Sinaarsi

Sesavali 5
Tavi 1 interfeisebis organizacia . . . . . . . 7
naSromSi warmodgenilia periferiuli mowyobilobebis 1.1. informaciis paraleluri da
rogorc universaluri, aseve specializirebuli interfe- mimdevrobiTi gadacema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
isebis arqiteqtura, standartebi, maxasiaTeblebi, ganxilu- 1.2. monacemTa sinqronuli da
lia Tanamedrove tendenciebi periferiuli mowyobilobebis asinqronuli gadacema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
interfeisebis ganviTarebis sferoSi.
damxmare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos
Tavi 2 sistemuri platis arqiteqtura . . . 17
teqnikuri universitetis informatikisa da marTvis siste-
mebis fakultetis 2201 `kompiuteruli sistemebi da qselebi~
specialobis studentebisaTvis da magistrebisaTvis. Tavi 3 universaluri daniSnulebis
salteebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1. salteebi ISA/MCA/EISA/VESA . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2. salte PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3. salte PCI EXPRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

recenzentebi:
prof. k. kamkamiZe, Tavi 4 periferiuli mowyobilobebis
prof. r. samxaraZe universaluri daniSnulebis
salteebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.1. interfeisi SCSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2. salte IEEE-1394 (iLink) Fire Wire . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3. infrawiTeli interfeisi IrDa . . . . . . . . . 62

Tavi 5 specialuri daniSnulebis

interfeisebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.1. diskuri mowyobilobis interfeisi
©gamomcemloba ,,teqnikuri universiteti~, 2006. ATA/ATAPI (IDE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
ISBN 99940-56-31-X 5.2. diskuri mowyobilobis interfeisi
SATA (Serial ATA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

2 3
5.3. grafikuli salte AGP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tavi 6 Seyvana-gamoyvanis portebi . . . . . . .
6.1. standartuli mimdevrobiTi porti . . . . .
6.2. paraleluri porti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3. mimdevrobiTi porti USB. . . . . . . . . . . . .
literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 5
93 Sesavali
97 kompiuterisTvis gare samyaros warmoadgens in-
97 formaciis wyaroebisa da momxmareblebis erToblioba.
105 gare samyaro xasiaTdeba obieqtebisa da informaciis
114 warmodgenis formebis mravalferovnebiT _ grafikuli,
teqsturi, xmovani, analoguri, diskretuli da a. S.
125 kompiuteris mowyobilobebs, romlebic gankuTvni-
lia gare samyarodan informaciis misaRebad da gare
samyarosaTvis informaciis misawodeblad, ewodebaT
periferiuli m o w y o b i l o b e b i . es termini
damkvidrda jer kidev 60-ian wlebSi, rodesac gamom-
Tvleli manqanis im dros yvelaze ZviradRirebuli
centraluri nawili ganTavsebuli iyo calke dgarSi,
romelTanac kabelebis saSualebiT erTdebodnen sxva-
dasxva periferiuli mowyobilobebi. amJamad rigi peri-
feriuli mowyobilobebisa (mag. diskuri mowyobilo-
bebi) Tavsdeba erT korpusSi kompiuteris centralur
nawilTan erTad.
personaluri kompiuterebis damproeqteblebisaT-
vis adamianis kompiuterTan moxerxebuli urTierTqmede-
bis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens erT-erT umTavres amo-
canas. am amocanas gaaCnia rigi sxvadasxva aspeqtebisa.
maTgan umTavresia Seyvana-gamoyvanis sistemebis organi-
zacia da axali periferiuli mowyobilobebis damuSa-
veba. periferiuli mowyobilobebis roli ganuwyvetliv
izrdeba personaluri kompiuterebis gamoyenebis sfero-
ebis gafarToebasTan erTad.
Tanamedrove periferiuli mowyobilobebi warmo-
adgenen rTul teqnikur mowyobilobebs da sistemebs,
romelTa daproeqtebisas saWiroa mecnierebisa da
teqnikis sxvadasxva sferoebis _ meqanikis da optikis,
masalaTmcodneobisa da fsiqologiis, sqemoteqnikis,
eleqtronikis da a.S. amocanebis gadaWra.
personaluri kompiuterebis ganviTarebis yvela
etapze periferiuli mowyobilobebi warmoadgenen yve-
laze sust rgols. isini mniSvnelovnad Camouvardebian
kompiuteris centralur mowyobilobebs swrafqmedebiT
da saimedoobiT. maTi srulyofis tempi mniSvnelovnad
Camouvardeba kompiuteris centraluri blokebis ganvi-
Tarebas.
gare samyarosa da kompiuteris centralur na-
wils Soris monacemebis gacvla sruldeba Seyvana-
gamoyvanis sistemebis saSualebiT. Seyvana-gamoyvanis
sistema warmoadgens aparaturuli da programuli sa-
Sualebebis erTobliobas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen
monacemebis miRebas gare wyarodan, maT ganTavsebas kom-
piuteris mexsierebaSi da piriqiT, kompiuteris mexsi-
erebidan monacemebis gadacemas informaciis momxma-
rebelze.
informacias, romelic warmodgenilia formali-
zebuli saxiT, ewodeba m o n a c e m i , xolo Tavad for-
malizacia sruldeba informaciis k v a n t e b i s saSu-
alebiT. informaciis kvanti warmoadgens informaciis
garveul moculobas, romelic yvelze mosaxerxebelia
informaciis miRebisaTvis, aRwerisaTvis da damuSavebi-
saTvis.
6 7
Tavi 1
interfeisebis organizacia
termini `interfeisi~ aRniSnavs mowyobilobis
sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebis erTobliobas, romlebic
gansazRvraven informaciis gacvlis organizacias massa
da sxva mowyobilobebs Soris. aseTi maxasiaTeblebia:
eleqtruli da droiTi parametrebi, mmarTveli signa-
lebis krebuli, monacemTa gacvlis protokolebi, Seer-
Tebis konstruqciuli Taviseburebebi da a. S.
interfeisebi warmoadgenen personaluri kompi-
uteris erT-erT ZiriTad komponents. interfeisebis sa-
SualebiT xdeba monacemebis gacvla kompiuteris sxva-
dasxva blokebs, kompiutersa da periferiul mowyobi-
lobebs Soris.
Tanamedrove personalur kompiuterebSi gamoiye-
neba standartuli interfeisebi, rac mravali sxva-
dasxva daniSnulebis, swrafqmedebis, muSaobis princi-
pebiT gansxvavebuli periferiuli mowyobilobis kompi-
uterTan SeerTebis saSualebas iZleva.
periferiuli mowyobilobebis personalur kompi-
uterTan dakavSireba iseTnairad unda xdebodes, rom
momxmareblis mier miwodebuli monacemebi ara marto
koreqtulad unda miewodebodnen kompiuters, aramed
efeqturad unda xdebodes maTi damuSavebac. informa-
cia, romelic miewodeba monitors, printers da sxva
periferiul mowyobilobebs, winaswar ise unda damu-
Savdes, rom Seesabamebodes konkretuli gamomyvani mow-
yobilobis specifikacias.
 personaluri kompiuteris komponentebs Soris
monacemTa gacvla SesaZlebelia mxolod maTi inter-
feisebis SeTavsebadobis SemTxvevaSi.
IBM-SeTavsebadoba gulisxmobs kompiuteris cal-
keuli komponentebis interfeisebis standartizacias,
rac, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs sistemis moqnilobas,
anu saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi misi konfiguraciis Sec-
vlis, damatebiTi periferiuli mowyobilobebis Seer-
Tebis SesaZleblobas.
interfeisebis SeuTavseblobis SemTxvevaSi (mag.
sistemuri saltis da vinCesteris interfeisebi), gamo-
iyeneba kontrolerebi.
interfeisiT monacemTa gacvla xorcieldeba sig-
nalebis saSualebiT, romelTa gadacemac xdeba eleq-
truli (an optikuri) xazebiT, romelTac interfeisis
xazebi ewodebaT. xazebis erTobliobas, romlebic daj-
gufebulni arian funqcionaluri daniSnulebis mixed-
viT, ewodeba interfeisis salte.
Tanamedrove intrfeisebis damaxasiaTebel Tvise-
bas warmoadgens urTierTqmedebis wesebis unifikacia,
rac mimarTulia informaciuli, eleqtruli da kon-
struqciuli SeTavsebadobis uzrunvelyofisaken; swo-
red unifikacia da standartizacia warmoadgenen fun-
damentalur principebs Tanamedrove interfeisebis dap-
roeqtebisaTvis.
informaciuli SeTavsebadoba miiRweva im erTiani
moTxovnebis safuZvelze, romelic waeyeneba inter-
feisis xazebis (saltis) struqturas da Semadgenlobas,
urTierTqmedebis algoriTmebs, monacemebis formatebs
da kodirebis meTodebs, mmarTvel da samisamarTo in-
formacias, signalebis droiT maxasiaTeblebs.
8 9
eleqtruli SeTavsebadoba gulisxmobs saltiT
gadacemuli eleqtruli, an optikuri signalebis para-
metrebis SeTavsebadobas, logikuri mdgomareobebis
signalebis doneebTan Sesabamisobas. eleqtruli SeTav-
sebadobis uzrunvelyofa ganapirobebs moTxovnebs kom-
ponentebis datvirTvisunarianobisadmi da gadamcemi xa-
zebis maxasiaTeblebisadmi (sigrZe, nebadarTuli wina-
Roba, mowyobilobebis SeerTebis wesi, Tanmimdevroba da
a. S.)
konstruqciuli SeTavsebadoba gulisxmobs mow-
yobilobebis meqanikuri SeerTebis da Secvlis SesaZ-
leblobas. konstruqciuli SeTavsebadoba miiRweva Se-
maerTebeli elementebis (gasarTebi, kabelebi, platebis
konstruqciebi da a. S.) standartizaciiT.
saltis organizacia ganisazRvreba informaciis
gadacemis (paraleluri an mimdevrobiTi, sinqronuli an
asinqronuli), mowyobilobebis SeerTebis da xazebis ga-
moyenebis meTodebiT.
1.1. informaciis paraleluri da mimdevrobiTi
gadacema
informaciis gadacema SesaZlebelia paraleluri
da mimdevrobiTi formiT. Sesabamisad salteebic iyofa
paralelur da mimdevrobiT salteebad.
mimdevrobiT salteSi monacemTa gadacemas emsa-
xureba mxolod erTi xazi, Tumca xazebis saerTo ra-
odenoba, rogorc wesi, metia. damatebiTi xazebiT xdeba
mmarTveli da masinqronizirebeli signalebis gadacema.
paraleluri saltiT gadaicema monacemebis kvan-
tebi, romlebic Sedgebian m bitisagan. monacemis TiTo-
euli kvanti gadaicema m xaziT. m sidide gansazRvravs SesaZlebeli droiTi gabnevaa, xolo Δtstr _ mastrobire-
saltis Tanrigianobas (`siganes~). paraleluri salte- beli signalis droiTi gabneva.
ebis Tanrigianoba 8-is jeradia (erTi baiti) da SeiZ-
leba Seadgendes 8, 16, 32, 64 da a.S. bits.
interfeisis garemos (mimReb-gadamcemi aparatura,
xazebi) parametrebis gabneva iwvevs 1-m xazebiT gada-
cemuli signalebis araTanabar dayovnebebsa da fron-
tebis araTanabar damaxinjebebs. es niSnavs, rom mowyo-
biloba-gadamcemidan 1-m xazebze erTdroulad gadace-
muli signalebi mowyobiloba-mimRebs miewodeba ara
erTdroulad, aramed (t1, t2) droiT intervalSi (nax 1.1).
am movlenas ewodeba informaciis droiTi gadaxra. (t1,t2)
droiT intervalSi mowyobiloba-mimRebma SeiZleba mi-
iRos nebismieri {xi} ( i = 1,m ) koduri kombinacia maSin,
rodesac mowyobiloba-gadamcemidan gaica {bi} koduri
kombinacia.
araswori koduri kombinaciis miRebis Tavidan
asacileblad paralelur interfeisebSi damatebiT Se-
moaqvT strobirebis (masinqronizirebeli) signali STR, nax. 1.1
romelic mowyobiloba-mimRebs miewodeba drois im tstr
momentSi, romelic Seesabameba mowyobiloba-mimRebis
Sesasvlelebze {bi} koduri kombinaciis dayenebas, anu 1.2. monacemTa sinqronuli da asinqronuli
unda sruldebodes piroba tstr > t2. gadacema
STR signalis gadacema unda moxdes 1, m xazebze
monacemTa gadamcemisa da mimRebis urTierTqme-
sainformacio signalebis gadacemis Semdeg, garkveuli
deba gulisxmobs informaciis kvantebis gadacemisa da
droiTi dayovnebiT.
miRebis momentebis droSi SeTanxmebas. sinqronuli
τstr > 2max (Δti,j) = 2max ⏐ti - tj⏐,
gadacemisas mTliani Setyobinebis, an misi ZiriTadi
sadac ti da tj warmoadgenen mowyobiloba-gadamcemidan
nawilis ganmavlobaSi gadamcemi inarCunebs mudmiv dro-
erTdroulad, Sesabamisad i da j xazebiT gadacemuli
iT intervals informaciis kvantebis gadacemebs Soris.
signalebis mowyobiloba-mimRebze miwodebis yvelaze
mimRebi damoukideblad, an gadamcemidan miwodebuli
adreul da gvian momentebs, Δti, j _ Sesabamisi signalebis
10 11
mmarTveli signalebis saSualebiT uzrunvelyofs in-
formaciis kvantebis miRebas maTi gacemis tempSi.
mimdevrobiT interfeisSi monacemTa gadacemis
sinqronuli reJimis realizaciisaTvis gadamcemi Setyo-
binebis dasawyisSi gadascems bitebis winaswar gansaz-
Rvrul erTobliobas, romelsac sinqronizaciis signa-
li _ SYN ewodeba. interfeisis nulovanidan erTeulo-
van mdgomareobaSi gadasvlisas gaiSveba mimRebis Siga
generatori, romlis sixSirec emTxveva gadamcemis gene-
ratoris sixSires. mimRebi aRiqvams SYN signals, rom-
lis Semdegac miiRebs mimdinare simbolos, dawyebuli
pirveli bitidan. es procesi ilustrirebulia nax. 1.2-
ze. simboloebis gadacemis (da miRebis) intervalebis
mudmivobas uzrunvelyofen sinqronulad momuSave, six-
Siris maRali stabilurobis mqone, erTmaneTisagan da-
moukidebeli generatorebi mimRebSi da gadamcemSi. sin-
qronizaciis darRvevisas gadamcemma mimdevrobiT gada-
cemul baitebs Soris unda Casvas damatebiTi SYN sig-
nalebi. Tu mimdevrobiTi gadacemisas gamoiyeneba inter-
feisis damatebiTi xazebi, gadamcemisa da mimRebis sin-
qronul muSaobas uzrunvelyofen gadamcemidan mimReb-
ze mmarTveli xazebiT gadacemuli sinqrosignalebi.
nax. 1.2
sinqrosignalebis saSualebiT realizdeba mona-
cemTa sinqronuli gadacema paralelur interfeisSic.
informaciis kvantis gadacema xdeba mxolod mas Sem-
deg, rac wina kvanti iqna miRebuli da dafiqsirebuli
mimRebSi, anu garkveuli Tci drois intervalis Semdeg.
12
Tu gadamcemi interfeisiT Setyobinebas gadascems ram-
denimedan erT-erT mimRebs, sinqronizaciis T intervals
ganapirobebs yvelaze neli mimRebis swrafqmedeba _
Tc ≥ max Tci.
gadacemas ewodeba asinqronuli, Tu gadamcemisa
da mimRebis sinqronizacia xorcieldeba informaciis
yoveli kvantis gadacemisas. kvantebis gadacemebs Soris
intervali ar aris mudmivi. mimdevrobiTi interfeisis
SemTxvevaSi yoveli gadacemuli baiti `aRiWurveba~ sas-
tarto (Start) da damamTavrebeli (Stop) bitebiT (nax. 1.3).
Ta
sainformacio bitebi
baiti 1 baiti 2
STOP bitebi
START bitebi
nax. 1.3.
Start biti cvlis interfeisis xazis mdgomareobas
da mimRebSi generatoris gaSvebas emsaxureba. Stop bits
xazi gadahyavs sawyis mdgomareobaSi da mimRebSi gene-
ratoris muSaobas aCerebs. amrigad, gadamcemisa da mim-
Rebis sinqronizacia xdeba mxolod erTi baitis gada-
cemis intervalSi.
monacemTa asinqronuli gadacemis reJimi parale-
lur interfeisSi efuZneba `moTxovna _ pasuxi~ sqemas
(nax. 1.4). mimRebi miiRebs ra mastrobirebel signals da
bait-Setyobinebas 1-m xazebze, aformirebs sapasuxo sig-
nals _ RCP kvitancias, romelic miewodeba gadamcems.
aseT gadacemas ewodeba gadacema kvitirebiT. RCP sig-
13
nali warmoadgens nebarTvas gadamcemisTvis mastrobi- asinqronuli interfeisis gamtarunarianobis ga-
rebeli da monacemTa 1-m xazebis sawyis mdgomareobaSi sazrdelad SesaZlebelia daCqarebuli gadacemis re-
gadasayvanad. amis Semdeg mimRebi Camoagdebs RCP sig- alizacia ori mastrobirebeli _ STR 1, STR 2 da ori
nals. RCP signalis Camogdeba nebas rTavs gadamcems, kvitirebis _ RCP 1, RCP 2 signalis gamoyenebiT (nax. 1.5).
raTa gadasces Semdegi baiti.
gad
1-m {bi}1 {bi}2 {bi}3 {bi}4
T

gad gad
{bi}1 {bi}2
1-m STR 1
τL τgad τL τgad mim
RCP 1
gad
STR 2
STR mim
RCP 2
mim
RCP nax. 1.5
τL τmim τL τmim
am dros sainformacio signalebis gadacema 1-m
nax. 1.4 xazebiT sruldeba gaormagebuli sixSiriT. 1-m xazebi
yovelTvis imyofebian aqtiur mdgomareobaSi, xolo
droiTi danaxarjebi asinqronul gadacemaze gani- kvantebis gadacema strobireba xdeba ori sxvadasxva _
sazRvreba gamosaxulebiT STR 1 da STR 2 signalis saSualebiT.
Ta = 4τL + 2τgad + 2τmim = 4(τL + τ), informaciis kvantebis gadacemebs Soris droiTi
sadac τL warmoadgens xazSi signalis gavrcelebis intervali Seadgens
_
dros, xolo τgad da τmim _ droiT dayovnebebs sapasuxo Ta− = 2( τ L + τ ) .
signalebis formirebaze Sesabamisad gadamcemSi da warmodgenili arqiteqtura saSualebas iZleva
mimRebSi. monacemTa gacvlis siswrafe `aewyos~ konkretul mow-
unda aRvniSnoT, rom 1-m xazebi kvantebis gada- yobilobaze da miuxedavad signalebis ori mimarTu-
sacemad gamoiyeneba mxolod naxevari intervalis gan- lebiT gadacemisa, ganapirobebs saltis maRal gamtar-
mavlobaSi. unarianobas. amas garda kvitireba uzrunvelyofs mona-
cemTa gadacemis maRal saimedoobas da utyuarobas.

14 15
 monacemTa kvitirebiT gadacemisas SeiZleba adgi-
li hqondes situacias, rodesac Seferxebis gamo, rom-
elic iwvevs kvitirebis signalis gamomuSavebis Sewyve-
tas, wydeba monacemTa gadacemis procesic. aseTi Sem-
Txvevebi gamovlindeba droiTi intervalis gazomviT,
romlis ganmavlobaSic gadamcemma aucileblad unda
miiRos signali-kvitancia. Tu gansazRvruli Tta inter-
valis ganmavlobaSi gadamcemi ar miiRebs signals, fiq-
sirdeba mtyuneba. aseT kontrols ewodeba kontroli
taim-autiT, xolo Tta _ warmoadgens taim-autis inter-
vals, romlis sididec unda akmayofilebdes pirobas
Tta > max {Tai},
sadac Tai _ mtyunebis ararsebobis dros mowyobilobebs
Soris informaciis kvantebis gadacemebs Soris SesaZ-
lebeli droiTi intervalebia.
16
Tavi 2
sistemuri platis arqiteqtura
kompiuteris mTavar komponents warmoadgens sis-
temuri plata (system board). zogjer mas deda platasac
uwodeben (mother board). sistemuri plata marTavs kompi-
uteris Siga kavSirebs da wyvetebis saSualebiT urTi-
erTqmedebs gare (periferiul) mowyobilobebTan.
nax. 2.1-ze warmodgenilia sistemuri platis arqi-
teqtura Pentium II procesoris bazaze.
kompiuteris mTavar elements warmoadgens pro-
cesori – CPU (Central Processing Unit), romelic asrulebs
gamoTvliT operaciebs, aregulirebs, marTavs da akon-
trolebs muSa process. sistemur plataze procesori
Tavsdeba specialurad misTvis gamoyofil dasayenebel
budeSi.
operatiul mexsierebaSi inaxeba programebi da
monacemebi kompiuteris muSaobis dros. kompiuterSi
gamoiyeneba ZiriTadi da Cash operatiuli mexsiereba.
pirveli donis _ L1 Cash mexsiereba CaSenebulia
procesoris kristalSi da muSaobs procesoris sixSi-
reze. meore donis _ L2 Cash mexsiereba Pentium I modelis
personalur kompiuterebSi yendeboda sistemur pla-
taze da muSaobda procesoruli platis sixSireze, ro-
melic mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeba procesoris sixSi-
res. Pentium II modelis personalur kompiuterebSi L2
Cash mexsiereba yendeba procesoris korpusSi, ukavSir-
deba procesors CaSenebuli saltis saSualebiT da mu-
Saobs procesoris 1/2, 2/5, an 1/3 sixSireze.
17
 sistema Slot 1 North Bridge mikrosqema procesoris gare FSB (Front
Cash-mexsiereba CPU
procesori Side Bus) saltes akavSirebs ZiriTad operatiuli mexsi-
L2 Pentium II
L2 225 mghc L1 450 mghc erebasTan, AGP da PCI salteebTan.
North Bridge mikrosqema PCI saltiT ukavSirdeba So-
Slot 1
procesoris salte procesoris salte uth Bridge mikrosqemas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens
100 mghc
800 mbaiti/wm 800 mbaiti/wm `xids~ PCI da amJamad ukve moZvelebul ISA saltes So-
ris.
North SDRAM South Bridge mikrosqema dakavSirebulia Super I/O mik-
AGP DIMMS
Video Bridge rosqemasTan.
PC-100
USB porti, diskuri mowyobilobebis kontro-
PCI salte PCI salte PCI lerebi _ ATA1 da ATA2 ukavSirdebian South Bridge mikro-
gasarTebi
133 mbaiti/wm 33 mghc
(TeTri)
sqemas, xolo drekadi diskuri mowyobilobebis kontro-
USB leri FDD, klaviatura, `Taguna~, standartuli mimdev-
South robiTi (COM1, COM2) da paraleluri (LPT1) portebi,
Bridge ATA1
33 mbaiti/wm Flash ROM BIOS ukavSirdebian Super I/O mikrosqemas. South
ATA2
CMOS RAM da saaTi Bridge mikrosqemaSi agreTve iwereba kompiuteris CMOS
ISA salte
RAM da saaTi.
ISA salte ISA
8 mbaiti/wm 8 mghc
gasarTebi nax. 2.2-ze warmodgenilia Pentium III sistemis arqi-
(Savi)
klaviatura Taguna teqtura. tradiciuli Notrh/South Bridge arqiteqturis na-
cvlad gamoiyeneba Hub-arqiteqtura. Notrh Bridge mikros-
FLASH drekadi diskuri mowyobiloba
Super qemas ewoda Memory Controller Hub (MCH), xolo South Bridge
ROM I/O COM 1
BIOS
COM 2
mikrosqemas _ I/O Controller Hub (ICH). Hub-arqiteqturas ga-
LPT 1 aCnia garkveuli upiratesobebi Notrh/South Bridge arqiteq-
turasTan SedarebiT.
nax. 2.1. sistemis arqiteqtura Pentium II procesoris bazaze • gazrdili gamtarunarianoba. Hub-interfeisi warmo-
adgens 8-Tanriga 4x saltes (TiTo taqtSi xdeba
sistemur plataze ganTavsebulia mikrosqemebis monacemTa oTxjeradi gadacema) 66 mghc sataqto six-
krebuli (Chipset), romelic Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi mik- SiriT. misi gamtarunarianoba (4x66mghcx1baiti=266
rosqemisagan _ North Bridge, South Bridge da Super I/O. mbaiti/wm) orjer aRemateba standartuli PCI saltis
gamtarunarianobas (33 mghcx4 baiti=133 mbaiti/wm).

