARTS

3.1.-THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: ANATOMY AND MAIN PROCESSES




3.-The Digestive and Respiratory System

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

3.-The Digestive and Respiratory System

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

3.

-THE DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

-Why do we need the digestive and respiratory systems?

-What role does the liver play in our body?

-Is pulmonary respiration the same as cellular respiration?

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

digestion: process of breaking down food.

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

The digestive , respiratory, circulatory and excretory systems.

are all involved in human nutrition

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

Mastication , or chewing (“chuing”), is a mechanical process by which food is

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

– Listen and check your answers:

a) respiratory 1. processes foods so they can be distributed to cells

b) digestive 2. carries oxygen and waste products

c) excretory 3. captures oxygen for cells and eliminates carbon dioxide

d) circulatory 4. expels waste products

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

a) respiratory 3. captures oxygen for cells and eliminates carbon dioxide

b) digestive 1. processes foods so they can be distributed to cells

c) excretory 4. expels waste products

d) circulatory 2. carries oxygen and waste products

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

• Bile (“bail”): greenish-brown liquid, which the liver secretes.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

The digestion process starts in the stomach and small intstine.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

The stomach is composed of three muscle layers

pylorus The longer it remains in the stomach, gastric juice

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

The pancreas is a gland . It produces hormones that regulate the amount of

© Oxford University Press España, S.A.

células de la mucosa intestinal

glándula intestinal intestinal gland

Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine.

FEU CLIC PER A CONTINUAR AMB LA PRESENTACIÓ

a) l v r d) s t mc h

b) g ll bl dd r e) n t s t n__

(a)is absorbed in the (b)intestine, where the (c) ____products