Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CODE: 203058
Presented to:
Delivered by:
Group:
203058_19
INTRODUCTION
For the correct study and development of signals by electromagnetic waves, it is necessary
to have a broad knowledge and good use of mathematical terms. Also recognize how to
perform the diagnosis and calculations of the behavior of these propagation waves through
the terms mentioned above, making appropriate use of the respective formulas.
In the present work we will make an introduction in the terms that are used to identify the
propagation of electromagnetic waves, in addition a mathematical study will be carried out
for the recognition and theoretical calculation of these.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ACTIVITY
Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic
references to support the research:
4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of every type
of radiation.
Answer: The knowledge that we have today of the electromagnetic spectrum is quite
finished and its applications are many, every time we talk on the cell phone, we tune to a
radio, watch a television program, or feel the heat of the sun, we are perceiving one or the
other form electromagnetic radiation. Visible light is only a small part of the family of
electromagnetic waves that make up the spectrum. Their applications depend on the type of
electromagnetic wave:
Microwave waves: One application is that of ovens. Its operation is based on the
fact that very high frequency electromagnetic radiation has a lot of energy, so there
is a very large heat transfer to food in a short time. Communications and radar are
two other applications of microwaves.
The radio waves: they are used mainly in the treatment called short wave. It is a
type of high frequency alternating current characterized by having a wavelength
comprised between 1 and 30 meters (10-300 MHz). The short wave, due to its high
frequency is able to cross all kinds of bodies, both drivers and non-drivers.
Infrared: they are used when we turn on the television and change channels with
our remote control; In the supermarket, our products are identified by reading the
barcodes; we see and listen to compact discs ... everything, thanks to infrared. These
are just some of the simplest applications, since they are also used in security
systems, ocean studies, medicine, etc.
X-rays: they are used mainly in the fields of scientific research, industry and
medicine.
Gamma Rays: are used to sterilize instruments that cannot be sterilized by other
methods, and with considerably lower risks to health, are also used in radiotherapy.
In the image shared here, we can see the radio frequencies that are currently used:
5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us about the
electromagnetic waves behavior?
Answer: The refraction of a wave consists in the change of direction that it experiences
when it passes from one medium to another. This change of direction occurs as a
consequence of the different speed of propagation that the wave has in both media.
The refraction of a plane wave from a medium 1 to another medium 2 is represented in the
figure below, assuming that the velocity of propagation is lower in the second medium than
in the first. As the wave front AB is affecting the separation surface, the AC points of that
surface become secondary foci and transmit the vibration to the second medium. Because
the velocity in the second medium is smaller, the envelope of the transmitted secondary
waves forms an EC wavefront, in which the point E is closer to the separation surface than
the B. As a consequence, when passing to the Second, the rays deviate towards the normal
direction N.
By similar reasoning it is verified that the deviation of the propagation direction takes place
in the opposite direction when the wave travels from a medium where its velocity of
propagation is less than to one in which it is greater.
REFRACTIVE INDEX
In a vacuum, the light propagates at a speed of C = 3.0 × 108 while in any other medium, it
propagates more slowly. The relationship between "C" and the speed of light in any other
medium is called the refractive index of that material, represented as "n".
The refractive index is governed by Snell's law, by which, this property corresponds to the
division between the sinuses of the angles of incidence (the angle between the ray in the
first medium and the perpendicular in the dividing surface) and of refraction (angle
corresponding to the second medium) n = sin (Ø1) / sin (Ø2).
The determination of the Refraction Index is influenced by the temperature and the
wavelength of the emitted light. Under controlled measurement conditions, it is a constant
property for a medium and allows determining the purity of a substance or quantifying a
given compound in binary mixtures of known constituents.
Refractometers are important instruments in the food industry, since they are used in the
analysis of liquid products and in the control of operations during the processing of various
foods: milk and its derivatives (condensed, evaporated, dairy products ...), fruits, juices ,
jams, honey, sauces (ketchup, mustard, soups ...), manufacture and refining sugar, pastries
and pastries
6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they used? What is a
magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and where are they used?
Answer:
A flat wave or also called a one-dimensional wave, is a wave of constant frequency whose
wave fronts (surfaces with constant phase) are parallel planes of constant amplitude normal
to the vector phase velocity. That is to say, they are those waves that propagate in a single
direction throughout the space, like for example the waves in the springs or in the cords. If
the wave propagates in a single direction, its wave fronts are flat and parallel.
By extension, the term is also used to describe waves that are approximately flat in a
localized region of space. For example, a source of electromagnetic waves such as an
antenna produces a field that is approximately flat in a far field region. That is, at a distance
far from the source, the waves emitted are approximately flat and can be considered as
such.
The non-flat waves can be said to be:
Circular or spherical waves: It is called spherical wave because its wave fronts are
concentric spheres, whose centers coincide with the position of the source of
disturbance.