18 19
• Semcirebuli datvirTva PCI salteze. Hub-interfeisi
ar aris damokidebuli PCI interfeisze da ar mona- • samontaJo sqemis Semcireba. Hub-interfeisi aris 8-
wileobs PCI saltis gamtarunarianobis gadanawile- Tanriga da sistemur platasTan dasakavSireblad
baSi. es mniSvnelovnad zrdis PCI saltesTan dakav- iyenebs mxolod 15 signals. PCI salte iyenebs 64 sig-
Sirebuli mowyobilobebis (mag. USB, ATA interfe- nals, rac zrdis eleqtromagnituri dabrkolebebis
isebi) efeqturobas, gansakuTrebiT jgufuri opera- warmoqmnis albaTobas da platis Rirebulebas.
ciebis Sesrulebis dros. Hub-arqiteqturis mixedviT gauqmebulia ISA sal-
procesori Pentium III te. mis nacvlad Flash ROM BIOS (axali dasaxelebaa Firm-
sistema Socket 370 1,13 gghc
CPU
ware Hub) da Super I/O mikrosqemebi I/O Controller Hub mikro-
Cash-mexsiereba L1 L1 L2 Cash-mexsiereba L2 sqemas ukavSirdebian axali, LPC (Low-pin-count) saltiT,
1,13 gghc 1,13 gghc
romelic warmoadgens PCI saltis oTxTanriga versias.
Socket 370
procesoris salte procesoris salte LPC salte iyenebs 13 signals maSin, rodesac ISA salte
133 mghc
1066 mbaiti/wm 1066 mbaiti/wm iyenebda 96 signals. LPC saltis gamtarunarianoba Sead-
gens 6,67 mbaiti/wm, rac daaxloebiT tolia ISA saltis
mexsierebis
AGP AGP4x-1066 Memory salte SDRAM gamtarunarianobisa da absoluturad sakmarisia FLASH
Video mbaiti/wm Controller DIMMS
ROM BIOS da Super I/O mikrosqemebis mxardaWerisaTvis.
Hub 1066 PC-133
mbaiti/wm
Hub-arqiteqturam SesaZlebeli gaxada sistemuri
HUB-interfeisi PCI salte 33 mghc PCI platebis gamoSveba Super I/O mikrosqemebis gareSec. por-
gasarTebi
266 mbaiti/wm 133 mbaiti/wm (TeTri) tebs, romlebic uerTdebian Super I/O mikrosqemas, ewo-
USB 1
debaT standartuli (legacy) portebi, amitom sistemur
I/O USB 2 platas Super I/O mikrosqemis gareSe arqiteqturiT ewoda
Controller
ATA1
Hub 100 mbaiti/wm legacy-free. am SemTxvevaSi is mowyobilobebi, romlebic
ATA2
CMOS RAM da saaTi iyenebdnen standartul portebs, kompiuterTan unda
salte LPC
SeerTdnen USB portis saSualebiT. aseT sistemebSi, Cve-
FLASH (Low Pin Count)
ROM 6 mbaiti/wm ulebriv, gamoiyeneba ori USB kontroleri da oTxi
BIOS klaviatura Taguna porti (damatebiTi portebi SeiZleba SeerTdes USB kvan-
disk. ZebTan). Legacy-free arqiteqtura farTod gamoiyeneba por-
Super mowy.
I/O COM 1 standartuli tatiul kompiuterebSi.
portebi
COM 2 Hub-arqiteqturis bazazea damuSavebuli Pentium IV
LPT 1 sistemac (nax. 2.3). mniSvnelovan arqiteturul cvlile-
nax. 2.2. sistemis arqiteqtura Pentium III procesoris bazaze bebs adgili ara aqvs. warmodgenili sistemis ZiriTad

20 21
Taviseburebas warmoadgens FSB-saltis gazrdili six- Tavi 3
Sire _ 400/533/800 mghc da Sesabamisi gamtarunarianoba _ universaluri daniSnulebis salteebi
3200/4266/6400 mbaiti/wm. dReisaTvis igi warmoadgens
yvelaze maRali swrafqmedebis mqone saltes. ZiriTadi
3.1. salteebi ISA/MCA/EISA/VESA
operatiuli mexsiereba realizebulia orarxian DDR
modulebze, romelTa swrafqmedebac Seesabameba FSB- salte ISA (Industry standart architecture – samrewvelo
saltis swrafqmedebas.
standartuli arqiteqtura) mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi
procesori Pentium IV warmoadgenda personaluri kompiuterebis standartul
sistema Socket 478
3,6 gghc
CPU universalur saltes.
Cash-mexsiereba L1 L1 L2 Cash-mexsiereba L2
3,6 gghc 3,6 gghc
salte ISA-8 biti
Socket 478
procesoris salte procesoris salte ISA saltis pirveli standarti warmoadgens 8-
6,4 gbaiti/wm 800 mghc bitian versias. igi gvxvdeba mxolod IBM XT-86 modelis
personalur kompiuterebSi. saltis muSaobis sixSirea
mexsierebis
AGP AGP8x-2,133 Memory salte orarxiani DDR 4,77 mghc.
Video gbaiti/wm Controller DDR-DIMM
Hub 6,4 PC-3200/DDR400
gbaiti/wm
salte ISA-16 biti
HUB-interfeisi PCI salte 33 mghc PCI ISA standartis Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens
gasarTebi
266 mbaiti/wm 133 mbaiti/wm (TeTri) 16-Tanriga ISA (AT-BUS) salte. AT-BUS sloti (kontro-
USB 1
leris dasayenebeli adgili) Sedgeba ori nawilisagan.
USB 2
I/O erTi nawili zustad Seesabameba 8-bitian ISA slots,
Controller ATA1
Hub 100 mbaiti/wm xolo meore nawili gankuTvnilia monacemTa/samisamar-
ATA2
CMOS RAM da saaTi To, wyvetis da mexsierebisadmi pirdapiri wvdomis
salte LPC (DMA) im damatebiTi signalebisaTvis, romlebic gamo-
FLASH ROM(Low Pin Count)
Firmware 16 mbaiti/wm iyeneba mxolod 16-Tanriga kontrolerebis mier. amri-
Hub gad, 16-bitian ISA slotSi SesaZlebelia rogorc 8,
klaviatura Taguna
(BIOS)
disk.
aseve 16-Tanriga kontrolerebis dayeneba.
Super mowy. ISA salteze monacemTa gadacema Semdegnairad
I/O COM 1 standartuli
COM 2
portebi sruldeba. Tavdapirvelad samisamarTo salteze gaicema
LPT 1 mexsierebis ujredis an Seyvana-gamoyvanis portis misa-
nax. 2.3. sistemis arqiteqtura Pentium IV procesoris bazaze marTi, xolo amis Semdeg monacemTa salteze gaicema

22 23
monacemi. ramdenime taqtis dayovnebis Semdeg gaicema Ca-
weris strobi. am dros ucnobia, moeswro Tu ara mona-
cemis Cawera. amitom 16-Tanriga ISA saltis samuSao six-
Sire sakmaod dabalia da Seadgens 8,33 mghc-s, raTa
yvelaze nelma mowyobilobebmac ki `moaswron~ monacem-
Ta gacvla.
nax. 3.1-ze warmodgenilia 8 da 16-Tanriga ISA sal-
teebis slotebi.
nax. 3.1. 8 da 16-Tanriga ISA salteebis slotebi
ISA salteebis ZiriTad problemas warmoadgenda
dabali swrafqmedeba. 80386 da 80486 procesorebis opti-
maluri sataqto sixSiriT muSaobisas ISA salteebi ver
uzrunvelyofdnen monacemTa iseTi siswrafiT gadace-
mas, rogoriTac maTi damuSaveba xdeboda centraluri
procesoris mier. am dros adgili hqonda procesoris
mocdenas (molodinis ciklebi). amitom saWiro gaxda
axali, ufro maRali swrafqmedebis mqone salteebis
damuSaveba.
24
salte MCA
salte MCA (Microchannel) damuSavebul iqna firma
IBM-is mier 1987 wels da gamoiyeneboda PS/2 klasis per-
sonalur kompiuterebSi.
MCA warmoadgenda 32-Tanriga saltes 10 mghc sa-
muSao sixSiriT. monacemTa gadacemis siCqare Seadgenda
20 mbaiti/wm. MCA standartis dadebiT Tvisebas, maRali
swrafqmedebis garda, warmoadgenda kontrolerebis sa-
kuTari, individualuri kodebis arseboba. kontrole-
rebis inicializacia da konfiguracia xdeboda avtoma-
turad, DIP-gadamrTvelebisa da jamperebis dayenebis ga-
reSe.
miuxedavad rigi dadebiTi Tvisebebisa, MCA arqi-
teqturam ver hpova farTo gavrceleba. mizezi Tvalsa-
Cinoa. warmadobis zrdasTan erTad adgili hqonda ISA
standartTan absolutur SeuTavseblobas. Tu momxma-
rebeli gadawyvetda MCA standartze gadasvlas, igi
iZulebuli iyo SeeZina ara marto axali sistemuri
plata, aramed axali MCA standartis plata-kontrole-
rebic.
salte EISA
SeTavsebadobis dacvisa da saltis warmadobis
gazrdis erTdroulma aucileblobam saWiro gaxada ISA
standartis Semdgomi ganviTareba. kompiuteris aparatu-
ruli saSualebebis cnobili damamzadebeli firmebis
(Epson, Hewlett-Packard, NEC, Compaq, Wyse) xelmZRvanelobiT
damuSavda ISA saltis gafarToebuli (Extended) 32-Tan-
riga versia _ EISA (nax. 3.2).
25

nax. 3.2. 32-Tanriga EISA sloti
EISA salte gamoirCeva Semdegi TaviseburebebiT:
• EISA salte mTlianad iTavsebs ISA saltes. EISA
slots gaaCnia `orsarTuliani~ konstruqcia. `pir-
vel sarTulze~ ganTavsebulia igive kontaqtebi,
romlebic warmodgenilia ISA slotSi. xolo `meore
sarTulze~ warmodgenilia mxolod damatebiTi, EISA
kontaqtebi. amitom EISA slotSi SesaZlebelia Zveli,
8 da 16-Tanriga ISA-kontrolerebis dayeneba. marTa-
lia isini nela muSaoben, magram samagierod ar aris
aucilebeli maTi dauyovneblivi Secvla.
• EISA salte warmoadgens 32-Tanriga saltes. amitom
miuxedavad dabali sixSirisa (8,33 mghc), monacemTa
gadacemis siCqare aRwevs 33 mbaiti/wm.
• kontrolerebis konfiguracia xdeba avtomaturad da
ara jamperebisa da DIP-gadamrTvelebis saSualebiT.
26
rogorc aRvniSneT, ISA slotis kontaqtebi mTli-
anad eTavseba EISA slotis kontaqtebis `pirvel sar-
Tuls~, Tumca aucilebelia ISA kontrolerebis EISA
slotis `meore sarTulis~ kontaqtebTan Sexebis Tavi-
dan acileba. am mizniT gamoiyeneba CamxSobi (nax. 3.3).
EISA kontrolerebs Sesabamis adgilas gaaCniaT Cana-
Weri.
nax. 3.3. EISA saltis kontaqtis konstruqcia
lokaluri salte VESA
lokaluri salte VESA (Vesa Local Bus, VLB) damu-
Savda videoeleqtronikis standartebis asociaciis (Vi-
deo Electronics Sdandart Association - VESA) mier. VESA saltis
Seqmnis aucilebloba ganapiroba videomonacemebis gada-
cemisaTvis EISA saltis arasakmarisma swrafqmedebam.
VESA salte warmoadgens ara absoluturad axal
mowyobilobas sistemur plataze, aramed EISA saltis
gafarToebas videomonacemebis gadacemisaTvis (nax. 3.4).
Tumca videoplatebis garda gamoiyeneboda sxva tipis
(mag. IDE, SCSI vinCesterebis da a.S) VLB kontrolerebic.
informaciis gacvla procesorsa da VLB kontro-
lers Soris sruldeba pirdapir, sistemuri saltis
27
gverdis avliT. VESA salte warmoadgens 32-bitian sal-
tes, romelic muSaobs ara EISA saltis (8,33), aramed
procesoris sixSireze. Tumca VLB kontroleri saWiro-
ebs 16-Tanriga ISA slotsac, romlis saSualebiTac igi
iRebs ISA standartiT gansazRvrul samisamarTo da
mmarTvel signalebs. VESA saltis specifikaciiT gan-
sazRvruli iyo 40 mghc sixSire, Tumca igi uproblemod
muSaobda 50 mghc sixSiris procesorebTanac.
nax. 3.4. sistemuri platis fragmenti VESA saltis slotiT
amJamad ISA/MCA/EISA/VESA salteebi amoRebulia
IBM standartidan. Tumca dResac xdeba sistemuri pla-
tebis mcire raodenobis gamoSveba 32-Tanriga EISA slo-
tebiT, rac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi saSualebas iZleva
kompiuterSi dayenebul iqnas 8 da 16-Tanriga ISA da 32-
Tanriga EISA kontrolerebi.
28
3.2. salte PCI
salte PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect — perife-
riuli komponentebis damakavSirebeli) damuSavda firma
Intel-is mier warmoadgens de-faqto standarts Tanamed-
rove kompiuterebisaTvis. Tanamedrove plata-kontrole-
rebis umetesoba miekuTvneba PCI standarts.
Pentium I da Pentium II modelis kompiuterebSi PCI
saltis muSaobis fuZemdeblur princips warmoadgens
e.w. xidis (Bridge) gamoyeneba (nax. 3.5), romelic uzrun-
velyofs kavSirs PCI da sxva salteebs Soris, mag. PCI
to ISA. PCI salte, garda mTavari periferiuli interfe-
isis funqciisa, asrulebs North Bridge da South Bridge
mikrosqemebis damakavSirebeli sistemuri interfeisis
funqciasac.
Pentium III da Pentium IV modelis kompiuterebSi sis-
temuri interfeisis funqcias asrulebs Hub-interfeisi,
xolo PCI saltis resursebi mTlianad eTmoba perife-
riuli mowyobilobebis kontrolerebs.
PCI salte iyenebs Bus-Master da Bus-Slave principebs.
PCI-Master kontrolers SeuZlia monacemebis rogorc wa-
kiTxva, aseve Cawera operatiul mexsierebaSi centra-
luri procesoris gamoyenebis gareSe. PCI-Slave kontro-
lers, mag. videoplatas SeuZlia mxolod monacemTa mi-
Reba.
PCI salte dakavSirebulia ara procesoris sal-
tesTan, aramed North Bridge an Memory Controller Hub kon-
trolerTan, rac SesaZlebels xdis PCI saltis saSu-
alebiT sxvadasxva mowyobilobebs Soris monacemebis
gacvlas procesoris Cash-mexsierebasTan monacemebis
gacvlis paralelurad.
29
 Tanrigianobas. PCI saltis gamtarunarianoba mag. 32-
Tanrigiani procesorisaTvis Semdegnairad gamoiTvleba:
CPU
33 mghc x 32 biti = 1056 mbiti/wm
1056 mbiti/wm : 8 = 133 mbaiti/wm
procesoris FSB salte
procesoris cxrili 3.1
saltis marTva
L2 mTavari PCI saltis specifikaciebi
Cash-is xidi Data path
L2 Cash (Host bridge controllers ZiriTadi PCI
marTva mexsi-
gamoSvebis
Cash DRAM Write buffer specifi- ZiriTadi cvlilebebi
Controllers) ereba TariRi
PCI saltis kaciebi
marTva
salte PCI
PCI 1.0 1992 originaluri 32-Tanriga specifikacia
PCI 2.0 1993 originaluri 64-Tanriga specifikacia
PCI 2.1 1995 muSaobis sixSire 66 mghc, jgufuri operaciebi,
qseluri SCSI video-
plata kontroleri plata dayovnebis drois Semci-reba
xidi
PCI/ISA PCI 2.2 1999 kvebis reJimebis marTva, meqanikuri cvlilebebi
(ISA Bridge PCI-X 1.0 1999 muSaobis sixSire 133 mghc, PCI 2.2 spe-
System I/O)
cifikaciis damateba
Mini-PCI 1999 plata-kontrolerebis Semcirebuli zomebi, PCI 2.2
specifikaciis damateba
salte ISA
PCI 2.3 2002 +3,3 v Zabva
PCI-X 2.0 2002 samuSao sixSire 266 an 533 mghc. mona-cemTa
PCI mowyobilobebi 64-bitiani salte dayofilia 32-Tanriga da 16-
Tanriga segmentebad 3,3 da 1,5 v Zabvaze
momuSave sxvadasxva kontrolerebis mier
nax. 3.5. PCI saltis arqiteqtura erTdroulad gamoyenebisaTvis
PCI- 2002 saerTo swrafqmedeba 2,5 gbaiti/wm, samuSao
Express 1.0 Zabva 0,8 v. droTa ganmavlo-baSi Secvlis
paralelur PCI saltes
PCI saltis specifikaciebi
PCI saltis sxvadasxva specifikaciebi warmodge-
standartuli PCI saltes gaaCnia rigi nairsaxe-
nilia cxrilSi 3.1.
obebisa, romlebic warmodgenilia cxrilSi 3.2.
standartuli PCI saltis sataqto sixSirea 33
mghc, xolo misi Tanrigianoba Seesabameba procesoris

30 31
 cxrili 3.2 araswori dayenebis SesaZleblobas. arseboben agreT-
PCI saltis tipebi ve universaluri plata-kontrolerebi, romlebsac
PCI saltis Tanrigi- saltis monacemTa monacemTa gaaCniaT orive Zabvis mxardaWera. unda aRvniSnoT,
tipi anoba, sixSire, ciklebi/taqti gadacemis rom saltis 66 mghc da ufro maRali sixSire miiR-
biti mghc siswrafe, weva mxolod +3,3 v logikis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi.
mbaiti/wm
• PCI salte iyenebs monacemTa gacvlis paketur reJims.
PCI 32 33 1 133
• PCI salte muSaobs 33 an 66 mghc sixSireze, rac uz-
PCI 66mghc 32 66 1 266
64-Tanriga 64 33 1 266 runvelyofs saltis gamtarunarianobis farTo diapa-
PCI zons:
64-Tanriga 64 66 1 533 - 32 biti/33 mghc _ 132 mbaiti/wm;
PCI - 32 biti/66 mghc _ 264 mbaiti/wm;
PCI-X 64 64* 133 1 533 - 64 biti/33 mghc _ 264 mbaiti/wm;
PCI-X 133 64* 133 1 1066 - 64 biti/66 mghc _ 528 mbaiti/wm.
PCI-X 266 64* 133 2 2132
salte mxolod im SemTxvevaSi imuSavebs 66 mghc
PCI-X 533 64* 133 4 4266
sixSireze, rodesac PCI slotebSi dayenebuli yvela
PCI-Express** 1 2500 0,8 250
plata-kontrolers gaaCnia 66 mghc sixSireze muSaobis
PCI-Express** 32 2500 0,8 8000
mxardaWera, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi salte imuSavebs 33
* SesaZlebelia PCI-X saltis ganawileba 32-Tanriga da 16-Tanriga mghc sixSireze.
plata-kontrolerebs Soris. • Multiply bus master reJimis mxardaWera, rac gulisxmobs
** PCI-Express salteSi gamoiyeneba 8b/10b kodirebis sqema. am dros 8- ramdenime kontroleris erTdrouli muSaobis SesaZ-
bitiani monacemi gardaiqmneba 10-bitian monacemad. moqmedi gamtari
zolebis raodenobis mixedviT erT taqtSi gadaicema monacemTa 1-32
leblobas PCI saltesTan.
biti. • PCI plata-kontrolerebis avtomaturi konfiguracia
kompiuteris CarTvisTanave.
PCI saltis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi • PCI salte uzrunvelyofs xuTi slotis mxardaWeras,
• monacemTa 32-Tanriga da 64-Tanriga sinqronuli gac- Tumca PCI-PCI xidis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia slo-
vla. kontaqtebis raodenobisa da Rirebulebis Se- tebis raodenobis gazrdac.
samcireblad gamoiyeneba multipleqsirebuli samisa- • PCI kontrolerebi aRWurvilia taimerebiT. taimeri
marTo/monacemTa salte. gansazRvravs maqsimalur dros, romlis ganmavlo-
• +5 v da +3,3 v logikis mxardaWera. +5 v-ze da +3,3 v- baSic SeuZlia kontrolers saltis dakaveba.
ze momuSave platebi gansxvavdebian gasaRebebis ad- • PCI salte iyenebs `Linear Burst~ reJims, rac gulis-
gilmdebareobiT, rac gamoricxavs slotebSi maTi xmobs monacemTa paketis mexsierebis uwyvet velSi

