SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION

Symbols Description
Cs Surface derating factor
Rg Earthing grid resistance with respect to remote earth (Ω)
Lt Total length of buried conductors (m)
ρ Soil resistivity (Ω- m)
ρs Resistivity of surface layer material (Ω- m)
A Total area occupied by the earthing grid (m 2)
hs The thickness of the surface layer ¿)
TA Dc time offset constant
X X
ratio at the fault location
R R
f Frequency (Hz)
Df Decrement factor
Ta Ambient temperature(℃)
tf Duration of fault(sec)
IG Maximum grid current (A)
Ig Maximum fault current(kA)
Etouch Touch voltage limit (V)
ts Maximum fault clearing time(sec)
E step Step voltage limit (V)
Lp Length of grid conductors on the perimeter(m)
Es Maximum allowable step voltage (V)
Ki Irregularity factor
Ks Geometric spacing factor
Ls Effective buried length of the grid(m)
h Depth of buried conductors(m)
d Cross sectional diameter of a grid conductor(m)
Kh Weighing factor for depth of burial =√ 1+h

K ii Weighing factor for earth rods on the corner mesh

Lr Length of each earthing rods(m)

Lx Maximum length of the grids in the x direction
Ly Maximum length of the grids in the x direction
LR Total length of each earthing rods (m)
2
i t Energy of the maximum earth fault(A2s)
αr Thermal coefficient of resistivity(℃−1)
ρr Resistivity of the earthing conductors(μ Ω . cm)
TCAP Thermal capacity of the conductor per unit volume( jcm−3 ℃ −1)
K0 1
( −20 degC )
αr
Tm Maximum allowable (fusing) temperature(℃)
h The depth of the earthing grid (m)
R1 Earthing grid conductors’ s resistance (Ω)
R2 Earthing grid rods’ s resistance (Ω)
Rm The mutual earth resistance between the earthing rods and grid
conductors (Ω)

1
b The cross-sectional radius of an earthing electrode ( m 2 ¿
nr number of earthing electrodes in area  A
Lc The total length of buried grid conductors (m)
a′ √ r .2hfor onductors buried at depth  h metres and with cross-
sectional radius r 
metres, or simply r for grid conductors on the surface
Km The geometric spacing factor
LM The effective buried length of the grid
D The spacing between parallel grid conductors ¿)
n geometric factor
Dm The maximum distance between any two points on the grid (m)