A CONCISE ENGLISH GRAMMAR

FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS

Key (with Notes and Explanations) to tbe Exercises

by

c. E. ECKERSLEY

A CONCISE ENGLISH GRAMMAR

For Foreign Students

KEY (with Notes and Explanations) to the Exercises

BY

c. E. ECKERSLEY, M.A.

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CHAPTER I

THE SENTENCES

Pagt>

2. Ex. I (1) Statement. (2) Command, Statement. (3) Question, Statement.

3. Ex. III (I) Subject: fish. Predicate: swim. (2) Subject: the boys. Predicate: swim in the river. (3) Subject: they. Predicate: are ... current. (4) Subject: the man ... garden. Predicate: is ... cigarette. (5) Subject: he. Predicate: what ... shop.

Ex. V (l ) Phrase: of the football team. (2) Phrases: in ... position, on the field, in every match. (3) Clause: that ... team.

(4) Phrase: in England. (5) Clause: who 0 •• strongest.

Ex. VIII (1) Noun Clause: that ... well. (2) Adjectival Clause: who ... fastest. (3) Adverbial Clause: Because ... tired. (4) Noun Clause: that ... London. (5) Adjectival Clause: that ... built.

Ex. IX Oxford and Cambridge, which are the two oldest universities in England, are great rivals in all sports.

Ex. X Question. (2) Exc1amatory sentence.

CHAPTER II

THE NOUN

Page

6. Ex. I John, Linton, Proper. street, Common, village, Common.

Forborough, Proper. weather, Common. crowds, Collective. people. Collective. gardens. COnlf110n. tranquillity. Abstract. Sunday, Proper. repose, Abstract. work, Common. looks, Common. direction, Common. glances, Common. signs, Com ... !170n. recognition, Abstract, faces, Common.

Ex. II length. kindness, shortness. height, comfort. pleasure, depth, joy, generosity, peace.

Ex. III gander, heir, widower. bachelor, monk, fox, stepfather, actor. wizard.

7. Ex. I see page 16.

8. Ex. II railways, libraries, hoofs (hooves), sanatoria, passers-by, automata. spectators, people.

10. Ex. IV student. Nominative singular. eagerness, Objective after nreposition Singular. progress, Objective Direct Singular. breakdown. Objective Direct Singular. parents'. Possessive Plural. 3

10. thoughts, Nominative Plural. anxiety, Objective after preposition Singular. health, Objective after preposition Singular, son, Objective Indirect, Singular. money'; Objective Singular, boy's, Possessive Singular. condition, Nominative Singular.

Ex. V* (a) Lion, tiger. bear, elephant, monkey, giraffe, keeper, cage, aquarium, enclosure.

(b) Platform, train, locomotive, porter, bookstall, burlet, waiting-room, booking office, signal, bridge.

(c) Tea, coffee, sugar, salt, pepper, r ice, cocoa. dried fruits.

. .

spices, jam.

(d) Lawn, path, flower, plant, spade, fork, mower, shed, shears, hose.

(e) Stove, refrigerator, dresser, cupboard, range, larder, meatsafe, table. scales, pastry board.

Ex. VI (I) Herd. (2) flock. (3) congrcgn lion. (4) audience. (5) pack. (6) menagerie. (' 7) I i brury. (8) shoal. (9) constell a tion, (10) troop (company , regiment. army, ctc.). ( 1 I) swarm. (12) crew.

Ex. VII (I) was. (2) are/were. (3) arc/were. (4) was. (5) are/were. (6) were (or was). (7) has. (8) is. (9) is/was. (10) is. (11) has. (12) were. (13) is/was. (14) are/were.

11. Ex. VIII Cro wd. Collective (a collection of people regarded as one).

rear. Common (the name common to {he back part of anything). avenue. Common (the name common to many wide, ways of

approach).

people. Common (the name given to men and women in general). semicircle. Common (the name given to half a circle).

Arabs. Proper (the name given t o members of one particular race). J11(1Il. Common (the name given to any adult male human being). beard. Common (the general name for hair on the chin).

coward. Common (the name used to denote anyone contemptibly

faint-hearted).

presence. Abstract (denotes the state of being present).

mob. CoIlective (a collection of disorderly individuals). Englishman. Proper (the name given to members of a particular

country).

cowardice. Abstract (the quality denoting contemptible lack of

courage).

pride. Abstract (the quality possessed by a proud. person). hat. Common (the name of a common object). Livingstone, Proper (the name of one particular individual),

Ex. IX Infancy: childhood: -Iavcry: cowardice: judg(e)ment; treason. treachery; enmity: parentage, parenthood; friendship; seamanship; captaincy: brotherhood.

* For exercises marked with an asterisk (*) other (correct) answers are possible.

4

J 1. Ex. X * (a) H~ seized his fri..:nds ~)ut·,fr('ldlCd hand and shuuk it warmly'. The pn~l)ncr shook hi" lis! angrily ~11. hi~ <a.pre's through r he b:,t~·", \ ttst C-. tlglllly closed hdnd.")

(/.l) He remembered the' lillie \\ 11C[1 orie could huy a good pair: ({ Sl!(_1\CS for :t count: of shillirur-.

........ . ~ '"

(c! The Iove hc-t i:-'nglish tiow.:« i-.; the ruse. Fruit trees will not YIeld fruit unlev- there IS hfrlf),~(;m nn them. (h/\J\,somo" flowers or: a fr u itt r e c. )

(d; l n evcrv countrv, roads connect lilt: principal towns. 111c village has onlv one street, along ;\,,'hich i1S few shops arid houses are lined. {A \TO'('t IS a town rd~hj that has houses or shops on one side or both. ,\ road lead,; from one town to anorhcr.)

(e) When \J.,.°C were children. ',\'t,' u"\cd t () rda\' in the meadows that ran dOV.,'T1 to the water's edge, Th.u« a tine tietd of whe.rr. There are a dozen bul lock s grazing in t ha t //(';£1. (i\ meadow is a piece of grassland, genera ilv used for hay, A tield IS more general in meaning; it may he used f(.Yr pasture or t illauc.)

( () 1 n tic rrna :1>' the chimney-s \1.'(:(: r~ (sweepers) go on to the root) to cleun the chimncvs. In d room the ctcctr ic light bulb usualiv haogs from the icih n;«. U(I,)/'" arc outside: ceilings inside.)

(gl On the wal! hung a pict u»: 1'1' t11L' Catholic Court Church in Dresden, and two DO(I1'ol(.", one of l.milv's mother and another of her husband. fa portrait ;..:; ", pl~~;!;re of ~l person .. '

(h) ,A howlinp W1W! "'_',:h 1,j, ,\\, In;! (L~ross the heath. Sometimes the heat of rmu Surnrncr j'..; i, .. nncarable unlcxs there is a breeze blowing to lessen its i n tens.tv. (a br ee :e i~ a gent le wi nd )

({) When the ~,pc;]ker had tini"hc(_L the audienc« showed their great appreciation of what he had said by breaking into thunderous applause. When the centre-forward mis~ed all open goal. all the 10.0UO sticr cat ors let out d grO;lT1 of disappointrncnt. i audienccs come to listen:spcctat()f's to look.]