Sound waves are spherical waves when they propagate through a homogeneous and
isotropic medium, such as air or water at rest. Light also propagates in the form of
spherical waves in air, water, or through vacuum.
Mechanical Waves: Mechanical waves need an elastic medium (solid, liquid or gas)
to propagate. The particles of the medium oscillate around a fixed point, so there is
no net transport of matter through the medium. As in the case of a carpet or a whip
whose end is shaken, the carpet does not move, however a wave propagates through
it. Within the mechanical waves we have the elastic waves, the sound waves and the
gravity waves.
Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the solution in the forum.
Perform a critical analysis on the group members’ contributions and reply this in the
forum.
Solution:
Electric conductivity = (σ )
Absolute electric permitivity = (ε) ε =ε r ε 0
Relative electric permitivity = (ε r)
Electric vacuum permitivity = (ε 0=8,8541878176∗10−12 F /m)
Absolute electrical permeability = (μ) μ=μ r μ 0
Relative electrical permeability = ( μr )
Vacuum electric permeability = ( μ0) μ0=4 π∗10−7 N / A 2
v
Wavelength = (λ) λ= P
f
1
Propagation speed = ( v P) v P=
√ με
We confirm data that we have and what should be found:
ε r=4,5
μr =1,2
σ =1,2 S / m
f =6 MHz
ε =?
μ=?
λ=?
v P=?
ε =ε r ε 0
ε =4,5∗(8,8541878176∗10−12 F /m)
ε =3,9843845179∗10−11
μ=μ r μ 0
μ=1,2∗( 4 π∗10−7 N / A2 )
μ=1,50796447372∗10−6
1
v P=
√ με
1
v P=
√ ( 1,50796447372∗10 −6
)∗( 3,9843845179∗10−11 )
1
v P=
√ 6,008310302676∗10−17
1
v P=
7,75132911356∗10−9
v P=1,2901013302∗10−10
vP
λ=
f
1,2901013302∗10−10
λ=
60∗106
λ=2,15016888∗10−17
Contributions Diego Armando Ribero Patiño
1- Explain the concept of loss tangent by means of an example.
∈=permiticidad electrica
Tan(δ)=σ/(ω∈) ∈=∈_γ ∈_0
∈_0=1/36π*〖10〗^(-9)
σ=Conductividad
ω=2πF Angular frequency
By means of the tangent of, the type of medium can be determined because it is a measure
of the quality of an insulation, the lower is the conduction current compared to the
displacement current, the better is the quality of the electrical insulation, the classification
of the media. Can it be established that the higher the Wholesale angle? Greater is the
component of the conduction current versus the displacement current, that is, more
conductor is the medium.
It gives us the speed at which the phase of the wave propagates in space, the phase velocity
of electromagnetic waves depends exclusively on electromagnetic waves properties of the
environment where they propagate and not relative displacement Among the observers to
the speed of propagation of a wave, it allows to know the direction, the module and the
direction of this. The propagation speed is the distance that a wave advances in a given
time.
3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect dielectrics and
good conductors.
Behaves in free space as it is used to predict the direct reception signal when the transmitter
and the receiver have line of sight or look at each other, satellite communication systems
and microwave links are visible in open spaces
The model predicts that the received power is reduced as the separation between the
receiving and transmitting antennas increases, the energy received in the free space is a
function of the given distance.
Perfect dielectric: indicates the limit that does not allow the movement of the charges inside
and because the stored energy is distributed equally, between the electric field and the
magnetic field
good conductors: copper, gold and silver, aluminum allows it to perform more easily,
where the battery of its electrons is in its last orbit.
4 . Using the electromagnetic spectrum, it explains the practical application of each
type of radiation
X-rays: they are used mainly in the fields of scientific research, industry and medicine axis
as it is the taking of x-rays.
Gamma rays: they are used to sterilize instruments that can not be sterilized by other
methods, they are also used in radiotherapy.
The radio waves: they are used mainly in the treatment called short wave. It is a type of
high frequency alternating current characterized by having a wavelength comprised
between 1 and 30 meters (10-300 MHz). The short wave, due to its high frequency is able
to cross all kinds of bodies, both drivers and non-drivers.
5. What is the refractive index and what kind of information does it give us about the
behavior of electromagnetic waves?
The refractive index is inversely proportional to the wavelength, it is called the absolute
refractive index, "n" of a transparent medium
The quotient between the speed of light in the vacuum "c" and the speed of light in that
medium "v"
n = c / v where the value of "n" is always dimensionless and greater than unity and is a
constant characteristic of each medium
We can understand that the refraction of a wave consists in the change of speed and / or
direction that it experiences when it passes from one medium to another in which it travels
with different speed. This change of direction occurs as a result of the different speed of
propagation that It has the wave in both media.