32 33
 Caweris saSualebas. am dros mexsierebis misamarTi cxrili 3.3
avtomaturad izrdeba monacemis Semdegi sityvis Ca- PCI saltis kontaqtebi
werisas. bunebrivia, mniSvelovnad izrdeba saltis rigi В № rigi А rigi В № rigi А
gamtarunarianoba, radgan gadacemuli misamarTebis - 12 В 1 -TRST GND/gasaRebi 51* GND/ gasaRebi
TCK 2 + 12B AD 8 52 -C/BE 0
raodenobis Semcirebis xarjze mniSvnelovnad iz-
GND 3 TMS AD 7 53 + 3.3B
rdeba gadacemul monacemTa saerTo moculoba.
TDO 4 TDI + 3.3B 54 AD 6
PCI saltesTan adapterebis dasakavSireblad gamo- + 5В 5 + 5B AD 5 55 AD 4
iyeneba specialuri gasarTebi (nax. 3.5). + 5B 6 -INTR A AD 3 56 GND
-INTR B 7 -INTR C GND 57 AD 2
-INTR D 8 + 5B AD 1 58 AD 0
32-Tanriga -PRSNT 1 9 Reserved +V I/O 59 +V I/O
PCI saltis B62 B49 B1
sloti,
Reserved 10 + V I/O -ACK64 60 -REQ64
33 mghc -PRSNT 2 11 Reserved + 5B 61 + 5B
GND/gasaRebi 12* GND/gasaRebi + 5B 62 + 5B
64-Tanriga
B94 B62 B49 B1
PCI saltis GND/gasaRebi 13* GND/gasaRebi 32-bitiani gasarTis dasasruli
sloti, Reserved 14 Reserved
33 mghc
GND 15 -RST Reserved 63 GND
64-Tanriga B94 B62 B49 B11 B1 Clock 16 +V I/O GND 64 -C/BE 7
universaluri
GND 17 -GNT -C/BE 6 65 -C/BE 5
PCI saltis
sloti, -REQ 18 GND -C/BE 4 66 +V I/O
66/33 mghc +V I/O 19 Reserved GND 67 PAR64
AD 31 20 AD 30 AD 63 68 AD 62
nax. 3.5. sxvadasxva standartis PCI slotebi AD 29 21 + 3.3B AD 61 69 GND
GND 22 AD 28 +V I/O 70 AD 60
cxrilSi 3.3 warmodgenilia PCI saltis kontaq- AD 27 23 AD 26 AD 59 71 AD 58
AD 25 24 GND AD 57 72 GND
tebi, xolo cxrilSi 3.4 _ kontaqtebis daniSnuleba.
+ 3.3B 25 AD 24 GND 73 AD 56
-C/BE 3 26 IDSEL AD 55 74 AD 54
AD 23 27 +3.3B AD 53 75 +V I/O
GND 28 AD 22 GND 76 AD 52
AD 21 29 AD 20 AD 51 77 AD 50
AD 19 30 GND AD 49 78 GND
+3.3B 31 AD 18 +V I/O 79 AD 48
AD 17 32 AD 16 AD 47 80 AD 46
-C/BE 2 33 +3.3B AD 45 81 GND
GND 34 -FRAME GND 82 AD 44

34 35
 rigi В № rigi А rigi В № rigi А signali daniSnuleba
-IRDY 35 GND AD 43 83 AD 42 warmoadgens bolo cikls mimdinare
+3.3B 36 -TRDY AD 41 84 + V I/O tranzaqciisaTvis.
-DEVSEL 37 GND GND 85 AD 40 DEVSEL# Device select _ mowyobiloba arCeulia (mowyobi-
GND 38 -STOP AD 39 86 AD 38
lobis sapasuxo signali misadmi mimarTul tran-
-Lock 39 +3.3B AD 37 87 GND
zaqciaze)
-PERR 40 SDONE +V I/O 88 AD 36
IRDY# Iniciator Ready _ iniciatoris mzadyofna monacemTa
+3.3B 41 -SBOFF AD 35 89 AD 34
-SERR 42 GND AD 33 90 GND gacvlaze
+3.3B 43 PAR GND 91 AD 32 TRDY# Target ready _ signali brZanebis mimRebi mowyobi-
-C/BE 1 44 AD 15 Reserved 92 Reserved lobidan monacemTa gacvlis mzadyofnaze
AD 14 45 +3.3B Reserved 93 GND STOP# signali mimRebi mowyobilobidan, romelic ini-
GND 46 AD 13 GND 94 Reserved ciators atyobinebs midinare tranzaqciis SeCe-
AD 12 47 AD 11 64-bitiani gasarTis dasasruli rebis Sesaxeb
AD 10 48 GND LOCK# signali gamoiyeneba PCI salteze resursis daye-
GND 49 AD 9
nebis, momsaxurebis da Cavlebidan gaTavisuflebis
GND/gasaRebi 50* GND/gasaRebi
Sesaxeb
*12, 13 – gasaRebi 3,3 v-iani kontrolerebisaTvis
REQ|3:0|# Request _ PCI-master mowyobilobis moTxovnis sig-
*50, 51 - gasaRebi 5 v-iani kontrolerebisaTvis
nali saltis Cavlebaze (3-0 slotebisaTvis)
cxrili 3.4
GNT|3:0|# Grant _ signaliT PCI-master mowyobilobas eniWeba
kontaqtebis daniSnuleba
saltis marTvis nebarTva.
signali daniSnuleba
PAR Parity _ AD [31:0] da C/BE [3:0]# xazebisaTvis lu-
AD [31:0] Address/Data – samisamarTo/monacemTa multipleqsi-
wobaze kontrolis biti
rebuli salte. misamarTi gadaicema tranzaqciis
PERR# Parity Error _ luwobaze kontrolis Secdomis sig-
dasawyisSi, xolo Semdeg taqtebSi gadaicema mona-
nali (gascems mowyobiloba, romelmac Secdoma
cemebi
aR-moaCina)
C/BE [3:0]# Command/Byte Enable _ brZaneba/baitebze mimarTvis
RST# Reset _ kontrolerebis registrebis sawyis mdgo-
nebarTva. brZaneba gansazRvravs saltis mimdinare
mareobaSi dayeneba (Camogdeba)
ciklis tips (wakiTxva mexsierebidan/Cawera mexsi-
IDSEL# Initialization Device Select _ mowyobilobis amorCevis
erebaSi, Seyvana/gamoyvana an konfiguraciuli Sey-
vana/gamoyvana, wyvetis dasturi da a.S.). moicema signali. aqtivizirdeba mxolod konfiguraciuli
oTxbitiani kodiT misamarTis gadacemis fazaSi wakiTxvisa da Caweris ciklebSi

FRAME# kadri _ signalis miwodebiT ganisazRvreba REQ64# Request 64 bit _ moTxovna monacemTa gacvlis 64-bi-
tran-zaqciis dasawyisi. signalis moxsna iuwyeba, tian reJimze
rom monacemTa gadacemis Semdegi cikli АСК64# monacemTa gacvlis 64-bitiani reJimis dadastu-
reba

36 37
signali daniSnuleba
SERR System Error _ sistemuri Secdomis signali, rome-
lic SeiZleba aqtivizirdes nebismieri PCI mowyo-
bilobis mier. gamoiZaxebs NMI signals.
INTRA# Interrupt А, В, С, D – wyvetis moTxovnis signalebi,
INTRB# romlebic ciklurad iZvrian slotebSi da miemar-
INTRC# Tebian maTTvis miRwevad IRQ xazebze. signalis da-
INTRD#
bali done nebas rTavs sxvadasxva PCI mowyobi-
lobebis mier saerTo wyvetis xazebis gamoyenebas.
CLK Clock _ saltis sinqronizacia. sixSire _ 20-33
mghc. PCI 2.1 standartisaTvis nebadarTulia 66,6
mghc-mde sixSire.
M66EN 66MHz Enable _ saltis 66,6 mghc sixSireze muSa-
obis nebarTva. aqtivizirdeba mxolod maSin, ro-
desac yvela PCI mowyobilobas gaaCnia 66,6 mghc
sixSireze muSaobis mxardaWera. gansazRvrulia
mxolod PCI 2.1 standartisaTvis
SBO# Snoop Backoff _ araaucilebeli signalia, gamoiye-
neba mxolod qeSirebuli mexsierebis mqone abo-
nentebis mier
TCK Test Clock _ testuri interfeisis sinqronizacia
TDI Test Data Input _ testuri interfeisis Semavali mo-
nacemebi adapterebis testirebisas
TDO Test Data Output _ testuri interfeisis gamomavali
monacemebi adapterebis testirebisas
TMS Test Mode Select _ testuri interfeisis muSaobis
reJimis arCeva
TRST Test Logic Reset _ testuri logikis Camogdeba
paraleluri PCI saltis axali standartebi aRar
muSavdeba. momavali ekuTvnis ufro perspeqtiul mimdev-
robiT PCI Express saltes.
38
3.3. salte PCI EXPRESS
PCI Express saltis gamoSveba kidev erTxel adas-
turebs personaluri kompiuteris interfeisebis para-
leluridan mimdevrobiT arqiteqturaze gadasvlis ten-
dencias.
PCI Express salte warmoadgens maRali swrafqme-
debis mqone mimdevrobiT saltes. PCI Express specifi-
kacia iqneba personaluri kompiuteris universaluri
saltis dominirebadi arqiteqtura momavali 10-15 wlis
ganmavlobaSi. igi mTlianad Secvlis standartul para-
lelur PCI saltes.
PCI Express salte ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Tvi-
sebebia:
• sruli SeTavsebadoba arsebul PCI saltesTan da
sxvadasxva mowyobilobebis programul draiverebTan;
• spilenZis, optikuri da sxva saSualebebiT realize-
buli fizikuri SeerTeba;
• yoveli gamomyvanis maqsimaluri gamtarunarianoba,
rac saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes saltis formfaq-
tori da Rirebuleba, gamartivdes platebis kons-
truqcia, gadaiWras signalis mTlianobasTan da dab-
rkolebebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi;
• sinqronizaciis `CaSenebuli~ sistema, rac saltis
sixSiris (siswrafis) swrafi Secvlis saSualebas iZ-
leva;
• sixSirisa da Tanrigianobis gazrdis saSualebiT
saltis gamtarunarianobis zrdis SesaZlebloba;
• molodinis mcire dro, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
lovania iseTi programebisTvis, romlebic moiTxoven
39
 izoqronul (droze damokidebul) reJimSi monaceme-
bis (mag. nakaduri videomonacemebis) miwodebas.
• adapterebis `cxeli~ komutaciis da `cxeli~ Secvlis
saSualeba (kompiuteris gamorTvis gareSe);
• kvebis reJimis marTvis SesaZlebloba.
PCI Express salteze monacemebis gadacema xdeba
dupleqsur reJimSi. am dros monacemebi erTdroulad
miiReba da gaicema gamtarebis ori diferencialuri
wyvilis saSualebiT, romlebsac uwodeben zolebs, an
trasebs. monacemTa gadacemis siswrafe erTi mimarTu-
lebiT TiToeuli zolisaTvis aRwevs 250 mbiti/wm-s.
amasTan erTad, TiToeuli salte SeiZleba Seicavdes 1,
2, 4, 8, 16 an 32 zols. magaliTad, maRali gamtarunari-
anobis mqone 8 zoliani salte saSualebas iZleva erT-
droulad orive mimarTulebiT gadaices monacemTa 8
biti.
signalebis gadacemis siswrafis gazrdis Sede-
gad, mxolod 40 gamyvanis gamoyenebiT (32 gamomyvani em-
saxureba diferencialuri monacemebis wyvilis gadace-
mas, xolo 8 gamomyvani asrulebs marTvis funqcias), mo-
nacemTa gadacemis siswrafe aRwevs 2000 mbiti/wm-s.
signalebis gadacemis siswrafis gazrda saSule-
bas iZleva saltis gamtarunarianoba orive mimarTu-
lebiT gaizardos 8000 mbiti/wm-mde, imave 40 gamomyvanis
gamoyenebiT.
amJamad farTod gamoyenebuli paraleluri PCI
salte monacemTa gadacemisaTvis iyenebs 100-ze met ga-
momyvans. amasTan erTad, monacemTa gadacemis siswrafe
aRwevs mxolod 132-528 mbaiti/wm (monacemis mxolod er-
Ti mimarTulebiT gadacemisas).
40
PCI Express saltesTan plata-adapterebis dasakav-
Sireblad gamoiyeneba Semcirebuli zomis sloti, rome-
lic, rogorc wesi, ganTavsdeba arsebuli PCI saltis
gasarTebis gverdiT.
PCI Express saltis sixSiris gaazrdelad gamo-
iyeneba IBM kompaniis mier SemuSavebuli `8-10~ kodire-
bis sqema, romelic ganapirobebs signalebis avtosin-
qronizacias. PCI Express saltis sixSire dReisaTvis Se-
adgens 2,5 gghc, xolo momavalSi SeiZleba gaizardos
10 gghc-mde, rac faqtiurad warmoadgens zRvars spilen-
Zis gamtarebisTvis. sixSiris zrdis potenciuri saSu-
aleba da erTdroulad 32 zolis gamoyenebis SesaZleb-
loba saSualebas iZleva PCI Express salteze monacemebis
gadacemis siCqare gaizardos 32 gbiti/wm-mde.
PCI Express salte gankuTvnilia personalur kom-
piuterebSi dReisaTvis gamoyenebuli salteebis gafar-
ToebisaTvis da Semdgomi SecvlisaTvis. PCI Express sal-
tis arseboba gamoiwvevs rogorc damatebiTi gasarTebis
gamoCenas procesorul plataze, aseve Hub-interfeisis
Semdgom Secvlas, romelic dReisaTvis gamoiyeneba
sistemuri platis mikrosqemebis krebulis komponen-
tebis dakavSirebisaTvis. PCI Express salte warmatebiT
Secvlis interfeisebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba video-
monacemebis gadacemisaTvis (magaliTad AGP) da agreTve
gamoyenebul iqneba meore donis saltis saxiT sxva
interfeisebTan SeerTebisaTvis, magaliTad, rogorebi-
caa Serial ATA, USB 2.0, 1394B (Firewire an iLink), Gigabit Ethernet
da a.S.
41
 Tavi 4 ris dayeneba, xolo TiToeul Host-kontrolerTan _ 15
periferiuli mowyobilobebis periferiuli mowyobilobis SeerTeba, mowyobilobebis
saerTo raodenoba SeiZleba aRwevdes 60-s. orarxiani
universaluri daniSnulebis interfeisebi
Host-kontrolerebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebe-
lia mowyobilobebis maqsimaluri raodenobis gaormage-
4.1. interfeisi SCSI
bac.

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) _ mcire kompiute-

ruli sistemebis interfeisi warmoadgens universalur
interfeiss periferiuli mowyobilobebisaTvis da ume-
tesad gamoiyeneba maRali warmadobis mqone personalur
kompiuterebSi, mag. qselur serverebSi.
SCSI interfeisis ZiriTad daniSnulebas warmoad-
gens maRali swrafqmedebis mqone vinCesterebis kompiu-
terTan dakavSireba, Tumca masTan SesaZlebelia sxva
tipis periferiuli mowyobilobebis, mag. CD da sxva
tipis diskuri mowyobilobebis, printerebis, skanerebis
da a.S. SeerTebac.
SCSI warmoadgens sistemur saltes, igi uzrun-
velyofs 8 an 16 mowyobilobis mxardaWeras. erT-erTi
mowyobilobaa Host-kontroleri, romelic SCSI saltes nax. 4.1. SCSI-kontroleri AHA-154x
akavSirebs kompiuteris sistemur saltesTan. Host-kon-
troleri SeiZleba CaSenebuli iyos procesorul pla- SCSI interfeisisaTvis yvela SCSI-kontroleri
taSi, an realizebul iqnas calke plata-kontroleris TanabarZalovania. monacemebis gacvlis iniciatori Se-
saxiT. nax. 4.1-ze warmodgenilia Adaptec firmis SCSI- iZleba iyos rogorc Host-kontroleri, aseve perife-
kontroleri _ AHA-154x. Host-kontroleri urTierT- riul mowyobilobaSi CaSenebuli target-kontroleric.
qmedebs ara Tavad periferiul mowyobilobebTan, ara- SCSI salteze monacemTa gacvlis erTze meti iniciato-
med maTSi CaSenebul kontrolerebTan (target controller). ri-kontroleris arseboba ganapirobebs erT salteze
SCSI interfeisTan mierTebul TiToeul mowyobi- CarTuli kompiuterebis mier periferiuli mowyobilo-
lobas, maT Soris Host-kontrolers, eniWeba saindenfi- bebis erTdrouli gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, rac Se-
kacio nomeri _ SCSI ID. ramdenadac personalur kompiu- uZlebelia standartuli АТА/АТАPI interfeisis gamo-
terSi Cveulebriv SesaZlebelia oTxi Host-kontrole- yenebis SemTxvevaSi.

42 43
 SCSI warmoadgens universalur da efeqtur inter-
feiss. maRali swrafqmedeba, monacemTa gacvlis ramde-
nime iniciatori-kontroleris arseboba, kompiuterebis
mier diskuri mowyobilobebebis erTdrouli gamoyene-
bis SesaZlebloba ganapirobebs SCSI-interfeisis mniS-
vnelovan upiratesobas АТА/АТАPI interfeisTan Sedare-
biT, rac gansakuTrebiT naTlad vlindeba monacemTa Se-
naxvis mZlavr sistemebSi, diskuri mowyobilobebis, ro-
gorc qseluri damagroveblebis gamoyenebisas, mraval-
amocanian operaciul sistemebSi da videosTan muSaobis
dros. Tumca SCSI-interfeisis aparaturuli realizacia
sakmaod ZviradRirebulia.
SCSI standartebi
1. SCSI-1 standarti. damuSavda 1986 wels. warmoad-
gens SCSI saltis pirvel realizacias. damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebia:
• paraleluri 8-Tanriga salte;
• asinqronuli da sinqronuli muSaobis reJimebi 5
mghc sixSireze;
• monacemTa gadacemis siswrafe asinqronul reJimSi
Seadgens 4 mbaiti/wm, xolo sinqronul reJimSi _ 5
mbaiti/wm;
• daubalansebeli gadacema erTi gamtariT;
• pasiuri damabolovebeli datvirTva;
• araaucilebeli luwobaze kontroli.
kavSirisaTvis gamoiyeneba 50-kontaqtiani Centronix
tipis gasarTi (nax. 4.2).
44
nax. 4.2. 50-kontaqtiani Centronix tipis gasarTi
2. SCSI-2 standarti. damuSavda 1994 wels. warmo-
adgens SCSI-1 standartis gaumjobesebul variants. SCSI-1
da SCSI-2 standartebi SeTavsebadia, Tumca SCSI-2 stan-
dartis damatebiTi SesaZleblobebi SCSI-1 doneze ar
realizdeba. SCSI-2 standartiT gaTvaliswinebulia da-
matebiTi (araaucilebeli) SesaZleblobebi:
• monacemTa swrafi (Fast) gadacemis meTodi 10 mghc
sixSiriT;
• SCSI saltis gafarToeba (Wide) 16 Tanrigamde;
• brZanebebis rigiToba;
• sakabelo gasarTebis gamoyeneba kontaqtebs Soris
Semcirebuli dacilebebiT;
• kavSiris xazis aqtiuri datvirTva.
8-Tanrigiani SCSI salte iyenebs 50-kontaqtian A-
tipis kabels D tipis gasarTiT kontaqtebis SemWidro-
vebuli ganlagebiT (nax. 4.3). gafarToebuli (Wide) SCSI
saltis SemTxvevaSi A-tipis kabelTan erTad damatebiT
gamoiyeneba B-tipis kabeli.
nax. 4.3. D tipis gasarTi kontaqtebis SemWidrovebuli
ganlagebiT
45
 Fast SCSI mowyobilobebs Soris monacemTa gadacema signalis arekvlis, da aqedan gamomdinare, monacemebis
xdeba gaormagebuli sixSiriT. standartuli 8-Tanriga damaxinjebis mizezi. SCSI-2 standartiT ganisazRvreba
saltis SemTxvevaSi is Seadgens 10 mbaiti/wm, xolo 16- aqtiuri (Zabvis mastabilizebeli) damabolovebeli dat-
Tanriga saltis SemTxvevaSi (Fast/Wide SCSI) _ 20 mba- virTva, rac zrdis monacemTa gadacemis saimedoobas.
iti/wm. nax. 4.4-ze warmodgenilia SCSI mowyobilobebis jaWvi.
gasarTebis gamoyeneba kontaqtebis SemWidrovebu- terminatorebi erTdeba pirvel da bolo mowyobilo-
li ganlagebiT ufro kompaqturi kabelebis damzadebis bebTan.
saSualebas iZleva.
SCSI-1 standartis mixedviT SesaZlebelia kon- vinCesteri
troleridan mowyobilobaze mxolod erTi brZanebis
miwodeba. SCSI-2 standarti saSualebas iZleva mowyobi- DVD-damagrovebeli
ZIP-damagrovebeli
lobaze moxdes 256 brZanebis miwodeba. brZanebebi dag-
rovdebian mowyobilobaSi, Sesruldebian da mxolod
amis Semdeg miewodeba kontrolers pasuxi. mimReb mow-
yobilobas SeuZlia Secvalos miRebuli brZanebebis
CD-RECORDABLE
Sesrulebis rigiToba, rac gansakuTrebiT efeqturia damagrovebeli
erTdeba
iseT mravalamocanian operaciul sistemebSi muSaobis
terminatori
dros, rogorebicaa Windows 98/2000/Me/Xp.
erTdeba CD-ROM
SCSI-1 standartis safuZvels warmoadgenda brZa- terminatori damagrovebeli
nebaTa sistema, romelic damuSavebul iqna vinCestere-
bisaTvis. SCSI-2 standartSi koreqtirebulia Zveli da
damatebulia rigi axali brZanebebisa, romlebic gaTva-
liswinebulia CD, optikuri, moxsnadi myari diskuri nax. 4.4. SCSI mowyobilobebis jaWvi
mowyobilobebisaTvis, skanerebisTvis da a.S.
SCSI saltis saimedo funqcionirebisaTvis auci- unda aRvniSnoT, rom SCSI-2 standartiT gaTvalis-
lebelia damabolovebel datvirTvasTan dakavSirebuli winebeli damatebebi araaucilebelia, amitom, magali-
sakmaod mkacri moTxovnebis dacva. SCSI-1 standartiT Tad, Tanamedrove Fast SCSI vinCesteris Cveulebriv Zi-
gaTvaliswinebuli pasiuri datvirTva 132 omi winaRo- riTad kontrolerTan SeerTebis SemTxvevaSi vinCes-
biT ar aris sakmarisi maRal sixSireebze muSaobis teri imuSavebs, oRond monacemTa gadacema moxdeba Cve-
dros monacemTa sinqronuli gadacemisas. uxarisxo ulebrivi, dabali siCqariT.
pasiuri damabolovebeli datvirTva SeiZleba gaxdes

46 47
 3. SCSI-3 standarti. damatebulia Semdegi SesaZ- cxrili 4.1
leblobebi: 68-kontaqtiani gasarTis kontaqtebi
• Ultra-2 (Fast-40) SCSI; kontaqti signali daniSnuleba