(j) Nearly all (Iw wild rabr» rs in Lngland and France have died of a terrible disease, Hi~ fort nightv absence from work W~lS due to sick. ness, {, Sic]: nc .. S~· is another i 1 .. 11n<.: in r " ill nes-." It can also mc.m "vomiting" or "un inclination tP v .vnut ". ,.\ disease is a morbid condition (if :1 hody or r1llnL thudglJ S()fr1CtHI1CS it. has the same meaning as "sickne:~s", c-pc .. .r.illv ill ~u,,'h cstabhshcd names as

"slecoinc s.ck ncs-." arid ··""e'en\.' SI',~I·n .. '\,.;'· '/

~ l~' b' ~ .... l\.. 1\....'." ~, .J ~,.1 ~~' ... -.., .. 1\., .. ,.,., ,

(k) When I travel from London to ldinburgh I go on «iourney, If 1 went to Au-tr.ilia from Ln~d(ind, ! sliould ha\l' to go on a long voyage, (journey bv land: l'r1YO!!(' nv :'i.>'L,1

: TIle word "i';ilr" is especidUy u scd in rbe ,',to,,' c,f :l1i;:.,.'" t h.u U<;'i,tlly e x i=t or are l! sed i!l two", ,\,. :.:'()~l pit' .' j, me r" i v I wo ! if I t , " "i' ll~d -.\. hich ' .. ,! 11 he u:.;efl.ll even hv J1'iclf. Ho wcve r. tn:' tw.: ncrron-. c":i"'!li;~rl'd H';.:'<~!hi"'. the \ .. o'\'l,~ "'~"\Iok" is uxu.i l!v

employed; e.g,' . '0

"There \H.'H', llf!t't:il (,)U~llr<; da rumz {In tl~c n",[" ikr-= ··\_":'lj;\t:·\,, i]"i(',Jns "l~.lir' ;'1

r artners " 'l be wo rd "c.-,;uple" c.t n ,11·,.! nW:'.T';\ \',cdd,·,l (", cn~;"II:!;t>d {lair,

:.;

11. (l) A person may have much knowledge; but he has not much wisdom if he cannot use his knowledge properly. iWisdom is knowledge together with exper ience.)

(m) Man is the only animal that has the power of speech. He can hold conversations with those around him; that is, he can talk to them and they can reply. A man can also make a speech (especially if he is a politician) when he has something to say to an assembly of people.

(n) I listened to the news on the wireless. I am going to the library to find some information on the manufacture of plastics. (Information is knowledge; news is reports of what has recently happened. It is fresh information.)

(0) He was greatly moved by the beauty of the slow movement of the Beethoven Symphony. Her face is quite pretty in a kind of doll-like way, but it is a prettiness that wil! soon fade. (prettiness is beauty of a dainty or superficial kind.)

Ex. Xl age; captivity, imprisonment, slavery; coward, villain, dastard, poltroon; victory; sorrow: answer; success; hope; calm; ease, peace, pleasure, relief; ancestor (N .B.': fore/ather is seldom used in the singular); slowness.

Ex. XII Abstract Nouns,

fire heat, fierceness, warmth, brightness.

dog faithfulness, devotion (watchfulness), friendliness,

courage, ferocity.

book thickness, dryness, attractiveness.

sea vastness, depth, mercilessness, cruelty.

cigarette fla vour, strength, mildness, aroma. America vastness, power, wealth.

flower beauty, prettiness, scent, colour.

King majesty, regality, pomp.

racehorse speed, beauty, form, elegance, refinement.

tiger power, wildness, ferocity, felinity.

child simplicity, innocence, childhood, childishness, playfulness, mischief.

CHAPTER III

THE ADJECTIVE

Page

16. Ex. II Spanish, Dutch, Norwegian, Finnish, Swiss, Peruvian, Monegasque. Turkish, Welsh, Czech (Czecho-Slovakian).

Ex. III critical, true, false, artistic, sporting, Elizabethan, weary, Mozartian, bankrupt, hopeful.

Ex. IV* stupid. unintelligent, deliberate, ugly', impossible, dissimilar, impracticable, illiterate, irregular, hopeful.

6

J6. Ex. y* (I) Several. (2) manv, (3) Few. (4) innumerable (5) several.

Ex. 1 X ( l : :'\ 0 Art i cl c ( 0; . A . ) , :\ . A . (2) r-...; . /\ . , tile. N. A . , (3) N.A .• \:.A .. tile, a, (4) a, a. the, N.A., a, the, (5) N.A., a (the), the, N.A" (61 rile. the. the (7} the. the ;..I.A., the. the, (~) a, the, an, the, (Y) the, the. the. the. (10) the, a. the, the, N,A., N.A., the.

19. Ex. III { Ii hcu v ier. heaviest. (2) more intelligent, most intelligent. (,~) later. latL'.[ (last). (4) farther. further. farthest. furtnext. (5) more complicated, most complicated. (6) no Comparative or Superlative.

Ex. IV (I) voung est o_- indicates that j have several brothers; younger that 1 ha vc only {\\O brothers. (2) last == the final one; the latest :;::=: the final one up to the present. (3) further -=--= addit i 0 11 a I; fa rt her -:-co m 0 red i s tan t.

20. Ex. \" *' Opposites.

fierce mild. gentle. tame. quiet. calm. moderate. tender. kind, soft r of light), temperate, cool. sober, reasonable. dirty, soiled, foul. unclean, impure, obscene.

soft, malleable, tender, fluid, easy, simple,

weak, feeble. fragile, frail, infirm, delicate, faint, powc rles-;

rich, wealthy, fertile, splendid, fine, costly, elaborate, grand.

unwise. foolivh , simply, silly. senseless.

ungenerous, miserly, avaricious, stingy, tight-fisted,

mean.

thin thick, stout, fat, corpulent.

new old, ancient, antique, old-fashioned, worn-out, stale.

ex tra ragan! economical, moderate , careful, reasonable, spa ri ng,

frugal.

Ex. VI * (u) Napoleon was small in stature, but a great man nevertheless. He was wearing a coat that was too big for him. Big applies to size: great to qualities that arouse admiration, wonder, etc r Sornctimes "big" and .. great" have the same meaning but " great" is coloured by an emotion, whereas .. big" is not, c.g. There \\ as a hig dog in the back of the car. (No emotion.) The \V0111an had e g rea; dog in the hack of the car I was driving. (Implies that the driver resents its presence.)

(b) He lost a small amount of money on the transaction. The loss wh ich he S ust a i ned on the transaction was, fortuna tel)', a trivial one. (" Trivial" means of small value or importance. U Small" is the opposite of •. big" or "large" and only rarely has the samesense as "jr ivia l ", e.g. in such locutions as •• small talk ", "the small worries of life".)

(c) Overalls are made of some durable material, such as denim.

A delphinium is a perennial; it comes up year after year.