Principio del formulario
Final del formulario
6- What is a flat wave and a non-flat wave and where are they used? What is a
magnetic and non-magnetic medium and where are they used?
A plane wave or also called a mono-dimensional wave, is a constant frequency wave with a
constant level. They are parallel planes of constant amplitude normal to the vector velocity
of phase. That is to say, waves that propagate in a single direction along the space and
towards the non-flat wave according to the explanation of the didactic material that are
altering this process, for example the waves in the springs or in the cords.
It is a magnetic medium in a storage medium that uses magnetic patterns to characterize the
information used in a magnetic head to read and write data. The medium used for storage
can be a plastic tape coated with fine particles of a metal.
And what is not a magnetic medium in which there are no flow currents (σ = 0) and the
charge density is equal to zero (ρv = 0), we will depart
Problem Nro2.
2. In a medium with the following characteristics, 𝜀𝑟 = 4, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.6 and 𝜎 = 2.3𝑥10−4
𝑆/𝑚 find these parameters for a 300MHz signal:
a. Loss tangent.
b. Propagation constant.
c. Phase velocity.
d. Wavelength.
e. Index of refraction.
Explain the meaning of each found value.
we calculate the tangent of losses to discriminate the medium
σ 2.3∗10−4 Sm/m
tan(δ )= = = 0.0003886
ωϵ 2 π∗0.3∗108 rad /seg∗4∗1 36 π∗10−9 F /m
It is a loss tangent of less than 0.1, so the environment can be characterized as a dielectric
with low losses, therefore:
10−7 H
γ = jω √ με= j2
8
π∗0.3∗10 rad
seg
¿
√
∗ (4 ¿
m
∗4∗1
36 π
m
∗10−9
F)= j12.47 ¿
rad
β=12.47
m
μ 4 π∗10−7 H /m
n=
√ ε
√
=
4∗1
36 π
−9
∗10 F /m
=188.50 Ω
attenuation constant
σn 2.3∗10−4 Sm/m∗188.50 Ω −3
α= = =21.7∗10 Np/m
2 2
phase velocity
Wavelength
2π 2π
λ= = =0.50386 m
β 12.47
speed factor
v p 151∗10 6 m/ s
fv= = =0.5038
co 3∗108 m/ s
refractive index
1 1
n= = =1.984
f v 0.5038
The speed of the wave depends on the frequency of the wave and they are
inversely proportional to the period and frequency.
5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us about the
electromagnetic waves behavior?
6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they used? What is
a magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and where are they used?
Flat Wave: It is a wave of constant frequency, where its fronts are plane
planes of constant amplitude normal to the vector velocity of phase. They
are waves that propagate in a single direction throughout space, like docks.
Circular Waves: Originated when the surface is disturbed by an object in the
water, the oscillations propagate in a radial direction centered at the point
where the oscillations originate.
Spherical Waves: All the points that oscillate in phase are on a spherical
surface, as the distance of the source increases, the amplitude of the waves
diminish.
Magentic means: These are devices that use magnetic materials to archive
digital information such as hard drives.
From the analysis developed in the previous point for flat waves propagating in any
medium with losses, it is interesting to find the expressions that describe 2 particular
conductors. The tangent of losses, defined in equation 2.21, is a useful way to distinguish
between conductors and dielectrics, since it allows comparing the magnitude of the
factor ω. Thus, the smaller the tangent of losses, the lower the attenuation suffered by a
wave propagating in said medium and, therefore, the lower the power dissipated. That is
why when it is required to design a system in which a wave must be propagated, it will be
waves propagation?
All waves have a finite propagation velocity, in whose value the elastic restoring forces of
the medium and certain factors of the mass of the medium influence: the linear density in
the strings; the depth of the water under the surface, or the adiabatic coefficient, the
molecular mass and the temperature in the case of the propagation of sound in a gas.
of the medium returns to possess the same properties. It will be the same
For its part, the space traveled by the wave at that time will be the distance between two
consecutive points that meet the same property. At that distance it is called wavelength, .
Thus
although Free Space Really Involves in a vacuum, often the propagation through the
terrestrial atmosphere is called propagation through Free Space and can always be
considered as such. The main difference is that the Earth's atmosphere introduces signal
Electromagnetic waves propagate through any dielectric material including Air But they
do not propagate well through leaking conductors such as seawater since electric fields
cause currents to flow into the material from dissipating scammers. waves
4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of every
type of radiation.