• Ultra-3 (Fast-80DT) SCSI; 17 TERMPWR kveba

18 TERMPWR kveba
• Ultra-4 (Fast-160DT) SCSI;
35 _DB12 monacemebi, biti 12
• Ultra-5 (Fast-320DT) SCSI;
36 _DB13 monacemebi, biti 13
• dabali Zabvis diferencialuri signalebis (Low Vol-
37 _DB14 monacemebi, biti 14
tage Differential - LVD) gamoyeneba.
38 _DB15 monacemebi, biti 15
SCSI-3 standartiT gaTvaliswinebulia erTiani 68- 39 _DB (P1) monacemebi (luwobaze kontrolis bi-
kontaqtiani P-tipis kabeli D-tipis gasarTiT (nax. 4.5). ti 1)
40 _DB0 monacemebi, biti 0
41 _DB1 monacemebi, biti 1
42 _DB2 monacemebi, biti 2
43 _DB3 monacemebi, biti 3
44 _DB4 monacemebi, biti 4
nax. 4.5. 68-kontaqtiani D-tipis gasarTi
45 _DB5 monacemebi, biti 5
46 _DB6 monacemebi, biti 6
damagroveblebis masivebSi agreTve gamoiyeneba 80-
47 _DB7 monacemebi, biti 7
kontaqtiani gasarTi, romelic uzrunvelyofs mowyobi-
48 _DB (P0) monacemebi (luwobaze kontrolis bi-
lobebis `cxeli~ (kompiuteris gamorTvis gareSe) Seer-
ti 0)
Tebis SesaZleblobas (nax. 4.6)
51 TERMPWR kveba
52 TERMPWR kveba
55 _ATN yuradReba. (signali miuTiTebs Se-
ferxebaze monacemebis gadacemis
dros)
57 _BSY salte dakavebulia
nax. 4.6. 80-kontaqtiani gasarTi 58 _ACK monacemebis miRebis dasturi
59 _RST Camogdeba
60 _MSG Setyobineba
cxrilSi 4.1. warmodgenilia 68-kontaqtiani gasar- 61 _SEL amorCeva
Tis kontaqtebis daniSnulebebi. 62 _C/D brZaneba/monacemi
63 _REQ monacemebis moTxovna

48 49
kontaqti signali daniSnuleba dabrkolebebis Sesamcireblad. erT gamtars miewodeba
64 _I/O Seyvana/famoyvana realuri Zabva, xolo meore _ damiwebulia (rogorc
65 DB8 monacemebi, biti 8 wesi, yvela signalisaTvis gamoiyeneba saerTo damiweba).
66 DB9 monacemebi, biti 9 aradabalansebuli salte gamoirCeva dabali dabrkole-
67 DB10 monacemebi, biti 10 bamedegobiT, amitom kabelis maqsimaluri sigrZe SeiZ-
68 DB11 monacemebi, biti 11 leba iyos mxolod 6 metri Cveulebriv sinqronul da
1-16, 20-34, 49, 50, 54, 56 kontaqtebi damiwebulia;
asinqronul reJimebSi da 3 metri Fast reJimSi muSaobis
19, 53 kontaqtebi ar gamoiyeneba;
_ miuTiTebs signalis uaryofiT aqtiur doneze. dros.
diferencialur SCSI salteSi TiToeuli signa-
saltis swrafqmedeba ganisazRvreba sataqto six- lisaTvis gamoiyeneba kavSiris orgamtariani xazi. pir-
SiriT (mghc), da saltis TanrigianobiT. veli gamtariT, iseve, rogorc erTgamtariani saltis
magaliTad, 8-Tanriga saltis SemTxvevaSi erT- SemTxvevaSi, gadaicema pirdapiri signali, xolo meore
droulad xdeba monacemTa 1 baitis gadacema. 40 mghc gamtariT _ signalis inversiuli mniSvneloba. mimReb
sixSireze muSaobis dros (Ultra-2 (Fast-40) SCSI) monacemTa mowyobilobas miewodeba am ori signalis sxvaoba. mona-
gadacemis siCqare udris 40 mbaiti/wm, xolo farTo cemebis gadacemis diferencialuri meTodis gamoyeneba
(Wide) 16-Tanrigiani saltis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi _ 80 zrdis saltis dabrkolebamedegobas da saltis sigrZis
mbaiti/wm. Ultra-3 (Fast-80DT) SCSI _ Ultra-5 (Fast-320DT) SCSI 25 m-mde gazrdis saSualebas iZleva. nax. 4.7-ze warmod-
standartebiT gaTvaliswinebulia erT taqtze mona- genilia dabalansebuli (diferencialuri) da aradaba-
cemTa orjeradi gadacema da mxolod farTo (Wide) 16- lansebuli (erTgamtariani) salteebi.
Tanrigiani saltis gamoyeneba. amitom 40 mghc sixSireze
_ signali
muSaobisas Ultra-3 (Fast-80DT) SCSI salteze miiRweva mona-
cemTa gadacemis 160 mbaiti/wm siCqare. + signali
dabalansebuli

erTgamtariani da diferencialuri SCSI salteebi

standartuli SCSI salte warmoadgens erTgam- aradabalansebuli

tarian (SE – Single-ended) saltes. SE teqnologia sakmaod

nax. 4.7 diferencialuri da erTgamtariani salteebi
iafia, Tumca warmoqmnis warmadobisa da dabrkolebebis
problemas. erTgamtarian saltes zogjer aradabalan-
sebul saltesac uwodeben. yoveli signali vrceldeba
ori gamtariT, romlebic, rogorc wesi, gadagrexilia

50 51
Ultra-2 (Fast-40) SCSI
gaaCnia Semdegi damatebiTi Taviseburebebi:
• siCqare Ultra-2 (Fast-40) – 40 mbaiti/wm 8-bitiani mona-
cemTa saltis SemTxvevaSi an 80 mbaiti/wm 16-bitiani
monacemTa saltis SemTxvevaSi;
• dabali Zabvis diferencialuri signalebis (LVD) ga-
moyeneba.
erT kabelTan SesaZlebelia rogorc SE, aseve
LVD periferiuli mowyobilobebis SeerTeba, Tumca er-
Ti SE mowyobilobis SeerTebis SemTxvevaSic ki mTli-
anad interfeisi imuSavebs SE da Fast-20 reJimSi.
amave standartiT ganisazRvreba 80-kontaqtiani
SCA-2 (Single Connector Attachment) gasarTi diskuri mowyo-
bilobebis operatiuli SecvlisaTvis da 68-gamtariani
kabeli gamtarebis ufro mWidro ganlagebiT (Very High
Density Connector – VHDC), romlis geometriuli zomebi
bevrad naklebia tradiciul SCSI kabelebTan Sedare-
biT.
Ultra-3 (Fast-80DT) SCSI
damatebiTi Taviseburebebia:
• DT (Double Transition) sinqronizacia;
• kontroli CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) kodebiT;
• Sezusteba siCqaris mixedviT;
• paketebis gamoyeneba;
• QAS (Quick Arbitrate and Select) Tviseba.
mocemul standartSi gamoyenebuli sinqronizacia
saSualebas iZleva monacemebi gadaices REQ/ACK sig-
nalis orive frontze, rac 40 mghc sixSiris mqone 16-
Tanrigiani saltis SemTxvevaSi monacemebis 160 mba-
iti/wm siCqariT gadacemis saSualebas iZleva.
52
CRC kodebis saSualebiT xdeba Secdomebis aRmo-
Cena salteze monacemebis gadacemis dros. SCSI saltis
adrindel standartebSi am mizniT gamoiyeneboda luwo-
baze kontroli. sistemebSi monacemTa swrafi gadacemiT
CRC kodebis gamoyeneba bevrad efeqturia luwobaze
kontrolTan SedarebiT.
Sezusteba siCqaris mixedviT gulisxmobs yvela
mowyobilobisaTvis gadacemis maqsimaluri SesaZlebeli
siCqaris dadgenas. am mizniT salteze winaswar srul-
deba testuri gadacemebi da Secdomebis raodenobis
Sefaseba. mxolod amis Semdeg iwyeba monacemebis gada-
cema TiToeuli mowyobilobisaTvis maqsimaluri SesaZ-
lebeli siswrafiT.
tradiciul paralelur salteebSi monacemTa ga-
dacemisTvis gamoiyeneba ramdenime faza: brZaneba, Set-
yobineba, mdgomareoba da monacemebi. paketuri gadace-
misas mTeli es informacia erTiandeba paketSi da gada-
ecema Sesabamis mowyobilobas.
QAS Tviseba saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes kon-
fliqturi situaciebis gadawyvetis dro saltis gaTa-
visuflebis drois SemcirebiT.
Ultra-4 (Fast-160DT) SCSI
damatebulia rigi axali funqciebisa:
• gazrdili swrafqmedeba _ 320 mbaiti/wm. gadaicema 16-
bitiani monacemebi 80 mghc sixSiriT da orgadas-
vliani sinqronizaciiT (DT).
• monacemTa wakiTxva/Cawera nakadur reJimSi. Cveuleb-
riv SemTxvevaSi monacemTa yovel paketTan erTad ga-
daicema samomsaxureo (protokoluri) signalebi.
nakadur reJimSi mowyobiloba monacemTa ramdenime
53
 paketis Semdeg gascems erT pakets, romelSic miTi- Fiber Channel SCSI
Tebulia paketuri monacemebis rigiToba. amis Sede-
gad ki mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba samomsaxureo signa- Fiber Channel SCSI standarti warmoadgens mimdev-
lebis raodenoba. robiTi interfeisis specifikacias, romelic iyenebs op-
tikur-boWkovani kabelis fizikur da protokolur ma-
Ultra-5 (Fast-320DT) SCSI xasiaTeblebs da SCSI brZanebaTa sistemas. ramdenime
amJamad damuSavebis stadiaSia. cnobilia mxolod kilometri sigrZis optikurboWkovani an koaqsialuri
misi siCqare _ 640 mbaiti/wm. kabeliT monacemebis gadacemis siswrafe aRwevs 200-400
cxrilSi 4.2 warmodgenilia sxvadasxva SCSI stan- mbaiti/wm.
dartebis parametrebi. Fiber Channel teqnologia gankuTvnilia erTmaneTi-
sagan ramdenime kilometriT dacilebuli komponentebis
cxrili 4.2 dakavSirebisaTvis. igi iTvleba erT-erT optimalur va-
SCSI standartebis parametrebi riantad kavSiris gamoyofili xazebis SeqmnisaTvis
monacemTa Senaxvis sistemiT (SAN – storage area network),
SCSI teqnologia

monacemTa gada-
cemis siswrafe,

mowyobilobaTa
SCSI standarti

Tanrigianoba,
sixSire, mghc

maqsimaluri
monacemTa Senaxvis qselur mowyobilobebSi (NAS) da

raodenoba
mbaiti/wm

kabelis
biti

serveruli klasterebisaTvis.
tipi
200 mbaiti/wm swrafqmedebis Fiber Channel SCSI ver-
siaSi gamoiyeneba GBIC (gigabit interface connector) gasarTi
(nax. 4.8), xolo 400 mbaiti/wm swrafqmedebis SemTxvevaSi
SCSI-1 Async 5 8 4 7 A (50-kont.)
_ moxsnadi gasarTi SFP (small form factor pluggable) opti-
SCSI-1 Fast-5 5 8 5 7 A (50-kont.)
SCSI-2 Fast-5/Wide 5 16 10 15 P (68-kont.)
kuri-boWkovani kabelisaTvis (nax. 4.9) da maRalsiCqa-
SCSI-2 Fast-10 10 8 10 7 A (50-kont.) riani mimdevrobiTi monacemebis gasarTi HSSDC (high-
SCSI-2 Fast-10/Wide 10 16 20 15 P (68-kont.) speed serial data connector) spilenZis kabelisaTvis (nax. 4.10).
SCSI-3 Fast-20 20 8 20 7 A (50-kont.)
SCSI-3 Fast-20/Wide 20 16 40 7 P (68-kont.)
SCSI-3 Fast-40 40 8 40 7 A (50-kont.)
SCSI-3 Fast-40/Wide 40 16 80 15 P (68-kont.)
SCSI-3 Fast-80/DT 40 16 160 15 P (68-kont.)
SCSI-3 Fast-160/DT 80 16 320 15 P (68-kont.)

54 55
 nax. 4.10 HSSDC gasarTi spilenZis kabelisaTvis

Fiber Channel specifikacia ki ar cvlis, aramed av-

sebs Ultra 160 da Ultra 320 specifikaciebs, romlebic damu-
Savebulia serverTan mowyobilobebis uSualo SeerTe-
nax. 4.8 GBIC gasarTi
bisTvis.

nax. 4.9. SFP gasarTi optikuri-boWkovani kabelisaTvis
iSCSI
interfeisi iSCSI warmoadgens SCSI specifikaciis
bolo variants da aerTianebs SCSI damagroveblebis
efeqturobas Ethernet qselis SesaZleblobebTan. siste-
mebs Soris monacemebis gadasacemad gamoiyeneba Ethernet,
amitom iSCSI sacavi SeiZleba ganTavsebul iqnas nebis-
mier sistemaSi, romelic dakavSirebulia Ethernet-Tan.
amasTan erTad SesaZlebelia Internet-Tan kavSiric. in-
terfeisi iSCSI uzrunvelyofs erTmaneTisagan aseulo-
biT kilometriT dacilebuli kompiuterebis monaceme-
bis usafrTxoebas.
interfeisi iSCSI droTa ganmavlobaSi Secvlis
Fiber Channel interfeiss. rogorc iSCSI, aseve Fiber Channel
platebs gaaCniaT optikur-boWkovani da spilenZis kabe-
lebis mxardaWera, rac ganapirobebs maT SeTavsebado-
bas ukve moqmed Ethernet qselebTan.

56 57
 4.2. salte IEEE-1394 (i.Link) FireWire IEEE-1394a saltis kabeli Sedgeba eqvsi gamtari-
sagan. erTi wyvili gamtariT gadaicema monacemebi, mere
FireWire saltis pirveli standarti _ IEEE-1394a wyviliT _ sinqronizacia, xolo mesame wyviliT _ kveba.
gamoqveynda 1995 wels. FireWire salte warmoadgens mim- nax. 4.11-ze warmodgenilia IEEE-1394a saltis ga-
devrobiT Seyvana-gamoyvanis interfeiss. mis ZiriTad sarTebi.
upiratesobas warmoadgens maRali swrafqmedeba.
cifrul
FireWire saltis IEEE-1394a versia uzrunvelyofs 6-kontaqtiani videokamerebSi
6-kontaqtiani standartuli gamoyenebuli
monacemTa gadacemas 100, 200 da 400 mbiti/wm (Sesaba- kabeli IEEE-1394 4-kontaqtiani
IEEE-1394 porti
misad 12.5, 25, 50 mbaiti/wm) siCqariT. aseTi maRali kabeli IEEE-1394

swrafqmedeba miiRweva monacemebis paketuri reJimis ga-

moyenebiT, Tumca SesaZlebelia PCI saltis analo-
giurad `misamarTi-dasturi~ reJimSi muSaobac. axali,
1394b versiis swrafqmedeba, rogorc varaudoben, Tav-
dapirvelad iqneba 1600 mbiti/wm, xolo SemdgomSi miaR-
wevs 3200 mbiti/wm. swrafqmedebis gazrda miiRweva minisa
da plastikuri optikur-boWkovani kabelebis gamoyene-
nax. 4.11 IEEE-1394 saltis gasarTebi
biT.
FireWire salteze, iseve rogorc SCSI salteze, ne-
1394b standartSi damatebulia rigi siaxleebisa,
badarTulia ramdenime mowyobilobis sxvadasxva siCqa-
rac monacemTa gadacemis kidev ufro maRali swrafqme-
riT erTdrouli muSaobis SesaZlebloba. FireWire sal-
debis miRwevis saSualebas iZleva.
tes gaaCnia Plug&Play reJimis mxardaWera da mowyobilo-
• TviTaRdgenadi konturebi. 1394b mowyobilobebis ara-
bebis `cxeli~ SeerTebis SesaZlebloba.
swori SeerTebis SemTxvevaSi, rac ganapirobebs aras-
IEEE-1394 adapterTan SesaZlebelia 63 mowyobilo-
wori logikuri jaWvis miRebas, interfeisi asru-
bis mierTeba. daSvebulia ganStoebadi jaWvuri topo-
lebs avtomatur koreqcias. 1394a mowyobilobebis
logiis realizaciac. am SemTxvevaSi adapters SeiZleba
araswori SeerTeba SeuZlebels qmnis mTlianad sal-
jaWvurad miuerTdes 63 kvanZi, xolo TiToeul kvanZTan
tis muSaobas.
SesaZlebelia 16 mowyobilobis SeerTeba. koncentrato-
rebis gamoyeneba aucilebeli ar aris, Tumca rekomen- • optikur-boWkovani da standartuli 1394a da 1394b
direbulia iseTi mowyobilobebisaTvis, romelTa mox- spilenZis kabelebis mxardaWera.
sna da mierTeba gaTvaliswinebulia kompiuteris muSa-
obis procesSi.

58 59
• signalebs Soris konfliqtebis gadawyvetis gaumjo- Tanamedrove operaciuli sistemebi _ Windows
besebuli sqema, rac swrafqmedebis da kabelis sig- NT/2000/XP uzrunvelyofen IEEE-1394 saltis programul
rZis gazrdis saSualebas iZleva. mxadaWeras. amJamad ukve iwarmoeba sistemuri platebic,
arsebobs 1394b standartis ori versia: romlebzedac IEEE-1394 saltis mxardaWerisaTvis yen-
• beta-versia; deba damatebiTi mikrosqema (sistemuri platis mikro-
• orstandartiani versia. sqemebis TiTqmis arc erT standartul krebuls ar
beta-versiis gasarTebi gamoiyeneba mxolod 1394b gaaCnia IEEE-1394 saltis mxardaWera). am SemTxvevaSi Se-
standartis mowyobilobebisaTvis, xolo orstandar- erTeba xorcieldeba gamoyofili IEEE-1394 interfeisis
tiani versia uzrunvelyofs rogorc 1394a, aseve 1394b saSualebiT. Tumca aseTi platebis raodenoba sakmaod
mowyobilobebis SeerTebis SesaZleblobas. mcirea maTi maRali Rirebulebis gamo. Cveulebriv
nax. 4.12-ze warmodgenilia kabelebis sxvadasxva iyeneben PCI standartis specialur IEEE-1394 adapterebs.
tipebi FireWire salte ganixileba, rogorc SCSI saltis
alternativa. Tumca misi struqtura ufro martivia
SCSI saltesTan SedarebiT. FireWire salte ZiriTadad ga-
moiyeneba cifruli videomowyobilobebis (kamerebi, vi-
beta-versiis gasarTi deomagnitofonebi da a.S) kompiuterTan SesaerTeblad.
(farTo kilo)
Tumca misi saSualebiT kompiuterTan SeiZleba Seer-
9-kontaqtiani 9-kontaqtiani Tdes diskuri (vinCesteri, CD-, DVD da a.S) da sxva
swrafi periferiuli mowyobilobebi.
IEEE-1394 interfeisis maRali Rirebuleba da is
garemoeba, rom yvela Tanamedrove sistemur platas
universaluri gasarTi ukve gaaCnia USB portebi, mkveTrad zRudavs FireWire
(viwro kilo)
4-kontaqtiani saltis gavrcelebas, Tumca Tavisi maRali SesaZleb-
9-kontaqtiani
lobebidan gamomdinare, FireWire warmoadgens erT-erT
perspeqtiul teqnologias kompiuterTan sayofacxov-
rebo eleqtronikis dakavSirebisaTvis.