A* 7

clean hard

stronv

paUl"

Wise

generous

\UJ J.JI;;) UUU5J11. ... d I':> U "/lUl.r. \ ._._. !l1~'" "'5'""'" ..... 1111 .... , .JlL'- ....... , .... '1" .......

(= easily irritated) temper, too. The journey from London to Birmingham by a quick (= fast) train takes only two and a quarter hours. His manner of speech was abrupt l quick, disconnected and impolite).

(e) I am proud to be numbered among the friends of such a great man. After all he had tried to do for them, he was hurt by their insolent behaviour.

(" Proud" and" insolent" approach each other in meaning only when applied to behaviour. Even then, insolence is much rnore contemptuous and hurtful than pride.i

(f) A frog is not a true (= genuine) reptile. His words have come true (= been realized in fact). The wheel is not true (c-_;_: not in the correct position).

An honest man does not take what does not belong to him.

Ex. VII * (a) golden. yellow, blooming, bea utiful. (b) golden, crimson, beautiful. glorious.

(c) flashing, streaking, roaring.

(d) raging, tempestuous, angry, stormy , furious.

(e) dense, thick, yellow. clinging, choking, "pea-soup".

Ex. VIII (a) unique and perfect arc by nature supcrlutive adjectives, and cannot be preceded by the superlative ., ITICst ",

(b) The proper rneaning of awful is .• worthy of profound respect". Its use here for" excessive" or .. very long" is slang, or at least very colloquial and hackneyed.

(c) ghastly, meaning "horrible ", ,. shocking", .. frightful H, "Jike a ghost", is properly applied only to the physical appearance or to some occurrence of a physical nature ... A ghastly failure" is a colloquialism.

(d) The use of nice for ., agreeable", .. pleasant", etc., is colloquial, though very widespread. In any case, it is far too often used instead of a more precise word.

(N.B. The true meanings of nice are "fastidious ", "xlainty ", "precise", "scrupulous ". "delicately sensitive", etc.)

Like awful above, terrible is here used for "excessive ", and IS a colloquialism,

CHAPTER IV

THE ADVERB

Page

23. Ex. III hourly, momentarily, earthwards, back wards, lengthwise, ashore, bodily, sometimes, sideways, dai ly.

24. Ex. V well, best; little, less; much, most; far, farther (Iurthcrr: worse, worst; faster, fastest; sooner, soonest.

8

24. Ex. VI (1).,. speaks English very well. (2),.. only as

long (3) ... ha \'C often done ... (4) .. , rarely at home ...

(5) to visit us here yesterday.

Ex. VII seldom. often intermittent ly, imprudently ~ unwillingly.

CHAPTER V

THE PRONOUN

Page

27. Ex. I (1) As you were ... you met .. ,. You spoke ...

they told you their their holidays. (2) As he (she) ... he (she)

met .... They spoke they told him (her) ... holidays.

28. Ex. II (1) me. (2) he. (3) we, (4) me. (5) he. (6) she.

Ex. III (L) Correct (or You and Tom ... homework.) (2) You and he (or He and You ... ,) than 1. (3) The Johnsons and we (ur We and the Johnsons) live. . .. (4) There are .... (5) Neither Mary nor you (or you nor Mary) has yet learnt to swim.

31. Ex. III (1) It ... summer, which everyone enjoyed. (2) In France ... hot, which ... trying. (3) That ... whom I mentioned to you yesterday. (4) Uncle ... bicycle, (a) which pleased him very much (h) with which he was very pleased. (5) Here ... exercise that John wrote.

Ex. IV (1) who (that), (2) who, (3) whom. (4) that (which). (5) that. (6) that. (7) that (which). (8) whose. (9) what. (10) that. (11) that. (12) that. (13) as. (14) that (who).

32. Ex. V (1) The man who ... (2) The dog which ... (3) My father, who ... (4) only child. who ... (5) The orchestra, who ...

Ex. VI (1) Reflexive. (2) Emphasizing.

Ex. VII (1) Emphasizing, (2) Emphasizing. (3) Reflexive. (4) Emphasizing. (5) Ref1exive.

37. Ex. I (1) Who. (2) What. (3) Which. (4) What. (5) Who. (6) whom. (7) which. (8) Whose. (9) whom. (10) Which. (11) What.

Ex. II (1) each (either, neither), (2) each. (3) either (neither). (4) each other. (5) one another. (6) neither. (7) either, each (neither).

Ex. III (1) All or Some. (2) some. (3) any. (4) One. (5) All. (6) Some (they). (7) Anything. (8) something; anything. (9) nobody. (10) anything. (II) Anyone. (12) Any.

38. Ex. IV (1) all the better. (2) none the worse. (3) every other. (4) something like. (5) on the other hand.

Ex. V Who~relative pronoun (archaic for "the/any person that", and so combining in one word a noun (or the personal pronoun ., he") and a relative pronoun): it ('tis = it is) personal pronoun, neuter, nominative: something indefinite pronoun:

9

..,u. '."""'.E •• f .. O ................ """"'4 ............... _ r .... ---- - ......... - "\. ..... ~~-

..

neuter, nominative: mine possessive pronoun: if ('tis 00_-::: it is)

personal pronoun, neuter, nominative: he personal pronoun, masculine: that relative pronoun, nominative, introducing defining relative clause: me personal pronoun, first person singular, objective: me personal pronoun, first person singular, objective: that demonstrative pronoun: which relative pronoun: him personal pronoun, third person singular, masculine, objective: me personal pronoun, first person singular, objective.

Ex. VI The sentence must read:

"If your child has a bad cough, give it Corny's Cough Cure and

the cough vanishes."

As it stands" it" could, grammatically, refer to :, child".

(2) ~. which ", as it stands, refers to .. Geneva ", which is absurd. The sentence must read: "The Prime Minister went to Geneva

in an aeroplane (which was) supplied by British European Air-

"

ways.

In the original sentence the relative pronoun .. which" is too far away from its antecedent .• aeroplane n with the result that the antecedent appears to be Geneva (\\ hich is absurd).

N.H.-It is correct to say that a person goes" by aeroplane", "' by train" t "by car '" etc., but when the vehicle or mode of conveyance is qualified by a relative clause or participial phrase. jt is preceded by the preposi tion .. in" (or sometimes •. on ", in the case of a boat), and the indefinite article" a " Of .. an ".

(3) "they" in the second sentence refers to "legs ", which is absurd. For " they" write: .• the oarsmen l;, or recast the sentence, e.g.: U The oarsmen, whose legs are bare, wear scarves if it is cold."

(4) ~. These" in the second sentence seems to refer to "' refreshments", which is absurd. Repeat" tickets" or recast the sentence using a relative clause, thus: .. The tickets for the dance, which should be taken some days in advance, are five shillings, including refreshments.' ,

(5) The word "' both" implies that John had only two dogs.

But Uon either side" means "on both of two sides", To have that he would need four dogs!

Ex. VII (I) This is the house that Jack built.

(2) In spring we planted some trees which have not produced a single apple.

(3) H Thou hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea."