We will distinguish two basic types of radiation: electromagnetic radiation associated with
photons that are particles without mass or electrical charge and corpuscular radiation due to
well charged particle currents (electrons, protons, alpha particles (He nuclei)) or neutrals
(neutrons) )
Physics and its theoretical basis was perfectly established by Maxwell's equations. The first
to postulate the corpuscular nature of light was Max Planck since it was necessary to
explain the spectrum (which lengths wavelengths are emitted and in what proportion) of the
hypothesis of Planck was used shortly after by Einstein to explain the laws of the
photoelectric effect that is the emission of electrons by metallic sheets when illuminating
5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us about the
the angle of refraction is formed by the wave propagated in the middle and the normal,
thus, the refractive index is not more than the relationship between the speed of propagation
of light in empty space and the speed of propagation of light in certain material
6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they used? What is
A flat wave or also called a one-dimensional wave, is a wave of constant frequency whose
wavefronts are parallel planes of constant amplitude normal to the vector phase velocity.
That is to say, they are those waves that propagate in a single direction throughout the
space, like for example the waves in the springs or in the cords. If the wave propagates in a
1.The tangent of loss or tangent delta is a measure of the state of an insulation. it is also
called the dissipation factor and is a measure of the dielectric losses of a solid or liquid
insulator.
Therefore, its magnitude depends on the type of insulation and its conditions and is
independent of its volume. The only disadvantage is that it can only determine the
condition of the surface of the insulation, that is, it does not detect the worst condition, its
value can be affected by moisture and dirt on the surface of the insulation that allows a
circulation of current to through the surface. of the same increase the losses.
A clear example are the ADSL networks managed by telephony operators that because of
the humidity and the environment where they are, their current circulation is affected and
generates a swr (signal to noise) in the network but not the exact point where This network
is affected.
2. They are those waves that do not need a material medium to spread. They include,
among others, visible light and radio waves, television and telephony. All propagate in
vacuum at a constant speed, very high (300 0000 km / s) but not infinite. Electromagnetic
waves are propagated by an oscillation of electric and magnetic fields.
The speed of propagation of a wave depends on the medium in which it propagates in all
homogeneous and isotropic media the speed of the wave is constant in all directions.
depends on the speed of propagation is defined at what distance you can reach, there will
carry the data you are transferring.
3. The separation between dielectrics or insulators, and conductors is not very well defined,
and some means, the earth for example, are considered conductors up to certain
frequencies, and dielectrics with losses for higher frequencies. in good conductors, such as
metals, the ratio σ / (ωε) is much higher than the unit in the whole spectrum of radio
frequencies. Such is the case of copper that up to relatively high frequencies, 30,000 MHz,
the value of this ratio is 3.5 • 109. Also, in good drivers, both ε and ω are almost
independent of frequency. In good dielectrics or insulators, the ratio σ / (ωε) is much less
than unity. Furthermore, for most dielectrics, both ε and ω are functions of frequency,
although the relation σ / (ωε) is practically constant within a certain frequency range of
interest. Most of the materials used either allow the conduction currents to pass easily or
prevent their circulation, ie they behave as conductors or as dielectrics or insulators, with
some exceptions.
4.
RADIO FREQUENCY: they are used for the propagation of radiocommunications with
ranges from 3 Hz up to 300 MHz.
MICROWAVE: These frequencies cover part of the UHF range and the entire range of
SHF and EHF. These waves are used in numerous systems, such as multiple data
transmission devices, radars and microwave ovens ranging from 1 GHz to 300 GHz.
INFRARED: The infrared waves are in the range of 0.7 to 100 micrometers. Infrared
radiation is usually associated with heat. They are produced by bodies that generate heat,
although sometimes they can be generated by some light-emitting diodes and some lasers.
ULTRAVIOLET: Ultraviolet light covers the range of 4 to 400 nm. The Sun is an
important source of rays in this frequency, which cause skin cancer at prolonged exposures.
This type of wave is not used in telecommunications, its applications are mainly in the field
of medicine.
X-RAY: The term X-ray designates an electromagnetic radiation, invisible, able to pass
through opaque bodies and to impress photographic films. The wavelength is between 10 to
0.01 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range of 30 to 30 000 PHz (from 50 to
5000 times the frequency of visible light).
RAYS RANGE: Gamma radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation usually produced
by radioactive elements or subatomic processes such as the annihilation of a positron-
electron pair. This type of radiation of such magnitude is also produced in astrophysical
phenomena of great violence. Due to the high energies they possess, gamma rays constitute
a type of ionizing radiation capable of penetrating matter more deeply than alpha or beta
radiation. Given their high energy can cause serious damage to the nucleus of cells, so they
are used to sterilize medical equipment and food.
5. The refraction of a wave consists of the change of direction that it experiences when it
passes from one medium to another. This change of direction occurs as a consequence of
the different speed of propagation that the wave has in both media.
By similar reasoning it is verified that the deviation of the propagation direction takes place
in the opposite direction when the wave travels from a medium where its velocity of
propagation is less than to one in which it is greater.
REFERENCES