6-kontaqtiani
9-kontaqtiani

nax. 4.12. IEEE-1394 kabelebis tipebi

60 61
 4.3. infrawiTeli interfeisi IrDA
infrawiTeli diapazonis gamomsxiveblebisa da
mimRebebis gamoyeneba ramdenime metriT daSorebuli
mowyobilobebis wyvilis gamtarebis gareSe dakavSire-
bis saSualebas iZleva. infrawiTeli kavSiri _ IR (Infra
Red) Connection _ usafrTxoa janmrTelobisaTvis, ar qmnis
dabrkolebebs radiosixSirul diapazonSi
uzrunvelyofs informaciis gadacemis konfidencialu-
robas. infrawiTeli sxivi ar gadis kedelSi, amitom mi-
Rebis zona SezRudulia mcire, advilad kontrolire-
badi sivrciT. infrawiTeli kavSiri agreTve mosaxer-
xebelia portatiuli kompiuteris stacionarul kompiu-
terTan dasakavSireblad. infrawiTeli interfeisi gaaC-
niaT zogierTi modelis printerebs, rig mciregaba-
ritian mowyobilobebs, rogorebicaa: jibis kompiute-
rebi (PDA), mobiluri telefonebi, cifruli fotokame-
rebi da a.S.
ganasxvaveben dabali (115 kbit/wm), saSualo (1,152
mbit/wm) da maRali (4 mbit/wm) swrafqmedebis infrawi-
Tel sistemebs. dabali swrafqmedebis sistemebi gamoiye-
neba mokle Setyobinebebis gacvlisaTvis, maRali
swrafqmedebis sistemebi _ kompiuterebs Soris faile-
bis gasacvlelad, kompiuterul qselTan dakavSirebi-
saTvis, monacemebis printerze, saproeqcio aparatze
gasacemad da a.S. perspeqtivaSia gacvlis kidev ufro
maRali siswrafeebi, rac SesaZlebels gaxdis `cocxali
videos~ gadacemas.
1993 wels Seiqmna asociacia IrDA (Infrared Data Asso-
ciation), romlis standartic uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva
damamzadeblebis mier warmoebuli mowyobilobebis ur-
62
TierTSeTavsebadobas. dResdReobiT moqmedebs standar-
ti IrDA 1.1.
sxvadasxva standartis interfeisebi uzrunvel-
yofen monacemTa gadacemis Semdeg siCqareebs:
• IrDA SIR (Serial Infra Red), HP-SIR - 9,6 – 115,2 kbiti/wm;
• IrDA HDLC, cnobili agreTve rogorc IrDA MIR (Middle
Infra Red) - 0,576 da 1,152 mbiti/wm;
da • IrDA FIR (Fast Infra Red) _ 4 mbiti/wm.
gamomsxivebels infrawiTeli kavSirisaTvis war-
moadgens Suqdiodi, romelsac gaaCnia speqtraluri
maxasiaTebeli 880 nm simZlavriT; Suqdiodi uzrunvel-
yofs efeqturi gamosxivebis konuss daaxloebiT 30°
kuTxiT. mimRebis saxiT gamoiyeneba PIN-diodebi, romle-
bic efeqturad iReben infrawiTel sxivebs 15° konusSi.
IrDA specifikacia gansazRvravs moTxovnebs gadamcemis
simZlavrisa da mimRebis mgrZnobiarobisadmi. mimRebi-
saTvis moicema infrawiTeli sxivebis rogorc minima-
luri, aseve maqsimaluri simZlavre. Zalian dabali sim-
Zlavris impulsebs mimRebi `ver xedavs~, xolo Zalian
mZlavri impulsebi `abrmavebs~ mimRebs _ miRebuli im-
pulsebi erTiandebian ganurCevel signalad. sasargeb-
lo signalebis garda mimRebze zemoqmedebs dabrko-
lebebi _ mzis da naTurebiT ganaTeba, romlebic iZle-
vian optikuri simZlavris mudmiv mdgenels, dabrkole-
bebi luminescenturi naTurebidan, romlebic iZlevian
cvlad, magram dabalsixSirul mdgenelebs. es xelSeS-
lebi unda gaifiltros. IrDA specifikaciiT ganisaz-
Rvreba bituri Secdomebis done (Bit Error Ratio, BER) 10-9
dRis ganaTebisa da 1 m-mde dacilebis SemTxvevaSi. ram-
denadac gadamcemi TiTqmis yovelTvis iwvevs sakuTari
mimRebis dasxivebas, Sehyavs ra gajerebul mdgomare-
63
obaSi, saWiro xdeba naxevraddupleqsuri kavSiris amoq-
medeba. am dros gadacemis mimarTulebis Secvla xdeba
garkveuli droiTi intervalebiT. siganalebis gadace-
misTvis gamoiyeneba orobiTi modulacia (aris Suqi _
ar aris Suqi) da kodirebis sxvadasxva meTodebi.
IrDA specifikacia gansazRvravs protokolebis
ramdenimedonian sistemas, romelTac ganvixilavT zemo-
dan qvemoT.
IrDA SIR _ 2,4-115,2 kbiti/wm siCqareebisaTvis, iseve
rogorc mimdevrobiT COM-portebSi, gamoiyeneba gadace-
mis standartuli asinqronuli reJimi: start-biti (nu-
lovani), monacemTa 8 biti da stop-biti (erTeulovani).
bitis nulovani mniSvneloba kodirdeba bitis 3/16 xan-
grZlivobis impulsiT, xolo erTeulovani mdgomare-
oba _ impulsebis ararsebobiT. amrigad, gadacemebs So-
ris gadamcemi ar anaTebs, xolo yoveli gadacema iwyeba
start-bitis impulsiT.
ASK-IR _ 9,6-57,6 kbiti/wm siCqareebisaTvis agreTve
gamoiyeneba asinqronuli reJimi, magram kodireba gan-
sxvavbulia: nulovani biti kodirdeba 500 khc sixSiris
impulsebiT, xolo erTeulovani biti _ impulsebis
ararsebobiT.
IrDA HDLC _ 0,576 da 1,152 mbit/wm siCqareebisaTvis
gamoiyeneba monacemTa gadacemis sinqronuli meTodi da
SIR protokolis analogiuri kodireba. gansxvaveba ima-
Si mdgomareobs, rom impulsis xangrZlivoba tolia
bituri intervalisa. monacemTa gadacemis utyuarobis
kontrolisaTvis gamoiyeneba 16-bitiani CRC-kodi.
IrDA FIR _ 4 mbiti/wm siCqarisaTvis agreTve gamo-
iyeneba sinqronuli reJimi, Tumca kodireba ufro rTu-
64
lia. bitebis yoveli wyvili kodirdeba poziciur-im-
pulsuri kodiT:
00 → 1000;
01 → 0100;
10 → 0010;
11 → 0001.
simboloebis tetradaSi `1~ aRniSnavs impulsis
gacemas orbitiani intervalis Sesabamis meoTxedSi. ko-
direbis amgvari saSualeba saSualebas iZleva orjer
Semcirdes Suqdiodis CarTvis sixSire kodirebis wina
meTodTan SedarebiT. miRebuli impulsebis saSualo
sixSiris mudmivoba amartivebs gare ganaTebasTan adap-
tacias. utyuarobis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba 32-bitiani
CRC-kodi.
fizikuri donis Semdeg safexurs warmoadgens
SeRwevis protokoli IrLAP (IrDA Infrared Link Access Pro-
tocol), romelic asrulebs monacemebis kadrebad inkap-
sulacias da mowyobilobaTa konfliqtis Tavidan aci-
lebas. orze meti mowyobilobis arsebobisas, romlebic
`xedaven~ erTmaneTs, erT-erTi iniSneba pirveladad, xo-
lo danarCenebi _ meoradad. kavSiri yovelTvis na-
xevraddupleqsuria. IrLAP aRwers kavSirebis dayenebis,
numeraciisa da daxurvis procedurebs. kavSiri myar-
deba 9600 biti/wm siswrafeze, ris Semdegac Tanxmdeba
monacemebis gacvlis siswrafe orive mowyobilobis sis-
wrafis minimumis mixedviT da yendeba logikuri arxebi.
yoveli arxi imarTeba erTi wamyvani mowyobilobiT.
Semdeg safexurs warmoadgens kavSiris marTvis
protokoli IrLMP (IrDA Infrared Link Management Protocol).
misi saSualebiT mowyobiloba atyobinebs sxva mowyobi-
lobebs Tavisis arsebobis Sesaxeb `xedvis~ zonaSi. IrDA
mowyobilobebis konfiguracia icvleba dinamiurad. ami-
65
saTvis sakmarisia axali mowyobilobis Setana an moci-
leba. IrLMP protokoli aRmoaCens servisebs, romlis
SeTavazebasac axdens mowyobiloba, amowmebs monacemTa
nakadebs da gamodis multipleqsoris rolSi miRwevadi
mowyobilobebis simravlis SemTxvevaSi. IrLMP protoko-
lis saSualebiT dgindeba, imyofeba Tu ara mowyobi-
loba `xedvis~ zonaSi.
satransporto dones uzrunvelyofs Tiny TP (IrDA
Transport Protocols) protokoli. satransporto doneze xde-
ba mowyobilobebs Soris virtualuri arxebis momsaxu-
reba, damuSavdeba Secdomebi (dakarguli paketebi, mona-
cemTa Secdomebi da a.S.), sruldeba monacemTa gaerTi-
aneba paketebad, sawyisi monacemebis paketebidan amoRe-
ba.
IrCOMM protokolis saSualebiT infrawiTeli
kavSiri axdens Cveulebrivi gamtariani kavSirebis emu-
lacias:
• RS-232C (TXD, RXD и GND);
• RS-232C (COM-portis yvela signali);
• Centronix (paraleluri interfeisi).
IrLAN protokoli uzrunvelyofs kavSirs loka-
lur qselebTan. amisaTvis saWiroa mowyobiloba-prova-
ideri, romelsac gaaCnia IrDA interfeisi da Cveuleb-
rivi gamtari kavSiriTaa dakavSirebuli lokalur qse-
lTan.
obieqtebis gacvlis protokoli IrOBEX (Object Exc-
hange Protocol) warmoadgens martiv protokols, dgas Tiny
TP protokolis Semdgom safexurze da gansazRvravs
brZanebebs mowyobilobebs Soris `sasargeblo~ orobi-
Ti monacemebis gacvlisaTvis.
66
unda aRvniSnoT, rom sayofacxovrebo teqnikis
(televizori, videomagnitofoni da a. S.) distanciuri
marTvisaTvis gamoiyeneba igive, 880 nm diapazoni, magram
gansxvavebuli sixSireebi da kodirebis meTodebi.
IrDA mimReb-gadamcemi kompiuterTan SeiZleba da-
kavSirdes sxvadasxva saSualebebiT. sistemur blokTan
mimarTebaSi is SeiZleba iyos Siga (procesoruli blo-
kis gare panelze ganTavsebuli) an gare. mimReb-gadam-
cemi unda ganTavsdes xedvis kuTxis (mimRebisaTvis ara-
umetes 30°, xolo gadamcemisTvis _ 15°) da maqsimaluri
SesaZlebeli dacilebis (erTi metri) gaTvaliswinebiT.
Siga mimReb-gadamcemebi 115,2 kbiti/wm siCqaremde
(IrDA SIR, ASK IR) SedarebiT martivi IK-modulator-
demodulatorebis saSualebiT uerTdebian Cveulebriv
UART 16450, 16550 Tavsebad asinqronul mimReb-gadamcem
mikrosqemebs. rig Tanamedrove sistemur platebSi in-
frawiTeli kavSirisaTvis (115 kbit/wm-mde) konfigurir-
deba COM2 porti. am mizniT UART-is garda sistemuri
platis chipset Seicavs modulatorisa da demodula-
toris sqemebs, romlebic gansazRvraven infrawiTeli
kavSiris erT an ramdenime protokols. COM2 portis in-
frawiTeli kavSiris gamoyenebisaTvis CMOS Setup-Si
unda airCes Sesabamisi reJimi (COM2 portis Cveuleb-
rivi gamoyeneba niSnavs infrawiTeli kavSiris akrZal-
vas).
agreTve gamoiyeneba Siga IrDA adapterebi ISA, PCI,
PC Card kontrolerebis saxiT.
saSualo da maRali gacvlis siCqareebze gamoiye-
neba specializirebuli IrDA kontrolerebi, romlebic
orientirebulni arian intensiur programul-marTvad
gacvlaze, an DMA-ze, saltis pirdapiri marTvis SesaZ-
67
leblobiT. am SemTxvevaSi Cveulebrivi UART-is gamo-
yeneba SeuZlebelia, radgan mas ar gaaCnia sinqronuli
reJimisa da maRali siCqaris mxardaWera. IrDA FIR kon-
troleri realizdeba calke adapteris saxiT, an integ-
rirebulia sistemur plataSi. aseT kontrolers, ro-
gorc wesi, gaaCnia SIR reJimebis mxardaWerac.
arseboben agreTve gare infrawiTeli adapterebic
RS-232C (COM portTan SesaerTeblad), an USB interfe-
isiT. USB interfeisis gamtarunarianoba sakmarisia FIR
reJimisTvisac, xolo COM portis gamoyeneba SeiZleba
mxolod SIR reJimisaTvis.
IrDA-s gamoyenebisaTvis fizikuri SeerTebis gar-
da saWiroa specialuri draiverebis dayenebac. Windows
9x/ME/2000/XP operaciul sistemebSi IrDA miekuTvneba
qselur garemos.
IrDA interfeisi saSualebas iZleva dainstali-
rebuli periferiuli mowyobiloba daukavSirdes loka-
lur qsels, gadaices failebi kompiuterebs Soris, ga-
ices monacemebi printerze, CaitvirTos fotosuraTebi
cifruli kameridan da Sesruldes sxvadasxva amocanebi
yovelnairi sakabelo kavSirebis gareSe.
68
Tavi 5
specialuri daniSnulebis interfeisebi
5.1. diskuri mowyobilobebis interfeisi
ATA/ATAPI (IDE)
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) interfeisi damuSavda
1986 wels. IDE warmoadgens ZiriTad interfeiss, romlis
saSualebiTac Tanamedrove personaluri kompiuteris
sistemuri plata ukavSirdeba vinCesteris eleqtronul
sqemas. Tavdapirvelad IDE interfeisi realizebuli iyo
plata-kontroleris saxiT da sistemur platas ukav-
Sirdeboda ISA saltis saSualebiT. umetes SemTxvevaSi
IDE kontroleri warmoadgenda multiplatas, masSi
integrirebuli iyo agreTve mimdevrobiTi, paraleluri
da saTamaSo portebi, FDD kontroleri (nax. 5.1).
nax. 5.1. kombinirebuli IDE kontroleri
69
 Tanamedrove sistemur platebs gaaCniaT chipset-Si
CaSenebuli IDE host-kontrolerebi, amitom calke IDE
plata-kontrolerebi aRar gamoiyeneba.
unda aRvniSnoT, rom tradiciuli termini `IDE
kontroleri~ arcTu ise koreqtulia da momdinareobs
vinCesteris interfeisis Zveli standartebidan, rode-
sac mmarTveli eleqtronuli sqema mTlianad realize-
buli iyo host-kontrolerSi. Tanamedrove sistemebSi
kontroleris eleqtronuli sqema yendeba vinCesteris
korpusSi, amitom IDE realurad warmoadgens sistemur
interfeiss, romelic sistemur platas akavSirebs vin-
CesterSi ganTavsebul kontrolerTan.
IDE warmoadgens ganzogadebul termins, romelic
miesadageba nebismier vinCesters CaSenebuli kontrole-
riT. vinCesteris IDE interfeiss oficialurad ewoda
ATA (AT Attachment) da miRebul iqna ANSI (American National
Standards Institute) standartis saxiT.
Tu ATA saltesTan erTdeba ori mowyobiloba,
erTi unda iyos wamyvani (Master), xolo
daqvemdeba-rebuli (Slave). mowyobilobebis gansazRvra
xdeba winas-war dayenebuli specialuri
sakonfiguracio Sesakra-vebis (jamperebis) saSualebiT.
orive mowyobiloba brZa-nebas iRebs erTdroulad,
magram brZanebis Sesruleba xdeba mxolod arCeuli
mowyobilobis mier. muSaobis mocemuli
gulisxmobs, rom sanam host-adapteri ar daasrulebs
monacemebis gacvlas erT mowyobilo-basTan,
gadaerTveba meore mowyobilobis momsaxu-rebaze.
amrigad, IDE-mowyobilobebs paralelurad muSa-oba
SeuZliaT mxolod maSin, rodesac isini SeerTe-bulni
arian sxvadasxva ATA salteebTan (arxebTan).
70
Tanamedrove personalur kompiuterebSi umetesad
gamoiyeneba ori IDE host-adapteri _ IDE 1 da IDE2.
ATA interfeisis specifikaciiT gansazRvrulia
Semdegi obieqtebi:
• host-adapteri _ akavSirebs ATA-interfeiss kom-
piuteris saltesTan. hosts zogjer uwodeben Tavad
kompiutersac ATA-interfeisiT.
• wamyvani mowyobiloba (Master) _ diskuri mowyobi-
loba, romelsac ATA specifikaciis mixedviT ewo-
deba mowyobiloba 0 (Device 0).
• daqvemdebarebuli mowyobiloba (Slave) _ diskuri
mowyobiloba, romelsac ATA specifikaciis mixedviT
ewodeba mowyobiloba 1 (Device 1).
ATA interfeisi warmoadgens paralelur 16-
Tanriga saltes, romelSic yvela signali Seesabameba
standartul TTL dones. host-adapteri da mowyobi-
lobebi erTdeba specialuri 40-gamtariani kabeli-Sle-
ifis saSualebiT (nax. 5.2).
meore
nax. 5.2. ATA interfeisis kabeli
sistema
ATA interfeisis kabelis swori SeerTebisaTvis
ver
gasarTs Cveulebriv (ara yovelTvis) gaaCnia specialu-
ri gasaRebi (nax. 5.3). mocemul SemTxvevaSi gasaRebs
warmoadgens kabelis me-20 kontaqti. unda aRvniSnoT,
rom IDE-kabelis araswori SeerTeba ar azianebs kom-
piuters, Tumca iwvevs misi muSaobis blokirebas.
71
 cxrilSi 5.1 warmodgenilia IDE-interfeisis ga- kontaqti kategoria signali daniSnuleba
sarTis kontaqtebis daniSnuleba. 13 Ses. /gam. HD2 monacemTa salte 2
14 Ses. /gam. HD13 monacemTa salte 13

gasaRebi, romelic
15 Ses. /gam. HD1 monacemTa salte 1
gamoricxavs gasarTis 16 Ses. /gam. HD14 monacemTa salte 14
araswor SeerTebas
17 Ses. /gam. HD0 monacemTa salte 0
IDE gasarTi 18 Ses. /gam. HD15 monacemTa salte 15
19 _ GND korpusi
20 _ KEY gasarTis gasaRebi
21 _ Reserved darezervebulia
22 _ GND korpusi
23 gamosasvleli IOW Caweris strobi
kvebis kabeli 24 _ GND korpusi
kabelis pirveli wiTeli (+5v)
kontaqtis niSani 25 gamosasvleli _IOR wakiTxvis strobi
Savi (miwa)
Savi (miwa) 26 _ GND korpusi
yviTeli (+12v) 27 Sesasvleli IOCHRDY Seyvana/gamoyvanis
arxis nebarTva
nax. 5.3. ATA vinCesteris SeerTeba
28 gamosasvleli SPSYNC/ Spindelis sinqroni-
CSEL zacia/kabelis
cxrili 5.1 arCeva
IDE-interfeisis gasarTis kontaqtebi 29 _ RESERVED darezervebulia
kontaqti kategoria signali daniSnuleba 30 _ GND korpusi
1 gamosasvleli _RESET Camogdeba 31 Sesasvleli IRQ14 moTxovna wyvetaze
2 _ GND korpusi 32 Sesasvleli _HIO16 16-Tanriga portTan
3 Ses. /gam. HD7 monacemTa salte 7 mimarTvis niSani
4 Ses. /gam. HD8 monacemTa salte 8 33 gamosasvleli HA1 samisamarTo xazi 1
5 Ses. /gam. HD6 monacemTa salte 6 34 Ses. /gam. RESERVED darezervebulia
6 Ses. /gam. HD9 monacemTa salte 9 35 gamosasvleli HA0 samisamarTo xazi 0
7 Ses. /gam. HD5 monacemTa salte 5 36 gamosasvleli HA2 samisamarTo xazi 2
8 Ses. /gam. HD10 monacemTa salte 10 37 gamosasvleli _CS0 1-eli diskis arCeva
9 Ses. /gam. HD4 monacemTa salte 4 38 gamosasvleli _CS1 me-2 diskis arCeva
10 Ses. /gam. HD11 monacemTa salte 11 39 Ses. /gam. _ACTIV diskis arCevis
11 Ses. /gam. HD3 monacemTa salte 3 nebarTva
12 Ses. /gam. HD12 monacemTa salte 12 40 _ GND korpusi

72 73
 me-20 gamomyvani asrulebs gasaRebis rols. igi ar
iZleva kabelis araswori SeerTebis SesaZleblobas.
39-e gamomyvanze miewodeba signali DA/SP (Drive
Active/Slave Present), romelic erTdroulad or funqcias
asrulebs. kompiuteris CarTvisTanave mocemul gamom-
yvanze gaicema Zabva, romelic adasturebs marTuli (Sla-
ve) diskuri mowyobilobis arsebobas. amis Semdeg, gar-
kveuli drois intervaliT, TiToeuli diskuri mowyo-
biloba gascems aqtiurobis damadasturebel signals.
28-e gamomyvanze SesaZlebelia ori signalis ga-
cema _ SPSYNC (Spindle Synchronization _ Spindelis sinqro-
nizacia) da CSEL (Cable Select _ kabelis arCeva). SPSYNC
signali emsaxureba diskuri mowyobilobis Spindeluri
Zravis sinqronizacias. Tumca umetesad mocemul gamom-
yvanze gaicema signali CSEL. misi saSualebiT diskuri
mowyobiloba ganisazRvreba rogorc pirveladi (Master),
an rogorc daqvemdebarebuli (Slave). pirvelad (Master)
diskur mowyobilobas mieniWeba nomeri 0, xolo daqvem-
debarebul (Slave) diskur mowyobilobas _ nomeri 1. Tu
gasarTSi, romelTanac SeerTebulia diskuri mowyobi-
loba, gamomyvani CSEL damiwebulia, diskur mowyobi-
loba ganisazRvreba rogorc pirveladi (Master), xolo
Tu gamomyvani Tavisufalia (ar aris damiwebuli) _ ro-
gorc daqvemdebarebuli (Slave).
monacemTa gadacemis siCqaris gazrda
vinCestersa da operatiul mexsierebas Soris
monacemTa gadacemis siCqaris gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba
ori meTodi:
• Seyvana/gamoyvanis programuli meTodi (Programmed In-
put/output, PIO)
74
• mexsierebisadmi pirdapiri wvdomis reJimi (Direct Me-
mory Access, DMA)
PIO reJimSi vinCesteridan informaciis yoveli ba-
iti Tavdapirvelad ikiTxeba centraluri procesoris
mier da mxolod amis Semdeg Caiwereba operatiul mex-
sierebaSi. ganasxvaveben PIO 0 (PIO Mode 0), PIO 1, PIO 2, PIO
3 da PIO 4 reJimebs. isini gansxvavdebian monacemTa
gadace-mis siCqariT. magaliTad, erT wyvetaze PIO 0
reJimSi gadaicema 512 kbaiti moculobis informacia
(vinCeste-ris erTi seqtori), xolo PIO 4 reJimSi xdeba
monacemTa gadacema vinCesteris 16 an meti seqtoridan
erTdro-ulad.
DMA reJimSi procesori marTvas gadascems pro-
cesoruli platis Chipset-Si CaSenebul DMA kontro-
lers, xolo amis Semdeg aRar monawileobs monacemTa
gadacemaSi.
arsebobs DMA arxiT monacemTa gacvlis ramde-
nime reJimi:
• erTeulovani (Singleword DMA)
• mravlobiTi (Multiword DMA)
• Ultra DMA reJimi.
erTeulovan reJimSi mowyobiloba yoveli sityvis
gadacemisaTvis gamoimuSavebs moTxovnis signals
DMARQ da Camoagdebs am signals monacemTa gadacemis
dadasturebis signalis DMACK arsebobisas.
mravlobiT reJimSi DMARQ signals hosti pasu-
xobs ciklebis nakadiT, romlebsac Tan sdevs DMACK
signali. mravlobiTi reJimi uzrunvelyofs monacemTa
gadacemis ufro maRal siCqares.
Ultra DMA reJimi uzrunvelyofs monacemTa gadace-
mis kidev ufro maRal siswrafes. Ultra DMA reJimSi mu-
75
Saobisas yovel taqtze xdeba ori sityvis gadacema. cxrili 5.2
erTi sityva gadaicema sinqroimpulsis wina frontze, ATA reJimebi
xolo meore sityva _ sinqroimpulsis ukana frontze. gadacemis reJimi monacemTa gadacemis siCqare interfeisi
Ultra DMA reJimSi sinqrosignalis xangrZlivoba orjer (mbaiti/wm)
metia gadacemis ciklis xangrZlivobasTan SedarebiT. РIO mode 0 3,3 АТА-1
Ultra DMA reJimi agreTve uzrunvelyofs salteze PIO mode 1 5,2 АТА-1
gadacemuli monacemebis utyuarobis kontrols. yoveli PIO mode 2 8,3 АТА-1
gadacemuli sityva gaTvaliswindeba CRC kodis aTvli- PIO mode 3 11,1 АТА-2
sas, romelic gadaicema host-kontroleris mier mona- PIO mode 4 16,67 АТА-2
cemTa paketis gadacemis Semdeg. CRC kods aiTvlis ro- Singleword DMA Mode 0 2,08 АТА-1
gorc monacemTa wyaro, aseve mimRebi. Secdomaze Setyo- Singleword DMA Mode 1 4,16 АТА-1
Singleword DMA Mode 2 8,33 АТА-1
binebis miRebisas hosti gascems brZanebas monacemTa
Multiword DMA Mode 0 4,12 АТА-1
xelmeored gadacemis Sesaxeb. Tu Secdomebi xSirad
Multiword DMA Mode 1 13,3 АТА-2
meordeba, hosti amcirebs monacemTa gadacemis siswra-
Multiword DMA Mode 2 16,67 АТА-2
fes Ultra DMA reJimidan gamosvlis CaTvliT.
Ultra DMA Mode 0 16,67 ATA/ATAPI-4
cxrilSi 5.2 warmodgenilia ATA salteze mona- Ultra DMA Mode 1 25 ATA/ATAPI-4
cemTa gadacemis reJimebi. Ultra DMA Mode 2 33,33 ATA/ATAPI-4
monacemTa gadacemis standarts gansazRvravs sami Ultra DMA Mode 3 44,4 ATA/ATAPI-5
elementi: Ultra DMA Mode 4 66,67 ATA/ATAPI-5
• host-adapteri da misi draiveri; Ultra DMA Mode 5 100 ATA/ATAPI-6
• diskuri mowyobiloba; Ultra DMA Mode 6 133 ATA/ATAPI-7

• kabelis tipi.
standarti airCeva avtomaturad CamoTvlili kom-
ponentebidan minimaluri SesaZleblobebis mqone kom- ATA standartebi
ponentis mixedviT, Tumca momxmarebels SeuZlia BIOS-Si
dReisaTvis ganxilul da damtkicebul iqna Sem-
xistad miuTiTos monacemTa gacvlis misTvis sasur-
veli reJimi. reJimis swori miTiTeba uzrunvelyofs mo- degi ATA standartebi:
nacemTa gadacemis maRal warmadobas da saimedoobas. • ATA-1 (1988-1994 ww.)
• ATA-2 (1996 w., agreTve ewodeba Fast-ATA, Fast-ATA-2,
EIDE)
• ATA-3 (1997 w.)