N .B.-The use of the possessive form .. whose ' is not so common when the antecedent is not a person, •• Of which" is often substituted, e.g. H That table, the leg of which is broken, must be repaired quickly." This is clumsy, and, in speech, a prepositional phrase would almost certainly be used, viz.: .. The table with the broken leg must be repaired quickly."

10

, ._

38. However, we are here dealing with a line of poetry (from Wordsworth's sonnet on Milton), and the possessive form is quite admissible.

(4) If the notice that you have been pleased to take of my labours had been early, it had ' been kind. (The actual form that was used by Dr. Johnson in his letter to Lord Chesterfield, was: H The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had ' it be e n ear 1 y, had I be c n k j n d. " )

(5) Let us be thankful for fools, without (but for) whom the rest of us could not succeed.

Ex. VIII (I) (a) \. who had not 3 nswered previously " is a non-defining relative clause. It does not answer the question, "which boy? II There is nothing in this sentence to tell us which boy now gave the best answer. A non-defining relative clause merely gives us a little extra information, in this case that the hoy had not answered previously. The sense is .• , who, by the way, had not answered previously". The boy may not have been the only one in thc class to have given no previous answer!

(h) •• that had not answered previously" is a defining relative clause, answering the question, .• which boy?" It is clear here that this hoy is the only one in the class who, up to that moment, had

. .

given no previous answer.

(2) (a) This is supposed to have been said by a clergyman who didn't want to wear clerical dress. The relative clause: •• which will distinguish me from my fellow men" stands for a whole sentence. The speaker or writer of such a sentence declares that he intends to wear no clot hes, and that fact (" which ") will distinguish him from his fellows, In other words, .. which ,. has a continuative sense, and means ., and this".

(b) •• that will distinguish me from my fellow men" is a defining relative clause, answering the question, .. What kind of clothes?" The speaker or writer of such a sentence declares that he intends to wear clothes, hut only of the sort that other people also wear.

(3) (0) •• which I inherited" is a non-defining relative clause, and does not answer the question: .. Which fortune'?" It merely states: •. my fortune, which, by the way, I inherited, I will leave to my son."

(b) "that r inherited" is a defining relative clause, answering the question: .. Which fortune?" The use of this clause could mean that the possessor of this fortune had perhaps a second fortune, which was not inherited but earned, and he wishes to make it clear exactly which of t he two fortunes he intends to leave to his son,

1 Subjunctive = "wCluld have"

1 1

THE VERB

PURl'

41. Ex. III Full vcrbs : has arrived, discharge, have learned, is.

should be, accept, secures, has been supported, die, have lived, exposed, was destined. offer, has (not) suffered, has given, hold. No n-tinites : disgracing (gerund) to fall (infinitive), to perish iinfinitivei, lingering (present participle), to solicit (infinitive) to decline tinfinitivei.

42. Ex. IV (I) are. (2) is. (3) is. (4) speaks. (5) consists.

Ex. V (I) Go home at once. (2) often borrows my books. (3) was ... war. (4) must ... regularly. (5) often ... food.

47. Ex. I Transitive: discharge, have learned, accept, secures, exposed, offer, has suffered. has given, hold.

Intransitive: has arrived, is, should be, has been supported, die, ha ve lived, was destined.

48. Ex. III (_ I) had hoped. (2) had (not) worked. (3) failed. (4) was obliged. (5) disappointed. (6) caused. (7) is hoping. Tenses: (1) Past Perfect. (1) Past Perfect. (3) Past. (4) Past Passive. (5) Past. (6) Past. (7) Present Continuous.

49. Ex. I (I) lives. (2) goes. (3) is. (4) says. (5) shines.

Ex. III (1) goes, Present. (2) are sitting, are listening, Present Continuous. (3) is reading. Present Continuous. reads, Present. (4) is painting, Present Continuous. travels, Present (or travelled, Past). (5) are (you) going, Present Continuous. is, Present. (6) want, Present. (7) means, Present. (8) seems, Present. (9) believe, Present, (10) sees, Present (or saw. Past).

50. Ex. IV (I) have been, Present Perfect. (2) has not done. Present Perfect. (3) has not arrived, Present Perfect. (4) has just decided, Present Perfect. (5) have not finished, Present Perfect. (6) have not written, Present Perfect, (7) ha ve answered. Present Perfect. un have put, Present Perfect, (9) has owned, Present Perfect. (10) has been accepted, Present Perfect Passive.

Ex. V (I) They have been learning. (2) have been trying. (3) have been waiting. (4) has been looking. (5) has been s1eeping, Ex. VI (1) broke. (2) had left. (3) had finished. (4) went. (5) saw. (6) had stolen (stole). (7) had fallen (fell), (8) ate. (9) jumped. (10) had asked (asked).

53. Ex. II (1) simple Future. (2) determination. (3) prorruse. (4) promise. (5) simple Future.

Ex. IV (I) will. (2) shall. (3) won't, shall. (4) shan't. (5) won't. Ex. V (J) are. (2) is. (3) is.

54. VI (1) will you have. (2) shall stay. (3) you shall have. (4) will get. (5) will visit.

55. Ex. I (I) do like. (2) does speak. (3) did give. (4) Do come. (5) Please do write.

12

56. Ex. II (I) doesn't speak. (2) can't walk. (3) mustn't invite. (4) not 'lure the)' are, sure they are not. (5) haven't spoken.

Ex. III (1) No, there is none. No. there isn't any. (2) I see none. I don't see any ... (3) 1 saw nobody. I didn't see anybody. (4) She k nov.s nothing. She doesn't k now anything. (5) We can't tell you anything. We can tell you nothing.

Ex. IV (1) No, I can't. (2) No, I oughtn't. (3) No, T needn't. (4) No. I don't. (5) No, there weren't. (6) No, you may not. (7) No. l daren't. (8) No, you needn't. (9) No, I needn't. (10) No, I usent (No, I didn't).

Ex. VI (]) Does he like London? (2) Is everyone here'? (3) Can you play tennis? (4) Did he post the letter'? (5) Did they promise to come?

58. Ex. I (I) isn't it? (2) hasn't he? (3) haven't 17 (4) haven't you? (5) aren't they'! (6) useri't you (didn't you)? (7) aren't 17 (8) is it? (9) will they? (10) has she? (1 l l has he'? (12) doesn't he? (13) does he? (14) do you? (15) did you (16) didn't you?

Ex. II (1) Yes, he has: No, he hasn't. (2) Yes, there are. (3) Yes. it is; No, it isn't. (4) No, it isn't. (5) Yes, you did; no, you didn't. (6) No, we don't; yes, we do.

66. Ex. I bear, borne (born); catch, caught; lie, lied; lie, lain; fly, flown; flee. fled: flow, flowed; go, gone; put, put.

67. Ex. IV (1) beaten. (2) bred. (3) bound. (4) bit. (5) dug. (6) lit or lighted. (7) fore bade. (8) put. (9) rang. (IO) swung. (11) shed.

Ex. VI (1) beseech. (2) bleed. (3) clothe. (4) drive. (5) mow. (6) flow. (7) fly. (8) flee. (9) eat. (10) saw. (11) strike. (12) wring.

68. Ex. IV (1) Active. (2) Passive. (3) Passive. (4) Active. (5) Passive.

69. Ex. V (1) We were taken. (2) a prize was offered by the headmaster. (3) the rent must be paid. (4) a lot of questions are asked by inquisitive people. (5) we were requested.

Ex. VI (1) His teacher made him work very hard. (2) The manager obliged them . , . (3) The police dispersed the crowd. (4) The patients much appreciated ... (5) The visitors beat .. ,

71. Ex. II to find, to touch, admit, fall.

72. Ex. III (1) Go home now. (2) Help. (3) Make less noise. (4) Let us in. (5) Give him brandy,

Ex. IV make, watch, may, should, had better, let, (and sometimes, dare).

74. Ex. II (t) Singing all day, the birds filled the woods with their music.

(2) As it was Sunday, all the theatres were closed.

(3) When the wireless was turned ... loudly, complaints ... neigh bours.

1 3

74. (4) We used tne teiepnone. nopmg to gel llllUUbll YUlI .. l\.IY. (5) As he had been considered a strong candidate, his . humiliating.

Ex. IV (I) walking. ri.nning. (2) posting. (3) srnok ing (4) playing (or to play). (5) to go.

76. Question II (1) has. (2) have. 0) Have I to wait ... (4) We are having. . (5) We have to leave. 0 • (6) They had to pay, . , (7) did not have (ur f ha dnt) to go .. , (~) You kIH)\\ you haven't .... (9) He has to finish , .. (10) They haven't to do .. ,

77. Qucstion l V (I) curl. (2) shall he able ... (3) could. (4) \\~l .... n't able (couldn't}. (5) couldn't (was not able to), will soon be able to.

Question V (1) may, (2) may (might). (3) ought. (4) must. (5) might.

80. Ex. I They lay awake for a ~ hilc and then slept again. (2) The birds built their nests and red their young. (3) They bade (bid) n1C (us) good-bye and wept.

(4) The dogs bit the burglars and dung to them with their teeth. (5) They taught the girls to understand what they read.

(6) They drank some of the water and flung the rest away. (7) The birds flew high and sang while the xu n shone.

(8) The spiders spun (span) webs and strove to catch flies. (9) The hens laid eggs and went away.

(10) They always meant what they said.

Ex. II (1) The present participle "walking." is here mis-r e la tcd to .. crocuses" and H daffodils t' (which cannot \\ a l k).

Correct as fol1ows:-

The spring flowers are now in bloom, and crocuses and daffodils may be seen as (when) YOLl are (one is) walking in Hyde Park. (2) The past participle .. pierced" is here misrclatcd to

" Elizabeth" or H she". It was not she but the piece of bread that was pierced by a toasting-fork.

Correct as follows:

She held to the fire a piece of bread securely pierced by a toasting-fork.

(3) The present participle "cating " is here misrclatcd to "car".

Correct in one of these ways:

(a) The car was brought round and, after eat i ng a good breakfast, we set ofl again. Or:

(b) We ate a good breakfast, and, the car having been brought round, (we) set 011' again. Or:

(c) We ate a good breakfast and, when (or .• after") the car had been brought round, (we) set on agaiu.

(4) Correct H laid" to · 'lay n (past tense of "to lie '0) and" lain H to h laid" (past participle of "to lay ").

(5) H ,",,' ovc is not the correct past part iciple of .. to weave". 14

80. Change to "woren". Similarly, change H \vore" to H worn", the correct past participle of "to wear ".

N .B. After an auxil iary verb (" was", .• is ". etc., it is not possible to use any part of a verb except a participle or an infinitive.

Ex. III (1) He says that 1 he is going. .. He will say that he is ... He has just told me that he is ... (2) He says. .. He will tell you . .. He has j list S~ id . . . (3) She says. .. She will inform you. '. She has just announced that. ,. (4) They said they are ... They will tell you that ... They have just said. .. (5) He says there is a fine library in his town. He \\ ill tell you. He has just said ...

(N.B. Pronouns ill all such questions can be varied at will.)

81. Ex. V (1) He ordered them to . , . (2) She begged him to ... (3) They asked us not to ... (4) He told the S. M. to .•. (5) They invited me to ...

Ex. VIII (l) He asked ... it would take ... (2) She enquired if she should ... (3) He asked if they could tell him the time. (4) They asked where they should go from there. (5) He wanted to know what they meant by talking like that. (6) They enquired if I had been unwell last Sunday and why I had not let them know. (7) She asked if they were, .. (S) He enquired if he could (might) help me ... (4) They asked us to tell t hcm why we were, .. (10) He enquired if that was the castle where the treasure had been found.

82. Ex. X (I) They said (they had been told that) . , . had not been ... (2) She told me that her brother wanted ... and asked if it were riot (if I thought it was i ... (3) They asked him to lend them 10/- .. , but he said he couldn't because he was hardup himself. (4) She asked if I would go ... but I explained that I was not ... for her though I should like to go ... (5) He enquired if we thought it was good for his digestion to eat food he didn't like.

Ex, XI (I) She enquired if she should help me now. (2) He wondered if he would ever ... (3) He asked if he would see n1C again before I left. (4) He wanted to know if we would take it with us or if he should send it. (5) She asked if she should. , .

Ex. XII He said he wanted to telephone to my mother and enquired what her number was. (2) She wanted to know how long it would be ... was. . . (3) He stated that he had ... but that many people did not believe him when he said so. (4) She said she would ... for me if I gave, , . (5) She thought they might not, ' .

1 Instead of""ay that.,," the forms "tell me" o r "infl)rrn me" can be used. The pronouns me, you, us, etc" will vary according to the se nse ,

A**

J5

H2. Ex. XIU (I) We promise you that we Will write to you. tL) I often wonder ... (3) I admit my offence but ask ... of my family. (4) 1 am sure 1 didn't lock the front door. Go back and see, Mary. (5) 1)0 you always come here for your holidays? You should have let us know sooner, but there will still be time for you to go on some excursions with us.

83. Ex. XIV* Ruskin said that his readers had despised Art.

If, he added, they should protest and ask whether they had not art exhibitions rniles long, and t whether they) did not pay thousands of pounds for single pictures, and (whether they) had not art schools and institut ions, more than ever nation had before, then he (the writer) would reply that that was indeed true, but that all that was for the sake of the shop. They wanted to sell canvas as well as coals, and crockery as well as iron.

(N .B.-~ The only natural way of turning exclarnat ions into indirect speech is to interpret them in terms of the emotions which forced them into utterance. Thus, above, the exclamation" What!" indicates surprise or indignation; and these emotions are present when one .. protests" or ... makes a protcst'I.I

Ex. XV (J) .. Concord" is an ot her word for .. agreement ".

Correct concord of subject and verb rneans a verb J11USt agree with its subject in number and person.

(2) (a) A transitive verb is one in which the action denoted by the verb passes over from the subject of the verb to the object.