76 77
• ATA-4 (1998 w., agreTve ewodeba Ultra-ATA/33) cxrili 5.3
• ATA-5 (1999 w., agreTve ewodeba Ultra-ATA/66) ATA-standartebi, Sesabamisi parametrebi da maxasiaTeblebi
stan- PI DMA UDMA swraf- maxasiaTeblebi
• ATA-6 (2000 w., agreTve ewodeba Ultra-ATA/100)
darti O qmedeba
• ATA-7 (2001 w., agreTve ewodeba Ultra-ATA/133) mb/wm
ATA interfeisebs axasiaTebT SeTavsebadoba qve- ATA-1 0-2 0 _ 8,33
modan zemoT. magaliTad ATA-1 da ATA-2 mowyobilobebi ATA-2 0-4 0-2 _ 16,67 CHS/LBA translacia 8,4 gba-
Cveulebriv ukavSirdebian ATA-4 da ATA-5 interfeisebs. itamde moculobis diskebTan
yoveli Semdegi ATA standarti efuZneba wina stan- samuSaod
darts. ATA-3 0-4 0-2 _ 16,67 S.M.A.R.T teqnologiis mxarda-
cxrilSi 5.3 warmodgenilia ATA-standartebi, ma- Wera
Ti Sesabamisi parametrebi da maxasiaTeblebi ATA-4 0-4 0-2 0-2 33,33 Ultra-DMA reJimebi, 137,4 gba-
itamde moculobis diskebis
ATA-1 warmoadgens 16-bitian interfeiss. vinCes-
mxardaWera BIOS-is doneze.
ters uerTdeba 40-kontaqtiani sainformacio kabelis
axali, 80-kontaqtiani kabeli
saSualebiT. vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculobaa 512
ATA-5 0-4 0-2 0-4 66,67 Ultra-DMA reJimi 66 mbait/wm-
mbaiti.
mde siCqariT
ATA-2 standartSi gamoiyeneba 2 arxi, 4 mowyobi- ATA-6 0-4 0-2 0-5 100,00 Ultra-DMA reJimi 100 mbait/wm-
loba. vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba aRwevs 8,4 mde siCqariT; 144 pbaitamde
gbaits. moculobis diskebis mxarda-
ATA-3 warmoadgens ATA-2 standartis gafarToebas. Wera BIOS-is doneze
damatebulia paroliT dacvis da kvebis gaumjobese- ATA-7 0-4 0-2 0-6 133,00 Ultra-DMA reJimi 133 mbait/wm-
buli marTvis saSualebebi, agreTve SMART (Self Monito-ring mde siCqariT
Analysis and Report Technology) - TviTtestirebisa da
moaxloebuli mtyunebis Sesaxeb gafrTxilebis saSu- • ATAPI standartis integrirebuli mxardaWera. ATA in-
aleba. terfeisTan, vinCesteris garda, SesaZlebeli xdeba
ATA-1, ATA-2 da ATA-3 standartebi moZvelebulia CD-diskuri mowyobilobebis, strimerebis da sxva
da Tanamedrove sistemebSi aRar gamoiyeneba. tipis diskuri mowyobilobebis SeerTeba;
ATA-4 standartSi gamoiyeneba Semdegi ZiriTadi • kvebis gafarToebuli marTvis mxardaWera;
siaxleebi: • axali 80-gamtariani kabeli. kabelis eleqtruli ma-
• Ultra-DMA reJimi, romelic uzrunvelyofs mo-nacemTa xasiaTeblebis gaumjobesebisaTvis sainformacio gam-
gadacemis 33 mbait/wm siswrafes; tarebi gamoyofilni arian damiwebis gamtarebiT.
• CFA (Compact Flash Adapter) mxardaWera;
78 79
• gaumjobesebuli BIOS sistema 9,4 trilion gbaitamde
moculobis diskebis mxardaWeriT. Tumca ATA stan-
dartiT vinCesteris maqsimaluri moculoba izRu-
deba 137,4 gbaitiT.
ATA-5 standarti efuZneba ATA-4 standarts. adgi-
li aqvs rig siaxleebsac:
• Ultra-DMA reJimis siswrafe gazrdilia 66 mbait/wm-mde
(e. w. Ultra-ATA-66);
• Ultra-ATA-66 reJimSi muSaobisTvis aucilebelia 80-gam-
tariani kabelis gamoyeneba;
• avtomaturi dadgena _ gamoiyeneba 40-gamtariani Tu
80-gamtariani kabeli.
axali standartis 80-gamtarian kabels gaaCnia gan-
sakuTrebuli feradi markireba. cisferi gasarTi erT-
deba sistemuri platis ATA kontrolerTan. Savi ga-
sarTi warmoadgens Master-gasarTs da is erTdeba
wamyvan (Master) diskur mowyobilobasTan. nacrisferi
gasarTi erTdeba marTul (Slave) diskur
mowyobilobasTan.
ATA-6 standarti gamoirCeva rigi damatebiTi Se-
saZleblobebiT:
• Ultra-DMA reJimis siswrafe gazrdilia 100 mbaiti/wm-
mde (e. w. Ultra-ATA-100). misi realizaciisaTvis auci-
lebelia rogorc sistemuri platis ATA interfe-
isis, aseve vinCesteris mxardaWerac;
• TiToeul brZanebaze gadacemuli seqtorebis raode-
nobis gansazRvris 8-Tanriga kodireba (28=256 seq-
tori, 131 kbaiti) Secvlilia 16-Tanriga kodirebiT
(216=65536 seqtori, 33,5 mbaiti);
80
• LBA damisamarTeba 228 seqtoridan gazrdilia 268
(281 474 976 710 656) seqtoramde, rac 144,12 pbaitamde
diskebis mxardaWeris saSualebas iZleva.
ATA-7 standartSi realizebulia monacemTa gada-
cemis Ultra-DMA Mode 6 reJimi, romlis mixedviTac mona-
cemTa gadacemis siCqare gazrdilia 133 mbaiti/wm-mde.
iseve, rogorc Ultra-DMA Mode 4 (66 mbaiti/wm) da Ultra-
DMA Mode 5 (100 mbaiti/wm) reJimebi, Ultra-DMA Mode 6 re-
Jimi moiTxovs 80-gamtariani kabelis gamoyenebas.
unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tanamedrove vinCesterebis
umetesoba, maT Soris isinic, romelTac gaaCniaT Ultra-
DMA Mode 6 (133 mbait/wm) reJimis mxardaWera, ar iZle-
vian saltis sruli datvirTvis SesaZleblobas. vinCes-
teris TavakebiT, rogorc wesi, saSualod ikiTxeba ara-
umetes 60 mbaiti informaciisa wamSi, rac daaxloebiT
orjer naklebia saltis maqsimalur gamtarunarianobas-
Tan SedarebiT. amitom ATA-7 (133 mbait/wm) host-adap-
teris gamoyeneba ATA-6 (100 mbait/wm) host-adapteris
nacvlad faqtiur gavlenas ar axdens monacemTa gada-
cemis realur siswrafeze.
ATA-7 warmoadgens paraleluri ATA interfe-
isebis bolo standarts. paraleluri interfeisebis
axali standandartebi aRar muSavdeba. momavali ekuT-
vnis ufro perspeqtiul mimdevrobiT SATA (Serial ATA)
interfeiss.
81
 5.2. diskuri mowyobilobebis interfeisi miuxedavad imisa, rom SATA interfeisi ar aris
SATA (Serial ATA) gankuTvnili paraleluri ATA interfeisis dauyovneb-
livi SecvlisaTvis, axali sistemebis sakmaod did ra-
tradiciuli paraleluri ATA interfeisi gamoir- odenobaSi realizebulia rogorc paraleluri ATA,
Ceva simartiviT da realizaciis dabali RirebulebiT, agreTve SATA interfeisebis mxardaWera.
magram misi Semdgomi ganviTareba ukavSirdeba rig teq- nax. 5.4-ze warmodgenilia procesoruli platis
nologiur sirTuleebs da Rirebulebis zrdas. arse- fragmenti paraleluri ATA da SATA host-adapterebiT.
bobs rigi mizezebisa, romelTa gamoc Sewyda parale-
luri ATA interfeisis axal standartebis damuSaveba
da upiratesoba mieniWa mimdevrobiT SATA interfeiss.
• paraleluri ATA interfeiss axasiaTebs didi eleq-
tromagnituri gamosxiveba da garTulebuli sinqro-
nizacia maRal sixSireebze muSaobis dros; SATA host-adapteri ATA host-adapteri
• paralelur ATA interfeisSi gamoiyeneba +5v maRali
nax. 5.4. ATA da SATA host-adapterebi
donis signalebi, romelTa miRebac garTulebulia
Tanamedrove, maRal sixSireebze momuSave mikrosqe-
dReisaTvis damuSavebulia SATA interfeisis sami
mebis gamosasvlelebidan;
standarti. cxrilSi 5.4. warmodgenilia maTi fizikuri
• paraleluri ATA interfeisis gamtarunarianobis
parametrebi.
gazrda SesaZlebelia, magram araekonomiuria mimdev-
cxrili 5.4
robiT salteze miRebuli siCqareebis gaTvaliswi-
SATA interfeisis standartebi.
nebiT; SATA tipi saltis saltis ciklebis gamtarunari- realiza-
• SATA interfeisis kabelSi gamoiyeneba gamtarebis sigane, sixSire, raodenoba anoba, ciis
naklebi raodenoba, rac ukeTesia kompiuteris venti- biti mghc taqtSi mbaiti/wm RariRi
SATA-150 1 1500 1 150 2002
laciisaTvis;
SATA-300 1 3000 1 300 2005
• paralelur ATA kabelebTan SedarebiT gamartive- SATA-600 1 6000 1 600 2007
bulia SATA kabelebis damzadebis teqnologia, rac
amcirebs maT Rirebulebas. SATA warmoadgens maRalsixSirul mimdevrobiT
• SATA mikrosqemis konstruqcia gamoirCeva gamomyva- interfeiss. kompiuterSi, romelSic gamoyenebulia SATA
nebis naklebi raodenobiT da Zabvis Semcirebuli interfeisi, programul doneze principulad ara-feri
doniT. ar icvleba. operaciuli sistemisa da interfeisis
urTierTqmedeba draiveris doneze igivea, rac parale-

82 83
lur ATA interfeisSi. paralelur ATA interfeisTan
momuSave BIOS, operaciuli sistemebi da utilitebi Cve-
ulebriv imuSaveben SATA interfeisTan. SATA-Si reali-
zebulia yvela arsebuli ATA da ATAPI diskuri mowyo-
bilobis mxardaWera. amrigad, paralelur ATA da SATA
interfeisebs Soris daculia SeTavsebadobis principi
qvemodan zemoT.
ramdenadac SATA warmoadgens paraleluri ATA
interfeisis Semdgom ganviTarebas, momxmarebels, speci-
aluri adapterebis gamoyenebiT, SeuZlia ATA-100 da
ATA-133 vinCesterebis SATA interfeisTan SeerTeba.
nax. 5.5-ze warmodgenilia erT-erTi aseTi adap-
teri _ HighPoint RocketHead-100.
Tumca Zvel standartTan SeTavsebadobis dacvis mizniT
nebadarTulia Master+Slave reJimSi muSaobac. am dros
mimarTvebi gadanawildeba sxvadasxva SATA portebs So-
ris.
SATA interfeiss gaaCnia oTxdoniani organiza-
ciuli struqtura (nax. 5.6). mravaldoniani arqiteq-
turis gamoyeneba standartis Semdgomi srulyofis moq-
nil SesaZleblobebs iZleva. SesaZlebelia mxolod
calkeuli doneebis modifikacia standartis sxva do-
neebSi cvlilebebis Setanis gareSe.

nax. 5.5. SATA-adapteri HighPoint RocketHead-100.

rac Seexeba SATA diskur mowyobilobebs, maTi mu-

Saoba paralelur ATA interfeisTan SeuZlebelia.
SATA interfeisSi ar arsebobs wamyvani da damoki-
debuli (Master/Slave) mowyobilobebis cneba. gasarTebi
ganTavsebulia mxolod kabelis boloebSi. yoveli mi-
nax. 5.6. Serial ATA interfeisis organizaciuli struqtura
erTebuli diskuri mowyobiloba warmoadgens damouki-
debel mowyobilobas da Zveli standartis mixedviT
TiToeuli ganixileba, rogorc Master with no Slave Present.

84 85
 fizikuri done emsaxureba bitebis gadacemas kav-
Siris fizikur arxebiT. ganisazRvreba monacemebis ga-
dasacemad gamoyenebuli garemos da eleqtruli signa-
lebis parametrebi. fizikuri done asrulebs aucile-
bel gardaqmnebs informaciis miRebul kadrze.
fizikuri done uzrunvelyofs paralelur kodSi
miRebuli monacemebis konvertacias bitebis Tanmimdev-
robad, maT kodirebas da gadacemas salteze da piri-
qiT, monacemebis fizikuri saltidan mimdevrobiT kodSi
miRebas da paralelur kodSi gardaqmnas. fizikuri do-
nis urTierTkavSiri arxul donesTan xorcieldeba
paraleluri saltis saSualebiT.
signalebi. Tanamedrove maRalsixSirul teqnolo-
giebSi 5-voltiani signalebis gamoyeneba garTulebu-
lia. garda amisa, damatebiTi sirTuleebi iqmneba lo-
gikuri signalis erTi mdgomareobidan meore mdgoma-
reobaSi gadasvlis dros. SATA interfeisSi signalebis
Zabvis done Semcirebulia 0,25v-mde.
gadacemis meTodi. paralelur ATA interfeisSi
gamoyenebuli monacemebis erTpolaruli gadacemis me-
Todis nacvlad, romelic gamoirCeva dabali dabrkole-
bamedegobiT, SATA interfeisSi gamoiyeneba monacemebis
NRZ (Non-Return to Zero) diferencialuri (orpolaruli)
gadacemis meTodi. diferencialuri gadacemis dros
ori gamtariT gadaicema erTi da igive, oRond sxva-
dasxva polarobis signali. xmaurebi, romlebic zemoq-
medeben gamtarebze, simetriulia da ori, sxvadasxva
polarobis signalis Sekrebisas miiReba xmauri, xolo
miRebuli signalidan misi gamoklebisas _ uSualod ga-
dacemuli sufTa signali.
swored gadacemis diferencialuri meTodis gamo-
yeneba xdis SesaZlebels gadacemuli signalis Zabvis
86
donis Semcirebas. SATA interfeisis garda NRZ meTodi
gamoiyeneba sxva maRalsixSirul interfeisebSic _ Giga-
bit Ethernet, Fibre Channel, FireWire.
SATA interfeisSi paraleluri saltis nacvlad
gamoiyeneba mimdevrobiTi salte, romelic Sedgeba gam-
tarebis ori wyvilisagan (monacemTa gacemisaTvis da
miRebisaTvis) da ramdenime damiwebis gamtarisagan. dis-
kuri mowyobiloba kontrolers uerTdeba viwro, mrgva-
li da drekadi kabeliT, rac mosaxerxebelia SeerTe-
bisaTvis da aumjobesebs kompiuteris ventilacias. SA-
TA kabelis maqsimaluri sigrZe SeiZleba iyos araume-
tes 1 m-sa. nax 5.7-ze warmodgenilia SATA monacemTa ka-
beli.
nax 5.7 SATA monacemTa kabeli
arxuli done asrulebs monacemTa gadacemis ar-
bitraJis funqcias, Secdomebis aRmoCenisa da koreqciis
meqanizmebis realizacias.
fizikuri done uzrunvelyofs mxolod mis Sesas-
vlebze miwodebuli monacemebis gadacemas. konfliq-
tebis aRmofxvrisaTvis, rodesac host-kontroleri da
87
diskuri mowyobiloba erTdroulad moiTxoven monace-
mebis gadacemas, arxul doneze gaTvaliswinebulia spe-
cialuri kontrolis, anu arbitraJis meqanizmi. arxuli
done akontrolebs monacemTa gadacemas da ufro ma-
Ral, satransporto dones awvdis Sesabamis Setyobi-
nebas monacemTa swored gadacemis Sesaxeb.
Secdomebis aRmoCena da koreqcia. gansxvavebiT pa-
raleluri ATA interfeisisagan, romelsac kontrolis
sxvadasva meqanizmebi emateboda swrafqmedebis zrdasTan
erTad, SATA interfeisSi Tavidanvea Cadebuli kon-
trolis zogierTi meqanizmi.
garda imisa, rom monacemTa gadacemisTvis gamo-
iyeneba NRZ kodi, romelic TavisTavad gamoirCeva ma-
Rali garCeviTobiT, SATA interfeisSi gamoiyeneba 8B/10B
kodireba, romlis arsic SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
monacemis sawyis 8 bits emateba 2 biti. amrigad, viRebT
210=1024 bitur kombinacias 28=256 sawyis SesaZlebel
bitur kombinaciasTan SedarebiT. kodirebul aTTanriga
sityvaSi ar gamoiyeneba eqvsze meti, an oTxze naklebi
nuli. erTianebis da nulebis gadacema warmoebs Zabvis
donis cvlilebiT, amitom Zabvis cvlilebis procesi
salteze sakmaod dabalansebulia. miiReba impulsebis
regularuli da mdgradi nakadi. sqemis datvirTva nak-
lebad cvalebadia, rac zrdis mis saimedoobas. mi-
Rebuli monacemisaTvis nebadarTulia mxolod 256 bi-
turi kombinacia, xolo danarCeni bituri kombinaciidan
zogierTi gamoiyeneba monacemTa nakadis gadacemis mar-
TvisaTvis, monacemTa paketebis gancalkevebisaTvis, Sec-
domaze Semowmebisa da rigi specialuri operaciebi-
saTvis.
88
Tu miRebulia bitebis akrZaluli kombinacia, ga-
dacemisas daSvebulia Secdoma. SATA interfeisSi, gar-
da amisa, gamoiyeneba CRC kodirebac.
monacemTa gadacemisas arxuli done iRebs sain-
formacio kadrs satransporto donidan, asrulebs lo-
gikur kodirebas, CRC kodis gamoTvlas da marTvas ga-
dacems fizikur dones. fizikuri donidan monacemTa
miRebisasas adgili aqvs moqmedebaTa piriqiT Tanmim-
devrobas.
satransporto donis amocanas warmoadgens gamo-
yenebiTi donidan miRebuli ATA brZanebebis kadrebad
gaformeba da arxul doneze gadacema da piriqiT, ar-
xuli donidan miRebuli monacemebis gamoyenebiTi do-
nisTvis miwodeba.
gamoyenebiTi done uzrunvelyofs kontroleris
draiveris operaciul sistemasTan da sxva, maRal do-
neze mdgom programebTan urTierTqmedebas da Tavad
kontroleris marTvas specialuri portebisa da regis-
trebis saSualebiT.
gasarTebi. ramdenadac gamtarebis raodenoba SATA
kabelSi bevrad ufro naklebia paralelur ATA
kabelTan SedarebiT, SesaZlebelia bevrad ufro kom-
paqturi da mosaxerxebeli gasarTebis gamoyeneba. Seda-
rebisaTvis nax 5.8-ze warmodgenilia tradiciuli para-
leluri ATA da SATA gasarTebi.
unda aRvniSnoT, rom SATA interfeisis kvebis ga-
sarTi zomiT aRemateba paraleluri ATA interfeisis
kvebis gasarTs. es dakavSirebulia SATA interfeisSi
damatebiT +3,3v Zabvis gamoyenebasTan.
89
 paraleluri ATA-s paraleluri ATA-s monacemTa Tu personaluri kompiteris kvebis bloks ar
kvebis gasarTi kabelis gasarTi
gaaCnia SATA standartis kvebis gasarTi, gamoiyeneba
specialuri gadamyvani (nax. 5.10).