(b) A strong verb is one that docs not form its past tense and past participle hy the addition to the present of -cd, if Of t, or by remaining unchanged. A strong verb forms its past tense and past participle by means of a vowel change in the root.

(c) An auxiliary verb is one that helps another verb to form its tense or voice or both. and sometimes its mood. The part of the verb accompanying the auxiliary is always a present or past participle, or an infinitive (with or without to in front of it.

(3) (a) The Simple Present Tense is used to convey a general truth or an habitual action; or to introduce a quotation. It is sometimes called "The Present of Habit".

(b) The Continuous Present is used to express an action which is not yet complete; t hat is, an act ion which is con t in u ing at tile moment of speaking. It is sometimes called" The Real Present". The Continuous Present is also used to denote an action in the near future.

(c) The Present Perfect Tense is used to denote an action that has just concluded. or an action \\ hich began in the past and is continuing into the present, or to denote an act ion taking place at some indefinite t irne: It is thus often used with such adverbs ot indefinite time as, ott en. sometime s, g cnerol!v; usually, seldom, etc

16

83. (d) The Simple Past Tense is used to express an action wholly completed in the past.

(4) '~ShaH" and .. will" are auxiliary verbs used to express futurity. Where the future idea is not coloured by the speaker's intention or promise (in the case of the first person) or by the speaker's promise or command (in the case of other persons), standard English demands the use of "shall n for the first person, singular and plural, and ,. \\ ill ,. for all other persons, singular and plural. Where there is such colouring, then .. will" is used for the first person and" shall" (" shalt '. after" thou ") for all other persons.

H Will" is used in all persons, when the determination is in the mind, not of the speaker, but of the person spoken to. 'l Shall " is used in all persons if a clause introduced by .. that" follows the verbs "Jntend ", "desire", "xiemand ", or "be anxious".

(5) (a) The negative form of the verb is shown, ill the case of tenses containing an auxiliary, or where an auxiliary stands alone, by not after the auxiliary.

I D1USt not

] ca tvnot go, etc.

In the case of all verbs except auxiliaries, the negative is formed by the use of do (does, did) and not .

(b) The interrogative form is shown, in the case of tenses containing an auxiliary, or in the case of auxiliaries standing alone, by an inversion of the subject and verb. In the case of all other verbs the interrogative is formed by the use of do (dIJ('S, did) with the infinitive (without the preposition to).

(6) The to of the infinitive is omitted: (i) after all auxiliary verbs except" ought"; (ii) after verbs expressing sensation (see, hear, feel, etc.) except in the passive; (iii) after certain phrases, e.g. "had better", "had (or "would ") rather", "cannot but", U nothing but", etc.

Examples: You have a bad cold: you had better (you'd better) go to bed.

I would rather J had rather They do nothing but complain whenever we see them.

(7) The participle is a verbal adjective and is the form of the verb that is used to help to form a tense, or as an adjective qualifying a noun or its equivalent.

The gerund is a verbal noun. If it is formed from a transitive verb it may take an object. Since the gerund always ends in -ing, it can be confused only with the present participle, which also ends

(I'd rather) starve than beg.

III -ing,

Examples of Past Participle:

This cloth has been well lVOVe!7 This rod is bent.

17

83. Examples of Present Participle:

(Used to help form a tenscj=-The bird WJS singing:

(As an adjective qualifying a noun)-One has to be careful when stepping on and off a moving bus.

Examples of gerund:

I shall look forward very much to your coming. I intend having a long holiday in the summer.

He has stopped taking a cold bath before breakfast

CHAPTER VII

THE PREPOSITION

Page

88. Ex. II I (] ) at, in. (2) beside. (3) bet wee n . i -+) for. (5) on.

(6) at. (7) beside. (8) for. (9) at. (10) be twc,r

89. Ex. IV (1) earlier than 7 o'clock. (2) not l.n cr than 7 o'clock. (3) exact ly at 7 0 'cloc k .

99. Ex. III (1) in. (2) of. (3) for. (4) to. ()} ()f_ (6) in. (7) to, for. (8) at (with, by). (lJ) with. (10) to. in by, (11) for. (12) about. (13) of. (14) for. (1) of, over, from.

100. Ex. V (I) on. (2) of. for. (3) with, about. (..j.) against, of. (5) upon, into, for, over (t hr ough, at). after. fC) on. of. (7) across, into, into. of.

101. Ex. VI (1) foreign (overseas): (2) symmetrical: (3) simultaneously: (4) barefooted, blue-eyed: (5) exaggerated: (6) autographed; (7) photographed; Os) viceroy: (9) antediluvian: (10) post-dated.

Ex. VII (a) Undertake has as its object some such noun as "work " or "enterprise" or "responsibility", and means "to engage inn or "enter upon ".

Overtake means" to catch up with and pass" as for example in a race.

Overtake can be used with an impersonal subject whereas "undertake ,. cannot. A storm overtakes you if you are out and the wind and rain comes upon you before you can get home Misfortune or disaster can overtake you, i.e., can come upon you.

(b) To turn out a good mall.

"To turn out" means: (1) "to prove to be" (in which case "a good man" is a complement and not an object). (2) H to produce" (in which case H a good rnan " is an object).

Examples of (1):

Smith's employer was glad that he had given him the job, as he (Smith) had turned out to be a good man.

That school has turned out many a good man.

To turn a good man out means "to expel", "to evict".

U~

101. Example: An employer would be very foolish to turn a good man out (i.e., to dismiss him).

(c) To take a person in.

This phrase has two meanings, one concrete and one abstract: in the f rst case. it means" to admit", "receive" (lodgers, guests, etc.), e.g., Mrs. Jones takes in paying guests in the summer months as a means of eking out the family income, Secondly, it means "to deceive", e.g., The woman was completely taken in by his smooth talk and allov .. ed herself to hand over a considerable sum of money to someone who, she later discovered, was an impostor. To rake a person out means" to cause to corne out ", H to escort someone ".

He took the girl out to dinner and a theatre.

(d) "To stand with a man " means to stand in his company, e.g . .. rv1) brothel' and I stood for hours in the queue with my uncle." The sentence, '" don't know how 1 stand with him" '.0::: I don't know how be regards me/what my posit ion is with regard to him.

~. To withstand a man" ITIeanS to .. resist" or "oppose" him, e.g. 1t is difficult to withstand a persuasive salesman.

(e) To look over a letter means •• to inspect it part by part." Unless he is a very good linguist, an Englishman who has written an important letter in a foreign language had better give it to a native to he looked over before being sent off.

To overlook a letter means .. to fail to observe it ". If you receive a letter to which an answer is required, and you forget about it, then you have overlooked the letter, and you have also overlooked writing the reply.

EXERCISES

Page

104. Ex. I () but. (2) if. (3) as soon as, when. (4) because.

(5) before. (6) while. (7) till, (8) because. (9) scarcely, when. (10) or.

Ex. II Suggested Conjunctions: (1) though, but. (2) when, as, because. (3) as, because, when, since. (4) as, since, because. (5) as, because, since.

105. Ex. 111 either ... or. Negative: neither ... nor.

Ex. IV * A boy \\ ho , having caught several fish on a Sunday, met the village parson, said, .. This is what happened to these fish for chasing flies on Sunday."

(b) Climbing fifty feet down the cliff. I saw the dead body of a man lying there, \\ ith a faithful dog seated by his side.

(c) We can make wonderful instruments, which bring into our view the stars whose light has taken a thousand years to reach the earth.

l~

JU~. UK: I he wonuerrut instruments that we can make bring into our view ... etc.

Ex. 'V The old man told his sons to observe the power of union. He said that whilst the sticks in the bundle were fastened together, nothing could break them. He adjured his sons to learn from that example. He said that if they united in brotherly love then no one could harm them. But, if they were divided by discord, they would fall a prey to all who wished to injure them.

Ex. VI Riding over the battlefield, we saw many soldiers dead or wounded.

(b) The farmer of to-day' is no simple countryman wit h a spade, a fork, a cart, a plough, and in his mouth a wisp of straw.

(c) Few people learn easily anything that is worth learning. (d) One of the combatants was unhurt, and the other sustained in the arrn a wound of no importance.

(e) I never made, at the last meeting of the Council or at any other time, the statement that you have imputed to me.

OR: •• Neither at the last meeting of the Council nor at any other time did I (ever) make the statement that you have imputed to me."

CI) He took up the Bible, which he frequently did, but seldom without shedding tears.

(For the sake of clarity, however, it would be better to say:

U He frequently took up the Bible, but seldom without shedding tears" .)

(g) The traitor was ordered by the judge to be beheaded.

(h) He was arrested in bed, and attempted to commit suicide by firing at his head a pistol which he had hidden in the bed-clothes.

(i)" We regret to announce that Mr. X, who has been succeeded by Mr. Y, has resigned owing to ill health.

OR: (better). We regret to announce that Mr. X has resigned owing to ill health. He has been succeeded by Mr. Y.

(j) Housekeeper is recommended for a similar post by gentleman about to marry.

OR: Gentleman, about to marry, wishes to recommend his housekeeper.

CHAPTER X

SENTENCES FOR CORRECTION

Page

113. (I) I must go back in my mind to the early/first/years of my

life, but don't think therefore that I am an old woman.

(2) It was worth living to see such a beautiful sight. (or" so beautiful a sight :")

(3) The noise we made (in) laughing (or U the noise of our laughing ") made the kitten afraid of us. (or'- frightened the kitten u.) 20

113. (4) Children like cats, which are to be found in nearly all their nomes,

(5) We were stopped from playing games for a week. or We were deprived of games for a week.

~6) A fair number of the pupilx/scholars/ liked the c1ass.

(7) I visited a part of t he Vosges mountains where there is some splendid scenery.

(81 Mont Blanc is famous both for the general view you obtain from its peak and for the numerous little villages nestling/hiding/ in the folds/valleys/ of its slopes/sides/flanks.

(9) The ascent of the mountain was difficult.

(10) I felt as if ) were sitting in a railway carriage when (as) these views passed before me.

(11) Because/ As/I was born in the north of Europe/Northern Europe. 1 sometimes long for grey skies.

(12) ! here the vegetation was poor.

(13) There is such a tremendous volume of traffic/there is so much traffic. in Piccadilly that 1 wonder so few accidents occur/happen! there.

(14) The furniture is of oak and satin wood.

(15) In winter the sun no longer shines warmly/warm/as in summer.

(16) The Englishman is accustomed to his open fire/The English are accustomed to t heir open tires/though the strong draught does not allow the coal to/jet the coal/burn properly. OR: though the coal doesn't burn properly because of the strong draught.

(17) Anyone who has been on a mountain amidst/in the midst of/snow will never forget it/the experience.

114. (] H) The trains movego.with great caution/very cautiously/in the fog.

(l9) Fog is not good to breathe.

(20) Your salary will be according to your knowledge.

(21) Hampstead is the mosrvhealthy/healthiest/part of London. (22) I shall he pleased to receive your advice.

(23) I have passed the examination in French and German. and can write these languages satisfactorily.

(24) We cannot pay you more than £ 150 a year owing to the bad

times. (Or begin: "Owing to the bad times we .. .".')

OR: We cannot pay you more than £ 150 a year. as times are bad. (25) I have always had/enjoyed/been in/excellent health.

(26) I have been in London for six months.

(27) I have studied/been studying/English (ever) since I was

twelve years old.

(28) London is one of the nicest towns I have ever seen.

(29) People who make/are always making/a fuss don't succeed. (30) I was very bored, and wished I had not risen so early.

21

114. (31) I intend to stay/intend staying/have the intention of staying/in Bournemouth.

(32) I have known you ever since your childhood.

(3J) Is it possible for you to/can you (posslb[y)igivc me a lesson? (34) I am going away tomorrow, and I should he sorry (0 hear/if I

heard/you had called during my absence.

(35) I send you my si ncerest condolcnce s dee pest syrnpat hy/on the death of your friend.

(36) What a difference there is between modern dress and the dress of twenty years ago. UR How different modern dress is from the dress of twenty years ago!

(37) Even if the price \VeIT the same as in I Y20, It would be too much.

(38) I want to write a letter to somebody to wh(l':':'c meeting: I promised to go. (. .. whose meeting I promised to go U,,)

(3C») I am better now t han I \\ dS a month ago.

(40; I have just heard that you have passed your cxamination.

OR It was by chance t hat I came to know tha t you II ad passed your examination.

(41) We must practise hard or wc.can'r/shan't aC!:!l:\C our aim. (42) Pauer was at the piano, and he played in ~I m.isterly way! fashion/manner.

(43) We went for a long walk yesterday, and I should not mind doing the same to-day.

(44) The darker it becomes outside/out of doors-the more comfortahle does the inside/ do the insides/of the houses become, asj when/the family settles round the fire/fireside.

(45) Autumn reminds us ...

(46) . . . lose _ . .

(47) It is worth doing everything well,

115. (48) Some people don't mind telling you they don't like music. (49) That is a mistake I often make,

(50) ... is going to teach me ...

(51) On the doorstep lay a dog.

(52) The man nearly missed .. ,

(53) Thank you for showing that ... (showing me that). (54) Generally speaking. you will find ...

(55) I had never before seen Trieste/seen Trieste/before: It IS wonderfully situated.

(56) He drove the car so fast that he frightened them instead of letting them enjoy the run.

(57) He had (some) ne\v furniture. _ .

(58) Would you mind taking more pains \\ ith Jour work in future?

OR In future, would you mind . __

(59) I am not very accustomed to/familiar with/ ... (60) I can't wear this suit any more.

22

115. (6]) ... my friend, who has just become engaged to a beautiful London girl.

(112) It is riot easy, as one ca n imagine, to get used to living ... (63) The fog is everywhere. There is fog everywhere/as much in

the house as.both in the house and/ir: the streets.

(64) Many people complain of never having any money.