SATA-s kvebis SATA-s monacemTa

gasarTi kabelis gasarTi

nax. 5.10. ATA-SATA gadamyvani.

nax. 5.11-ze warmodgenilia SATA interfeisis mona-

nax. 5.8 SATA da paraleluri ATA gasarTebi
cemTa kabelis struqtura, cxrilSi 5.5 _ SATA inter-
feisis monacemTa kabelis kontaqtebis daniSnuleba,
SATA gasarTebs gaaCniaT specialuri gasaRebebi,
xolo cxrilSi 5.6 _ kvebis kabelis kontaqtebi.
rac SeuZlebels xdis maT araswor SeerTebas proce-
sorul plataze ganTavsebul host-kontrolerTan da
diskur mowyobilobebTan. nax. 5.9-ze warmodgenilia gasaRebi gasaRebi

sainformacio da kvebis gasarTis fizikuri SeerTeba

diskur mowyobilobasTan.

hostis kabelis kabelis hostis

gasarTi gasarTi gasarTi gasarTi

nax. 5.11. SATA interfeisis monacemTa kabelis struqtura,

nax. 5.9. SATA gasarTebis SeerTeba diskur mowyobilobasTan

90 91
 cxrili 5.5 5.3. grafikuli salte AGP
SATA interfeisis monacemTa kabelis kontaqtebi
kontaqti signali aRwera
Tanamedrove programebis mxridan videosistemaze
S1 saerTo pirveli wyvili
sul ufro mxardi datvirTvis pirobebSi, rac gansa-
S2 A+ Host Transmit +
kuTrebiT mkafiod vlindeba grafikisa da videos kombi-
S3 A- Host Transmit -
S4 saerTo pirveli wyvili naciis SemTxvevaSi, PCI saltis SesaZleblobebi sakmari-
S5 B- Host Receive - si ar aris. grafikuli qvesistemisaTvis saWiro gaxda
S6 B+ Host Receive + calke saltis damuSaveba.
S7 saerTo pirveli wyvili firma Intel-ma daamuSava daCqarebuli grafikuli
porti (Accelerated Graphics Port - AGP). AGP warmoadgens PCI
cxrili 5.6 saltis gafarToebas, Tumca absoluturad damoukide-
SATA interfeisis kvebis kabelis kontaqtebi belia misgan da qmnis maRali swrafqmedebis mqone cal-
kontaqti signali kontaqti signali ke magistrals videokontrolersa da kompiuteris sis-
P1 +3,3 v P9 +5 v temur logikas Soris.
P2 +3,3 v P10 saerTo
gansxvavebiT PCI saltisagan, romelic warmoad-
P3 +3,3 v P11 saerTo
gens universalur saltes ramdenime slotiT, AGP war-
P4 saerTo P12 saerTo
moadgens efeqtur specializirebul saltes videokon-
P5 saerTo P13 +12 v
trolerisaTvis.
P6 saerTo P14 +12 v
P7 +5 v P15 +12 v maRali swrafqmedebis misaRwevad AGP salte gan-
P8 +5 v sazRvrulia, rogorc pirdapiri, uSualo (point-to-point)
interfeisi. igi procesorsa da mexsierebas ukavSirdeba
ara saerTo saltiT, aramed pirdapir, sistemuri logi-
kis North Bridge an Memory Controller Hub mikrosqemebis saSu-
alebiT. AGP sistemas gaaCnia grafikuli kontrolerebis
mxardaWera rogorc sistemur platis mikrosqemebis
krebulSi, aseve gare videoplata-adapterebSi. ori mow-
yobilobis uSualo SeerTeba amartivebs sinqronizacias
da protokolebs, amcirebs saltis arbitraJTan dakav-
Sirebul droiT danaxarjebs.
AGP saltis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia:

92 93
• PCI saltisagan gansxvavebiT, romelSic misamarTi da bevr Zvel sistemur platas gaaCnia mxolod 3,3 v-
monacemi gadaicema droSi gancalkevebulad, multi- iani AGP 1x da 2x videoplatebis mxardaWera. 1,5 v Zab-
pleqsirebuli saltis gamoyenebiT, AGP saltes ga- vaze momuSave videoplatis 3,3 v-ian slotSi moTavseba
aCnia calke samisamarTo da calke monacemTa sal- iwvevs rogorc videoplatis, aseve sistemuri platis
teebi, rac misamarTisa da monacemis erTdrouli ga- dazianebas. amis Tavidan asacileblad AGP specifika-
dacemis saSualebas iZleva; ciiT gansazRvrulia gansxvavebuli konstruqciis slo-
• monacemTa konveiruli damuSaveba; tebi 1,5 v da 3,3 v-iani videoadapterebisaTvis. agreTve
1996 wels firma Intel-is mier realizebul iqna arsebobs universaluri slotebic, romlebSic SesaZle-
AGP1.0 specifikacia. mocemuli specifikaciis mixedviT belia orive tipis videoadapteris dayeneba.
salte muSaobs 66 mghc sixSireze, iyenebs 3,3 v Zabvas axali, AGP Pro 1.0 specifikaciiT gansazRvrulia
da 1x an 2x reJimebs (x _ erT taqtSi gadacemuli monace- gazrdili sigrZis sloti. orive boloSi damatebulia
mebis raodenoba). kontaqtebi kvebis miwodebisaTvis. damatebiT kvebis sig-
1998 wels gamovida AGP2.0 (4x) versia, xolo 2003 nalebs saWiroeben videokontrolerebi, romlebic moix-
wels AGP 3.0 (8x) reJimi. samuSao Zabva Semcirebul iqna maren 25 vt-ze met energias (maqsimumi _ 110 vt). AGP 1x
1,5 v-mde. da AGP 2x videokontrolerebis dayenebis Tavidan asaci-
Tanamedrove videoplatebis umetesoba muSaobs leblad damatebiTi kontaqtebi slotis erT boloSi
AGP 4x da 8x reJimebSi. orive reJimi ganapirobebs 1,5 v ifareba saxuraviT. AGP Pro videokontroleris dayenebis
Zabvaze muSaobas. cxrilSi 5.6 warmodgenilia AGP reJi- win saxuravi unda moixsnas. AGP Pro slotSi SeiZleba
mebis parametrebi. Cveulebrivi AGP 4x da AGP 8x videokontrolerebis daye-
nebac.
cxrili 5.6 nax. 5.12-ze warmodegenilia AGP slotebi.
AGP reJimebis parametrebi
AGP Tanrigianoba, saltis monacemTa monacemTa
AGP 1x/2x sloti
standarti biti sixSire, ciklebi/taqti gadacemis
AGP 4x/AGP Pro
mghc siCqare, slotis AGP 4x-
mbaiti/wm only seqcia
AGP 4x sloti
AGP 1x 32 66 1 266 platis
fiqsaciis
AGP 2x 32 66 2 533 meqanizmi
AGP 4x 32 66 4 1066 AGP Pro AGP Pro
slotis sloti
AGP 8x 32 66 8 2133 AGP Pro-only
seqcia AGP 4x/AGP Pro
slotis AGP 4x-
only seqcia

nax. 5.12. AGP 1x/2x, AGP 4x, AGP Pro slotebi

94 95
 garda maRali swrafqmedebisa, AGP interfeisi Tavi 6
gamoirCeva ZiriTad operatiul mexsierebasTan swrafi Seyvana-gamoyvanis portebi
uSualo miRwevis SesaZleblobiT. ramdenadac AGP vi-
deoadapters SeuZlia gamoiyenos ZiriTadi operatiuli 6.1. standartuli mimdevrobiTi porti
mexsiereba, mcirdeba videomexsierebis moTxovnileba. es
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania samganzomilebiani obieq-
mimdevrobiTi porti (SERIAL PORT) warmoadgens
tebis swrafi vizualizaciisaTvis da videosTan mu-
standartul ports faqtiurad yvela modelis persona-
Saobis dros, rodesac intensiurad xdeba mexsierebis
luri kompiuterisaTvis. mimdevrobiTi portis adapteri
didi moculobis gamoyeneba.
warmoadgenda calke plata-kontrolers personaluri
kompiuterebis Zvel modelebSi, xolo Tanamedrove per-
sonalur kompiuterebSi igi damontaJebulia uSualod
procesorul plataze.
mimdevrobiTi portis saSualebiT kompiuterTan
SesaZlebelia mravali sxvadasxva tipis gare mowyobi-
lobis da sxva personaluri kompiuteris dakavSireba,
Tumca umetesad mas iyeneben `Tagunas~ da gare modemis
dasakavSireblad.
mimdevrobiT ports sxvanairad ewodeba asinqro-
nuli RS-232 (Reference Standard number 232 Revision) porti.
termini asinqronuli aRniSnavs, rom monacemebis gada-
cemisas ar gamoiyeneba sinqrosignalebi da SesaZle-
belia calkeuli simboloebis drois gansxvavebuli
intervalebiT gadacema. Tanamedrove personaluri kom-
piuterebis umetesoba aRWurvilia mimdevrobiTi inter-
feisis erTi an ori gasarTiT.
monacemebis gadacema mimdevrobiTi portiT xdeba
erTi xazis saSualebiT (nax. 6.1). Tavdapirvelad gada-
icema sastarto biti (Start-Bit), Semdeg _ sainformacio
bitebi, xolo sainformacio bitebis gadacemis das-
rulebisas _ luwobaze kontrolis biti da erTi an

96 97
ori stop-biti (Stop-bit). Tumca luwobaze kontrolis IBM standartis Tanamedrove personalur kompi-
bitis gadacema SeiZleba arc xdebodes. uterebs, rogorc wesi, gaaCniaT erTi an ori mimdev-
sastarto biti
robiTi porti. periferiul mowyobilobebTan mimdevro-
biTi portis dakavSireba xdeba DB-9 an DB-25 stan-
luwobis biti stop-
bitebi dartis gasarTis saSualebiT. cxrilSi 6.1 warmodge-
nilia DB-25 standartis, xolo cxrilSi 6.2 _ DB-9
standartis gasarTebis kontaqtebis daniSnulebebi.

cxrili 6.1
DB-25 gasarTis kontaqtebi
dro kompiuteris

kontaqtis
nomeri
Sesasvleli
nax. 6.1. monacemis gadacema mimdevrobiTi portis saSualebiT. kontaqtis daniSnuleba an
gamosasvleli
mimdevrobiTi portis monacemTa gadacemis xazis
sawyis mdgomareobas (MARK) warmoadgens logikuri `1~. 1 damcavi damiweba (Frame ground, FG) _
monacemebis gadacemamde xazze yendeba logikuri `0~ 2 gadasacemi monacemebi (Transmitted Data, gamosasvleli
(SPACE). Tu es mdgomareoba garkveul droze didxans TD)
gagrZelda, adgili aqvs kavSiris gawyvetas (BREAK). 3 misaRebi monacemebi (Received Data, RD) Sesasvleli
4 moTxovna miRebaze (Request tosend, RTS) gamosasvleli
sastarto biti (START) ityobineba monacemTa gadacemis
5 `Camogdeba~ gadacemisTvis (Clear To Send, Sesasvleli
dawyebis Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg gadaicema 8 sainformacio
CTS)
biti (erTi baiti). rogorc wesi, Tavidan xdeba umcrosi,
6 monacemTa mzadyofna (Data Set Ready, Sesasvleli
xolo Semdeg ufrosi Tanrigebis gadacema. Tu gamo-
DSR)
iyeneba luwobaze kontroli, sakontrolo biti (P) ga-
7 sasignalo damiweba (Signal Ground, SG) _
daicema monacemis Semdeg. bolos gadaicema erTi an
8 xazidan misaRebi signalis deteqtori Sesasvleli
ori stop-biti. Semdegi monacemis gadacemamde sainfor-
(Data Carrier Detect, DCD)
macio xazi isev sawyis mdgomareobaSi (MARK) yendeba. 9-19 ar gamoiyeneba _
mmarTveli (luwobaze kontrolis, sastarto da 20 gamosasvleli monacemebis mzadyofna gamosasvleli
stop-bitebi) da sainformacio signalebi gansazRvraven (Data Terminal Ready, DTR)
monacemTa gadacemis formats. bunebrivia gadamcemi da 21 ar gamoiyeneba _
mimRebi unda iyenebdnen erTi da imave formats, winaaR- 22 gamoZaxebis indikatori (Ring Indicator,RI) Sesasvleli
mdeg SemTxvevaSi gadacema SeuZlebeli iqneba. 23-25 ar gamoiyeneba _

98 99

DB-9 gasarTis kontaqtebi
kontaqtis
nomeri
kontaqtis daniSnuleba
1 xazidan misaRebi signalis
deteqtori (Data Carrier Detect, DCD)
2 misaRebi monacemebi (Received Data, RD)
3 gadasacemi monacemebi (Transmitted Data,
TD)
4 gamosasvleli monacemebis mzadyofna
(Data Terminal Ready, DTR)
5 sasignalo damiweba (Signal Ground, SG)
6 monacemTa mzadyofna (Data Set Ready,
DSR)
7 moTxovna miRebaze (Request to send, RTS)
8 `Camogdeba~ gadacemisTvis (Clear To
Send, CTS)
9 gamoZaxebis indikatori (Ring Indicator,
RI)
ganvixiloT dawvrilebiT mimdevrobiTi inter-
feisis signalebi.
DCD signaliT modemi atyobinebs kompiuters da
sakomutacio programas, rom damyarebulia kavSiri mo-
demi-modemi. rodesac lokaluri modemi ukavSirdeba
daSorebul modems da iRebs informaciis gadamtanis
swor signals, aformirebs dadebiT DCD signals.
RXD signali warmoadgens monacemebs, romlebsac
gadascems daSorebuli personaluri kompiuteri da
iRebs kompiuteri-modemi.
100
cxrili 6.2 TXD signali warmoadgens monacemebs, romlebsac
gadascems kompiuteri-modemi.
kompiuteris amrigad, monacemTa gadacemisTvis gamoiyeneba ori
Sesasvleli an xazi. erTi xazi gankuTvnilia monacemTa gadacemisaT-
gamosasvleli vis, xolo meore _ miRebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare,
Sesabamisi sakomunikacio programis arsebobisas or
Sesasvleli mowyobilobas SeuZlia monacemebis erTdrouli gada-
cema.
Sesasvleli DTR signali atyobinebs daSorebul kompiuters
gamosasvleli monacemTa miRebisaTvis kompiuteri/modemis mzadyofnis
Sesaxeb. DTR signalisaTvis damatebiT signals warmo-
gamosasvleli adgens DSR signali. or mowyobilobas Soris monacemTa
gacvlisaTvis DTR da DSR signalebi unda iyos maRali
_
donis, rac warmadgens Setyobinebas mowyobilobebis
Sesasvleli
CarTvisa (reJimi On-line) da monacemTa gadacemisaTvis
mowyobilibebis mzadyofnis Sesaxeb.
gamosasvleli
GND warmoadgens sasignalo damiwebas, anu meore
Sesasvleli
xazs, romelic aucilebelia monacemTa gadacemisaTvis.
RTS signali warmoadgens oridan erT-erT sig-
Sesasvleli
nals (pirvelia CTS), romelTa saSualebiTac gaicvleba
monacemebi or kompiuter/modems Soris. es signalebi
warmoadgenen monacemTa gacvlisaTvis mzadyofnis sig-
nalebs. RTS signals aformirebs lokaluri modemi,
xolo CTS signals _ dacilebuli modemi.
RI signaliT lokaluri modemi atyobinebs masTan
SeerTebul kompiuters (sakomunikacio programas) sate-
lefono moTxovnis, anu kavSiris mimdinare seansis Se-
saxeb.
mimdevrobiTi interfeisis saSualebiT SesaZlebe-
lia ori kompiuteris dakavSirebac. ramdenadac kavSi-
ris procesSi ar monawileobs monacemTa gadacemis spe-
101
cialuri mowyobiloba, magaliTad modemi, am Sem-
TxvevaSi gamoiyeneba specialuri Null-Modem kabeli. ori
kompiuteris DB9 gasarTebiT dakavSirebis sqemebi war-
modgenilia nax. 6.2-ze.
nax. 6.2 Null-Modem kabeliT dakavSirebis sqemebi
mimdevrobiTi interfeisis mTavar elements
warmoadgens mikrosqema UART (Universal Asynchron Receiver
Transmitter _ universaluri asinqronuli mimReb-gadam-
cemi). cnobilia NS (Nacional Semiconductor) 8250, 16450, 16550,
16650 (32-baitiani buferiT), 16750 (64-baitiani buferiT),
16850 (128-baitiani buferiT) mikrosqemebi da maTi modi-
fikaciebi. Tu mikrosqema damzadebulia sxva firmis mi-
er, igi SeTavsebadia romelime zemoTCamoTvlili mik-
rosqemisa.
mimdevrobiTi portis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTe-
bels warmoadgens monacemTa gadacemis maqsimaluri
siCqare, romelic, rogorc wesi, izomeba bodebSi. bodi
gansazRvravs erT wamSi gadacemuli sainformacio da
mmarTveli bitebis raodenobas. xSirad gamoiyeneba sxva
erTeuli _ bps (bit per second). am dros mxedvelobaSi mi-
102
iReba erT wamSi gadacemuli sasargeblo (sainforma-
cio) bitebis raodenoba mmarTveli bitebis gaTvalis-
winebis gareSe. maqsimalur swrafqmedebas gansazRvravs
gamoyenebuli UART. is SeiZleba Seadgendes 230 kbiti/wm
(16650), 460 kbiti/wm (16850) an 920 kbiti/wm (16950) Sesa-
bamisi UART-ebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi.
dawyebuli IBM AT 486 modelis personaluri kom-
piuteridan, calkeuli UART mikrosqemebis nacvlad ga-
moiyeneba mravalfunqciuri mikrosqema Super I/O, rome-
lic sxva elementebTan erTad Seicavs or UART mimdev-
robiT ports.
mimdevrobiTi interfeisis Zabvis done icvleba -12-
dan +12v-mde, rac zrdis mis dabrkolebamedegobas. ofi-
cialuri teqnikuri moTxovnebis mixedviT mimdevrobiTi
portis kabelis sigrZe unda iyos araumetes 15 metrisa.
SezRudvas ganapirobebs kabelis maqsimaluri SesaZle-
beli tevadoba _ 2500 pf. Tumca arsebobs specialuri
dabaltevaduri kabelebi, romelTa sigrZec SeiZleba
iyos 150 m-mde da metic. repiterebis (gamaZlierebe-
li/gamameorebeli) gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebe-
lia kabelis sigrZis kidev ufro metad gazrdac.
mimdevrobiT portze yoveli baitis miwodeba kom-
piuteris `yuradRebas ipyrobs~ wyvetis signalis (IRQ)
saSualebiT. moTxovnebs wyvetaze amuSavebs wyvetebis
kontroleri 8259.
BIOS-is mxardaWera uzrunvelyofilia mxolod
ori mimdevrobiTi portisaTvis _ COM1 da COM2. amitom
MS-DOS sistemaSi muSaobisas SesaZlebelia mxolod ori
mimdevrobiTi portis gamoyeneba. sistema WINDOWS
damatebiTi mimdevrobiTi portebis (maqsimum 128) gamo-
yenebis SesaZleblobasac iZleva, Tumca praqtikulad
103
iyeneben mxolod ors _ COM3 da COM4. cxrilSi 6.3 6.2. paraleluri porti
warmodgenilia mimdevrobiTi portebis standartuli
misamarTebi da wyvetebi. paraleluri porti gamoiyeneba faqtiurad nebis-
mieri modelis personalur kompiuterSi. Tavad dasa-
cxrili 6.3 xelebidan gamomdinare, mimdevrobiTi interfeisisagan
mimdevrobiTi portebis standartuli misamarTebi da wyvetebi gansxvavebiT, paraleluri portiT xdeba ramdenime bi-
portis saxeli portis misamarTi wyveta tis erTdrouli (paraleluri) gadacema. paralelurad
COM1 3F8h-3FFh IRQ4 gadacemuli bitebis raodenoba gansazRvravs interfe-
COM2 2F8h-2FFh IRQ3 isis Tanrigianobas. standartuli paraleluri porti 8-
COM3 3E8h-3EFh IRQ4 Tanrigiania.
COM4 2E8h-2EFh IRQ3 Tavdapirvelad paraleluri porti gamoiyeneboda
personalur kompiuterTan printeris dakavSirebisaTvis,
unda aRvniSnoT, rom miuxedavad COM1, COM3 da Tumca Semdgom gamoCnda sxva periferiuli mowyobilo-
COM2, COM4 portebis mier erTi da imave wyvetebis bebic (skanerebi, cifruli fotoaparatebi, mobiluri
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobisa, umjobesia COM3-s mivani- diskwamyvanebi da a.S), romlebic agreTve iyeneben para-
WoT IRQ5 an IRQ10, xolo COM4-s _ IRQ11 wyveta. buneb- lelur ports.
rivia, es mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, rode- paralelur interfeisebs amuSavebs firma Centro-
sac sxva mowyobilobebi ar iyeneben mocemul wyvetebs. nix. amitom kabels, romliTac periferiuli mowyobi-
loba ukavSirdeba kompiuters, ewodeba Centronix. Tumca
es saxeli arcTu koreqtulia, radgan 25-kontaqtian Sub-
D gasarTs, romliTac printeri ukavSirdeba parale-
lur ports, ewodeba Amphenol-stacker (Amphenol – gasar-
Tebis mwarmoebeli msxvili amerikuli firmaa). mocemuli
kabeli informaciis mxolod calmxrivi gadacemis sa-
Sualebas iZleva.
zogierTi mowyobiloba (Tanamedrove printerebi,
ZIP-diskuri mowyobilobebi da a.S.) saWiroebs monace-
mebis ormxriv gacvlas kompiuterTan. am SemTxvevaSi
iyeneben ufro Tanamedrove, Bitronix tipis kabels. gareg-
nulad igi arafriT gansxvavdeba Centronix tipis kabeli-
sagan, Tumca informaciis ormxrivi gadacemisTvis, gar-

104 105
da Bitronix tipis kabelisa, saWiroa agreTve gaumjobe-
sebuli paraleluri portis (EPP/ECP) arsebobac kompi-
uterSi.
nax. 6.3. paraleluri portis gasarTebi
paraleluri portis ZiriTad uaryofiT Tvisebas
warmoadgens damakavSirebeli kabelis sigrZis SezRudu-
loba. kabelis sigrZis gazrdisaTvis saWiro xdeba sig-
nalebis Sualeduri gamaZliereblebis Semotana, radgan
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi warmoqmneba mravalricxovani
dabrkolebebi.
standarti IEEE 1284
standarti IEEE 1284 damtkicda 1994 wels. am
standartiT ganisazRvreba paraleluri portis fizi-
kuri maxasiaTeblebi. IEEE 1284 standartiT gaTvalis-
winebulia kompiuterebs Soris, kompiutersa da prin-
ters Soris monacemebis gacvlis gazrdili gamtaruna-
rianobac. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi printeris standartuli
kabelis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba. saWiro xdeba grexili
wyvilis gamoyeneba.
106
IEEE 1284 standartiT ganisazRvreba gasarTebis
sami tipi _ A, B da C.
A tipis gasarTs warmoadgens 25-gamtariani DB25,
xolo B tipis gasarTs _ 36-gamtariani Centronix-i. C ti-
pis gasarTi gamoirCeva kontaqtebis ganlagebis gazrdi-
li simWidroviT. gamoiyeneba Hewlett-Packard firmis laze-
rul printerebSi. samive tipis gasarTi warmodgenilia
nax. 6.4-ze.
nax. 6.4. IEEE-1284 standartiT gansazRvruli gasarTebi
IEEE 1284 standartiT ganisazRvreba paraleluri
portis muSaobis xuTi reJimi _ naxevarbaitiani, erT-
baitiani, SeTavsebadi, EPP, ECP da oTxi tipi _ stan-
dartuli, ormxrivi, EPP da ECP.
cxrilSi 6.4 warmodgenilia IEEE 1284 standartis
paraleluri portebis, xolo cxrilSi 6.5 _ muSaobis
reJimebis maxasiaTeblebi.
standartuli paraleluri porti LPT (Line PrinTer)
standartuli paraleluri porti Tanamedrove
sistemebSi aRar gamoiyeneba. personaluri kompiute-
rebis Zvel modelebSi igi gamoiyeneboda kompiuteridan
printerze monacemebis calmxrivi gadacemisaTvis da
gaaCnda 50-dan 150 kb/wm-mde swrafqmedeba.
107
 cxrili 6.4 standartuli paraleluri portis Tavisufali 18-25
paraleluri portebis standartebi kontaqtebi. gadacemis mimarTulebas gansazRvravs spe-
paraleluri Setanis gamotanis komentarebi cialuri mdgomareobis biti. monacemTa gadacemis siC-
portis tipi reJimi reJimi qare aRwevs 150 kbaiti/wm.
standartuli naxevar- SeTavse- 4-bitiani Seyvana, 8-
paraleluri baitiani badi bitiani gamoyvana
EPP porti
porti
ormxrivi erTbaitiani SeTavse- 8-bitiani Seyvana-
paraleluri badi gamoyvana
EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) _ porti warmoadgens
porti dupleqsuri tipis gaumjobesebul paralelur ports.
EPP porti EPP EPP 8-bitiani Seyvana- EPP porti specialuradaa damuSavebuli iseTi maRali
gamoyvana swrafqmedebis mqone periferiuli mowyobilobebis kom-
ECP porti ECP ECP 8-bitiani Seyvana- piuterTan dasakavSireblad, rogorebicaa qseluri
gamoyvana. gamoiyeneba adapterebi, diskuri da magnitur lentze damagroveb-
mexsierebisadmi lebi.
pirdapiri wvdomis
EPP portis saSualebiT xdeba 8-bitian monacemTa
reJimi
paraleluri, ormxrivi gadacema. EPP porti muSaobs
nebismier siCqareze, romlis mxardaWerac gaaCnia ISA
cxrili 6.5
saltes da standartul paralelur portTan Seda-
paraleluri portebis muSaobis reJimebis maxasiaTeblebi.
rebiT 10-jer maRali gamtarunarianobis miRwevis saSu-
paraleluri portis mimarTuleba gadacemis
reJimi siswrafe alebas iZleva. maRal swrafqmedebas uzrunvelyofs bu-
kbaiti/wm feri, romelic drois im momentamde inaxavs informa-
naxevarbaitiani (4 biti) marto Seyvana 50 cias, sanam mowyobiloba ar aris mzad monacemebis mi-
erTbaitiani (8 biti) marto Seyvana 150 saRebad.
SeTavsebadi marto gamoyvana 150 EPP porti 64-mde mowyobilobis jaWvuri CarTvis
EPP Seyvana-gamoyvana 500-2000 saSualebas iZleva. amisaTvis zogierT mowyobilobas
ECP Seyvana-gamoyvana 500-2000 (mag. ZIP-diskwamyvans, skaners) gaaCnia ori gasarTi _
erTi SesasvlelisTvis, xolo meore sxva mowyobilobis
ormxrivi paraleluri porti dasakavSireblad.
EPP porti mTlianad iTavsebs standartuli LPT
ormxrivi paraleluri porti uzrunvelyofs 8- portis funqciebs, xolo mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTe-
Tanriga monacemebis ormxriv gadacemas. periferiuli beli specifikuri funqciebis Sesasruleblad saWiro-
mowyobilobidan Semavali monacemebisaTvis gamoiyeneba
108 109
ebs Tanamedrove BIOS-is arsebobas kompiuterSi. monace- aris aucilebeli. is mxo-lod maSin sruldeba,
mebis gadacemis maqsimaluri siCqarea 2 mbaiti/wm. rodesac mowyobilobas gaaCnia Sesabamisi programuli
Tanamedrove personalur kompiuterebSi EPP stan- mxardaWera. winaaRmdeg SemTxve-vaSi monacemTa gadacema
dartis mxardaWera uzrunvelyofilia Super I/O an integ- xdeba Cveulebriv, SekumSvis gareSe.
rirebuli Seyvana-gamoyvanis funqciis mqone South Bridge cxrilSi 6.6 warmodgenilia standartuli para-
mikrosqemebis nebismier krebulSi. leluri portis kabelis kontaqtebis daniSnulebebi.
ramdenadac EPP standarti gansazRvrulia IEEE
1284 standartiT, Tanamedrove versiis Windows siste- cxrili 6.6
standartuli paraleluri portis kabelis kontaqtebi
mebSi CaSenebulia Sesabamisi programuli uzrunvel-
25-kon- 36-kon-
yofa da draiverebi. signalis Sesasvleli/
taqtiani taqtiani daniSnuleba
daniSnuleba gamosasvleli
gasarTi gasarTi
porti ECP 1 1 STROBE gamosasvleli monacemTa mzadyofna
2 2 D0 (Data 0) gamosasvleli monacemi. biti 0
paraleluri portis Semdgom ganviTarebas warmo- 3 3 D1 (Data 1) gamosasvleli monacemi. biti 1
4 4 D2 (Data 2) gamosasvleli monacemi. biti 2
adgens ECP (Extended Capability Port) porti. gansxvavebiT
5 5 D3 (Data 3) gamosasvleli monacemi. biti 3
EPP-sagan, igi 128-mde mowyobilobis jaWvuri SeerTebis 6 6 D4 (Data 4) gamosasvleli monacemi. biti 4
saSualebas iZleva. 7 7 D5 (Data 5) gamosasvleli monacemi. biti 5
mexsierebisadmi pirdapiri wvdomis reJimis (DMA) 8 8 D6 (Data 6) gamosasvleli monacemi. biti 6
9 9 D7 (Data 7) gamosasvleli monacemi. biti 7
gamoyenebiT EPP porti uzrunvelyofs monacemTa or-
10 10 ACK Sesasvleli monacemis miRebis
mxriv gadacemas centraluri procesoris gverdis av- (Acknowledge) dasturi
liT operatiul mexsierebasa da periferiul mowyo- 11 11 BUSY Sesasvleli printeri ar aris
bilobas Soris, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs datvir- mzad monacemis misa-
Tvas centralur procesorze. Rebad (dakavebulia)
12 12 PE (Paper End) Sesasvleli qaRaldis dasruleba
amas garda, ECP portSi gamoyenebulia
13 13 SLCT (Select) Sesasvleli printeris mdgoma-
monacemebis SekumSvis meTodi, rac kidev ufro metad reobis kontroli
zrdis mona-cemebis gadacemis realur siCqares. 14 14 AF (Auto Feed) gamosasvleli Semdeg striqonze
SekumSvisaTvis gamoiyeneba RLE (Run Length Encoding) gadasvla (LF)
meTodi. am dros ganmeorebadi simboloebi gadaicema 15 32 ERROR Sesasvleli Secdoma
16 31 INT (Initialize gamosasvleli printeris
ori baitiT. pirve-li baiti gansazRvravs ganmeorebad
Printer) inicializacia
simbolos, xolo meore baiti _ ganmeorebaTa 17 36 SLCT IN gamosasvleli printeri imyofeba
raodenobas. Tumca mocemu-li funqciis Sesruleba ar (Select In) On-line mdgomareobaSi

110 111
 25-kon- 36-kon-
signalis Sesasvleli/ personaluri kompiuteris BIOS-i uzrunvelyofs
taqtiani taqtiani daniSnuleba
daniSnuleba gamosasvleli sami paraleluri portis mxardaWeras. erTi portis mik-
gasarTi gasarTi
rosqema CaSenebulia procesoruli platis mikrosqeme-
18 33 GND (Ground)* _ damiweba
19 19 GND (Ground)* _ damiweba bis krebulSi (Chipset). damatebiTi ori portis misaRe-
20 20 GND (Ground)* _ damiweba bad saWiroa specialuri plata-kontrolerebis dayene-
21 21 GND (Ground)* _ damiweba ba, rac Tanamedrove sistemebSi aRar gamoiyeneba. IBM-
22 22 GND (Ground)* _ damiweba
Tavsebad personalur kompiuterebSi paralelur por-
23 23 GND (Ground)* _ damiweba
24 24 GND (Ground)* _ damiweba
tebs eniWebaT logikuri saxelebi _ LPT1, LPT2, LPT3.
25 25 GND (Ground)* _ damiweba LPT1 portis sabazo misamarTia 378h. igi iyenebs
15 GND/NC _ damiweba/ar aris IRQ7 wyvetis signals. rac Seexeba LPT2 da LPT3 portebs,
(Ground/No SeerTebuli rogorc aRvniSneT, Tanamedrove sistemebSi isini aRar
Connect)
gamoiyeneba.
16 GND/NC _ damiweba/ar aris
(Ground/No SeerTebuli
Connect)
17 GND (Ground) _ damiweba printeris
samontaJo plati-
saTvis
18 +5V DC Sesasvleli +5v
(External +5V)
26 GND (Ground) _ damiweba
27 GND (Ground) _ damiweba
28 GND (Ground) _ damiweba
29 GND (Ground) _ damiweba
30 GND (Ground) _ damiweba
34 NC (No _ damiweba
Connect)
35 +5V DC/NC _ +5v / ar aris
(External SeerTebuli
+5V/No
Connect)
* 18-25 kontaqtebi standartul paralelur portSi logiku-
rad gamouyenebelia, xolo ormxriv, EPP da ECP portebSi ga-
moiyeneba periferiuli mowyobilobidan gacemuli 8-Tanriga
monacemis personalur kompiuterze misawodeblad.

112 113
 6.3. mimdevrobiTi porti USB
erT-erT elements, romelic 80-iani wlebidan uc-
vlelad SemorCa Tanamedrove personalur kompiuters,
warmoadgens standartuli mimdevrobiTi porti (Serial
Port). rac Seexeba standartul paralelur ports, man
ganicada modifikacia. Tanamedrove personalur kompi-
uterebs aRar gaaCniaT standartuli paraleluri por-
tebi. gvxvdeba mxolod maTi modificirebuli varian-
tebi _ EPP da ECP. amrigad, ori COM porti proce-
sorul plataze warmoadgens im erTaderT interfeiss,
romelsac ar ganucdia cvlilebebi kompiuteruli teq-
nologiebis ganviTarebis TiTqmis 20 wlis manZilze.
droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro TvalsaCinod ga-
moCnda standartuli mimdevrobiTi portis uaryofiTi
Tvisebebi, rac SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
• mimdevrobiT ports gaaCnia dabali swraqmedeba, rac
ar iZleva Tanamedrove, maRali swrafqmedebis mqone
periferiuli mowyobilobebis mierTebis SesaZleb-
lobas.
• erT COM portTan SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi mow-
yobilobis mierTeba.
• maSin, rodesac kompiuteri imyofeba CarTul mdgoma-
reobaSi, dauSvebelia COM portTan periferiuli
mowyobilobis SeerTeba. am dros SesaZlebelia mim-
devrobiTi portis dazianeba.
unda aRvniSnoT, rom mimdevrobiTi arqiteqturis
ganviTareba warmoadgens Tanamedrove mimarTulebas
maRali swrafqmedebis mqone interfeisebis damuSave-
baSi. informaciis paralelur kodSi gadacemisas sa-
Wiroa 8, 16 da meti gamtaris gamoyeneba. TiTqos drois
114
erTeulSi paraleluri interfeisiT SesaZlebelia meti
moculobis informaciis gadacema mimdevrobiT inter-
feisTan SedarebiT, magram sinamdvileSi paraleluri
interfeisis gamtarunarianobis gazrda bevrad rTulia,
vidre mimdevrobiTi interfeisisa.
mimdevrobiTi arqiteqturis farTo gavrceleba
ganpirobebulia rigi upiratesobebiT, romelic mas ga-
aCnia paralelur arqiteqturasTan SedarebiT:
• paraleluri interfeisisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
gadacemuli signalis fazuri Zvra. am dros zogi-
erTi biti ufro adre miewodeba mimRebs, xolo zo-
gierTi _ ufro gvian. amitom paraleluri inter-
feisis kabelis sigrZe yovelTvis SezRudulia da,
rogorc wesi, ar aRemateba 3 metrs.
• informaciis mimdevrobiT kodSi gadacemis dros ga-
moiyeneba erT an orgamtariani (informaciis or-
mxrivi gadacemisas) arxi. amitom dabrkolebebi, rom-
lebic warmoiqmneba monacemebis gadacemisas, Zalian
mcirea, rasac ver vityviT paralelur interfeisze.
• paraleluri interfeisis kabelebi sakmaod Zvirad-
Rirebulia. maRal Rirebulebas ganapirobebs ro-
gorc gamtarebis didi raodenoba, aseve, dabrko-
lebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, kabelis damza-
debisas gamtarebis specialuri dalagebis Sroma-
tevadi da ZviradRirebuli teqnologiuri procesi.
• mimdevrobiTi interfeisis kabelebi bevrad iafia,
radgan Sedgebian ramdenime gamtarisagan da moTxov-
nebi, romlebic waeyeneba maT ekranirebas, bevrad da-
balia paraleluri interfeisis kabelTan SedarebiT.
115
 amrigad, saWiro gaxda axali standartis mimdev- lobebis kveba. amrigad, zedmeti xdeba damatebiTi kve-
robiTi portis damuSaveba kompiuteruli teqnolo- bis wyaroebis gamoyeneba.
giebis Tanamedrove moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. USB 1.0 standarti uzrunvelyofs monacemTa gada-
1995 wels Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC da cemas 1,5 mbiti/wm siCqariT, xolo USB 1.1 standarti _ 12
Northern Telecom kompaniebma wamoayenes axali universa- mbiti/wm siCqariT. USB 1.1 portTan iseTi dabali
luri momdevrobiTi portis Seqmnis iniciativa. mas ewo- swrafqmedebis mowyobilobebis SeerTebisas, rogoricaa,
da USB (Universal Serial Bus) porti. magaliTad, klaviatura, gaTvaliswinebulia dabali
USB 1.0 specifikacia gamoqveynda 1996 wels, Tumca swrafqmedebis qvearxi monacemTa gadacemis 1,5 mbiti/wm
farTod gavrcelda mxolod 1998 wlidan, rodesac siCqariT. USB portTan SesaZlebelia erTdroulad 127
damuSavda gaumjobesebuli USB 1.1 specifikacia da mox- mowyobilobis SeerTeba.
da misi sruli programuli mxardaWera Windows 98 sis- ramdenime mowyobilobis SeerTebisaTvis gamoiye-
temaSi. 1996 wlidan USB porti CaSenebulia procesoru- neba koncentratori (nax. 6.5).
li platis mikrosqemebis krebulSi (Chipset).
USB porti uzrunvelyofs momxmareblis perife-
riul mowyobilobebTan Plug&Play reJimSi muSaobas. es
niSnavs, rom periferiuli mowyobilobis momuSave per-
sonalur kompiuterTan SeerTebisas avtomaturad xdeba
mowyobilobis `aRmoCena~, Sesabamisi draiverebis moZeb-
na da dayeneba. Tanamedrove versiis Windows sistemebi
Seicaven USB portis draiverebs.
USB mowyobilobis mierTebisas an gamoerTebisas
ar aris saWiro kompiuteris winaswari gamorTva an ga-
datvirTva. Tumca USB damagroveblebis gamoyenebis Sem-
nax. 6.5 tipiuri USB koncentratori
TxvevaSi (mag. Flash-damagrovebeli), monacemebis SesaZ-
lo danakargis Tavidan asacileblad, sasurvelia wi-
kompiuteris USB porti warmoadgens fesvur kon-
naswar avirCioT brZaneba Hardware or Safety Remove Hardvare,
centrators, anu sawyis wertils sxva koncentratore-
movniSnoT mowyobilobis saxeli da davaWiroT Stop.
bisa da mowyobilobebis SeerTebisaTvis. praqtikulad
rodesac sistema gansazRvravs, rom mowyobilobam da-
yvela Tanamedrove sistemur platas gaaCnia ori an oT-
asrula muSaoba, SegviZlia gamovaerToT mowyobiloba.
xi USB porti. bevr kompiuterSi USB portis gasarTi
uSualod USB kabelis saSualebiT agreTve xor-
ganTavsebulia wina panelzec, rac Zalian mosaxerxebe-
cieldeba dabali simZlavris periferiuli mowyobi-
lia cifruli kameris da Flash-diskis SesaerTeblad.
116 117
 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sistemur platas gaaCnia USB
portebi, magram masze ar aris damontaJebuli USB ga-
sarTebi, unda gamoviyenoT specialuri USB sakabelo
gasarTebi (nax. 6.6)
USB portebi
platis kronSteini
gasarTebi sistemur
platasTan
SeerTebisaTvis
nax. 6.6. USB gasarTebis krebuli sistemuri platis CaSenebul
USB portebTan mowyobilobebis SesaerTeblad
koncentratorebTan SesaZlebelia mravali sxvada-
sxva mowyobilobis SeerTeba varskvlavisebur topolo-
giaze dayrdnobiT. yovel koncentrators eniWeba uni-
kaluri misamarTi. USB saltis koncentratorebs gaaC-
niaT oTxi an rva porti. koncentratoris portebTan Se-
saZlebelia rogorc periferiuli mowyobilobebis, ase-
ve sxva koncentratorebis SeerTebac. SeerTebebis maqsi-
maluri siRrme aris xuTi.
118
koncentratori dinamiurad aRmoaCens SeerTebul
periferiul mowyobilobas da mowyobilobis instala-
ciis Semdeg gamouyofs mas 0,5 vt energias. mTlianobaSi
koncentratori gascems 2,5 vt energias.
fesvuri an jgufuri koncentratoris portebze
miwodebuli simZlavris Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad
SegviZlia gamoviyenoT programa Device Manager.
monacemTa gadacemis saimedoobis gazrdisaTvis
umjobesia iseTi koncentratorebis gamoyeneba, romel-
Tac gaaCniaT damoukidebeli kveba. koncentratorma, ro-
melsac kveba kompiuteris USB portidan miewodeba, SeiZ-
leba ver uzrunvelyos mierTebuli periferiuli mow-
yobilobebis kvebis simZlavre.
koncentratori agreTve asrulebs signalebis
ormxrivi retranslatoris funqcias rogorc perso-
naluri kompiuteridan periferiuli mowyobilobebisa-
ken, aseve piriqiT. USB standartis mixedviT koncen-
tratoris funqcias SeiZleba asrulebdes periferiuli
mowyobilobac (nax. 6.7).
12 mbiti/wm siCqariT momuSave mowyobilobisa da
koncentratoris SemaerTebeli kabelis sigrZe SeiZleba
iyos 5 m-mde, xolo 1,5 mbiti/wm siCqariT momuSave mow-
yobilobisa da koncentratoris SemaerTebeli kabelis
sigrZe _ 3 m-mde. kabelSi gamoiyeneba ekranirebuli gre-
xili wyvili.
USB 1.1 interfeisis Semdgom ganviTarebas warmo-
adgens USB 2.0 interfeisi, romelic 40-jer swrafia USB
1.1 interfeisTan SedarebiT. monacemTa gadacemis siC-
qare aRwevs 480 mbit/wm. USB 2.0 standarti iTavsebs USB
1.1 standarts. orive standartSi gamoiyeneba erTi da
igive standartis kabelebi, gasarTebi da programuli
119
uzrunvelyofa. USB 2.0 koncentratorTan SesaZlebelia uzrunvelyofs yvela Tanamedrove sistemuri platis
USB 1.1 standartis periferiuli mowyobilobis dakavSi- mikrosqemebis krebuli.
rebac. am SemTxvevaSi mowyobiloba imuSavebs im siCqa- kabelebs, koncentratorebs, gasarTebs da perife-
riT, romelic ganisazRvreba USB 1.1 standartiT. riul mowyobilobebs, romelTac gaaCniaT USB mxar-
daWera, aRniSnaven specialuri logotipebiT (nax. 6.8).
klaviatura sistemuri bloki
(koncentratori/mowyobiloba) monitori (ZiriTadi koncentratori/ USB 1.1 standartis mowyobiloba aRiniSneba ubralod,
(koncentratori/mowyobiloba) mowyobiloba)
rogorc USB mowyobiloba, xolo USB 2.0 standartis
mowyobiloba _ rogorc Hi-Speed USB.

koncentratori
telefoni
nax. 6.8. USB-1.1 da USB-2.0 mowyobilobebis logotipebi
`Taguna~ (mowyobiloba)
(mowyobiloba) mikrofoni
akustikuri sistema
(mowyobiloba) USB 2.0. standartis ganviTarebas warmoadgens
(mowyobiloba)
standarti USB On-The-Go, romlis mixedviTac SesaZle-
nax. 6.7 ramdenime USB koncentratoris gamoyeneba belia periferiuli mowyobilobebis urTierTdakavSi-
personalur kompiuterSi reba personaluri kompiuteris monawileobis gareSe.
USB On-The-Go standarti ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sayofac-
USB 2.0 koncentratorTan erTdroulad USB 1.1 da xovrebo teqnikaSi, magaliTad videomagnitofonebis da-
USB 2.0 standartis mowyobilobebisas SeerTebisas gamo- sakavSireblad. bunebrivia, SesaZlebelia USB On-The-Go
iyeneba buferizaciis rTuli sistema. USB 2.0 mowyobi- standartis mowyobilobebis personalur kompiuterTan
lobebisTvis koncentratoris mier xdeba maRalsisCqa- dakavSirebac.
ruli signalebis ganmeoreba, xolo USB 1.1 mowyobilo- arsebobs USB-gasarTebis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi _ A,
bebisTvis _ tranzaqciebis buferizacia da kompiute- B, Mini-A da Mini-B (nax. 6.9)
ridan miwodebuli monacemebis gadacemis siCqaris Sem-
cireba.
dawyebuli Intel 82430HX mikrosqemebis krebulidan,
romelSic USB standarti ganxorcielebuli iyo PIIX3
Southe Bridge mikrosqemaSi, USB standartis mxardaWeras

120 121
 cxrili 6.7
USB kabelis budeebisa da gasarTebis feradi markireba
gasarTi feri
A tipis Mini-A tipis
bude Mini-A TeTri
USB bude USB bude
Mini-A tipis gasarTi Mini-A TeTri
USB gasarTi
A tipis USB bude Mini-B Savi
gasarTi
gasarTi Mini-B Savi
bude Mini-A/B nacrisferi
Mini-B tipis
B tipis USB bude
USB bude Mini-B tipis
USB gasarTi cxrilSi 6.8 warmodgenilia A da B, xolo
B tipis USB
gasarTi
cxrilSi 6.9 _ Mini-A/B standartis USB gasarTis kon-
taqtebis daniSnulebebi.
Mini-A/B tipis
USB bude
cxrili 6.8
nax. 6.9. USB gasarTebi da budeebi A da B standartis USB gasarTis kontaqtebi
kontaqti signali feri SeniSvna
A tipis gasarTi gamoiyeneba monacemTa nakadis 1 VCC wiTeli kvebis kabeli
2 monacemebi (-) TeTri monacemTa gadacema
organizaciisaTvis mowyobilobasa da USB port/koncen-
3 monacemebi (+) mwvane monacemTa gadacema
trators Soris. sistemur plataze da koncentrato-
4 saerTo Savi kabelis damiweba
rebSi, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba A standartis gasarTi.
garsi dacva ara filtri
B standartis gasarTi umetesad gamoiyeneba periferiul
mowyobilobebSi, romelTac uerTdebaT moxsnadi USB cxrili 6.9
kabelebi. Mini-A da Mini-B gasarTebi warmoadgenen Sesa- Mini-A/B standartis USB gasarTis kontaqtebi
bamisad A da B standartis gasarTebis Semcirebuli kontaqti signali feri SeniSvna
fizikuri zomis analogebs. zogjer iyeneben Mini-A/B 1 Vbus wiTeli kvebis kabeli
standartis budes, romelsac SeiZleba SeuerTdes ro- 2 monacemebi (-) TeTri monacemTa gadacema
gorc Mini-A, aseve Mini-B gasarTebi. USB kabelis gam- 3 monacemebi (+) mwvane monacemTa gadacema
tarebs gaaCniaT Sesabamisi feradi markireba, romelic 4 identifikatori A/B gasarTebis
warmodgenilia cxrilSi 6.7. identifikacia*
4 saerTo Savi kabelis damiweba
garsi dacva ara filtri

122 123
* gamoiyeneba Mini-A da Mini-B gasarTebis garCevisaTvis. Mini-A
standartSi identifikatoris kabeli SeerTebulia miwasTan,
Mini-B standartSi _ ar aris SeerTebuli
USB standartSi gamoiyeneba monacemTa kodirebis
NRZI (Non Return to Zero Invert) meTodi, romlis mixedviTac
Zabvis cvlilebas Seesabameba logikuri `0~, xolo
cvlilebis ararsebobas _ logikuri `1~. `0~-ebis Tan-
mimdevroba aRniSnavs erTidan meore doneze gadasvlas
yovel bit/droSi, xolo `1~-ebis Tanmimdevroba _ drois
xangrZliv monakveTs, romlis ganmavlobaSic ar xdeba
monacemebis gadacema.
kodirebis NRZI meTodis gamoyeneba sakmaod efeq-
turia, radgan aRar gamoiyeneba specialuri mmarTveli
signalebi, magaliTad sinqroimpulsebi, romelTa gada-
cemac moiTxovs did dros da mniSvnelovnad amcirebs
saltis gamtarunarianobas.
124
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