(65) described ...

(66) I have a!\\'(jvs liked to think of ...

(67) There are a great many mountains in Switzerland.

(68) ~fanJ' ships arc to be seen on the river, which, at this point, is over 30'1 yards wide/in width.

(69) In Heidelberg there are many mediaeval buildings / bui1dings

from the 1\1 iddle Ages!

(70) Yl111 can hear the tinkling of cow bells in the fields. (7l) I have often wondered what this word meant.

(72) WCI'C lying ...

(73) Everybody will enjoy a tr:[1 by steamer. Most of the steamers start from Vienna.

OR ... bv one of those steamers that start from Vienna- and most of them do.

(74) Iach person/everyone.likes the place where he or she is at

home.

(7.5) from the hor i zon t o the sh ore.

(76) After a few minutes one hears the whistle. (77) 1 carefully study the passage (that) r read. (78) This town is noted for its lovely scenery.

(79) A bird in the hand is worth/better than/two in the bush. (80) I was so ill that, when I wanted/tried/to swallow anything,

it caused me a great deal of/a lot of/pain. (OR it was very painful) so the doctor looked at my throat. , .. He then explained the reason (to me).

116. (b I) I am not enthusiastic about the statues in London. (R2) The glazier put the panes in the window.

(83) ... central heating. \\ h ich i prefer to an open fire.

(84) There are customs in England that are opposite to/the opposite of/those observed in my count ry.

(85) They do not want anybody to in terru pt their conversation. (R6) I met a friend of mine, and he suggested (that) I should go with him to Windsor.

(87) At the school (which) I attended as a boy. we learnt many

unnecessary things/gathered a lot of unnecessary knowledge! (88) It is three months now since I left the continent.

(89) For the greater part of his life Wagner was in debt. (90.) The performance proved an utter failure.

(91) In St. Paul's Cathedral are buried captains/soldiers/poets and

statesmen.

23

116. (92) He would rather have died than admit it.

(93) I am desirous of mak ing/I want to make.myself proficient in English.

(94) Last week 1 had the opportunity/chance/of watching a football match.

(95) She wanted her brother to join the army.

(96) We were deaf to everything but/other than/this roar of machinery.

OR This roar of machinery made us deaf (deafened us) to everything else.

(97) There were roses of several colours, from deep red to snow-

white.

(98) The hothouse was full of rare plants. (99) ... products appropriate to the cl irnate.

(100) I would not permit useless decoration, either outside or inside my house.

(l01) The opening scene of the play was a shop, and there was a student who had worked there.

(102) To-day I had my new winter coa t on for t he first time. (103) At the beginning/at fir-.;t/( found it difficult to remember the things that the teacher said.

(104) When I looked at.saw/the picture I could casilv fancy myself in Switzerland.

(l05) He wanted to spend as little money as possible.

(106) I have never been to the seaside anywhere except; hut/in EngJand.

(107) I was hungry because. for twelve hours. that is from the time I had left/departed from/Paris, I had riot eaten anything.

OR: I was hungry because. since 1 had left Paris. twelve hours previously, I had not eaten anything.

(l08) I had the pleasure of spending my holidayt sI in Germany. (109) Reporters are liable to be sent to any part of the country to gather information a bout a fire or floodt s).

117. (I10) The ancient Babylonians already had newspapers.

OR: (better) There were newspapers as far back as in the days of the ancient Babylonians.

(111) If newspapers tried harder to write/give/tell the truth (to write truthfully), how much might be gained! I go as far as to say/I make bold to say/I dare to say/that they should be forbidden to write anything untrue.

N.B. I daresay = I expect.

I dare to say = I have the courage to say openly; I make bold to say.

(112) I have many things to tell you. but in the first place; first of aU/I can tell you. OR.' above all1 should like to tell you/I had a nice holiday.

24

117. (113) (a) You must/can/will understand that ... (b) It is understandable that ...

(Two different meanings: (a) The reason why the writer has been busy has not yet been given. He is simply making an excuse for not writing or for not having done something which his correspondent probably expected him to do. (b) The reasons why the writer has been busy have been given or are already known by his correspondent.)

(l14) I hope my letter wi II be of great interest to you.

(115) I n Trafalgar Sq uare there is a tall memorial to Nelson. (I16) In one of the Kensington museums you can study the

development of modern technology.

(N. B. There is a word'" technique". and. in the plural, it would make sense in the above sentence; but, in the Science Museum in Kensington, technology (not techniques) can be studied.)

(11 T) How is "Chi~wick ,. pronounced '_l Answer: ['t fizik].

(118) Many a student is not he wishes.

OR: Many students are riot they wish.

(11 9) . . . in Hyde Park.

(120) ... to receive letters from your friends often.

OR (better): You like to receive freq uent letters from your friends. (121) ~1 any people arc unemployed because the factories are

closed.

(122) . not so many ... as in London.

(123) .. different from French ones.

( 124) . astonished at the many/the number of/buses.

( 125) .jdirects the traffic/keeps the traffic moving.

(N .B. Not quite the same meaning.)

(126) It is not long since I came to London. but I am getting on

all right.

(127) pleasure of hearing Caruso sing.

(J 28) made the people laugh/many a time/often

OR: The comedian often made the people laugh.

( 129) . . . you wi] l have ... and bathe in the sea ....

(130) ... surrounded by (the) sea and is quite different from the

place I come from.

03 I) . wants to live with/in/an English family ....

(132) . . . rained for some days.

(] 33) A Motor Drive

Yesterday I went on/fori a motor trip to Hindhead. It was Sunday, and the weather was very pleasant/nice/for November." The sun shone so brightly and it was so warm that we did not use/need/our coats. First we went to the shop where we had hired the car a few

Notes and Alternative renderings:

1 It was a very nice Sunday for November.

25

117. days previously. The car was standing in the roadwayl outside tne garage ready to be driven/otT/away/. I looked to see if/whether/we had enough petrol in our tank. It was all right, and we began to drive from Marble Arch through Hyde Park to Hammersmith. At first we did not quite rind our way2/find the correct way/had some difficulty in finding the right (best) way and we often had to ask a policeman (the policemen are very kind here). One policeman answered n:e in German, as he was/had been/ a prisoner in Germany during the War, and had learned some words there. He was very pleased to use/to have this opportunity of using/them. There was a lot of traffic on the road(s) (that day). One car followed close on another and it was impossible to drive more/at more/than twenty miles an hour. I do not like to drive/driving/so slowly. After one hour" it was/got/better! and we came to the most beautiful/loveliest/ nicest/ part of England that I have ever seen. The forest was very beautiful. At twelve o'clock we drove into a little turning, where we had our picnic. Afterwards we took some photographs/snapshots/ of the scenery and (of) ourselves. Then we slept for an hour and a half on the green grass in the forest. At Hindhead we had tea in an A.A. hotel. As darkness fell/was falling/we drove back to London." It is not dangerous to drive here at night, because there are so many signs such as: H Drive slowly", .. Dangerous". etc.

We had a pleasant time and intend to drive to Cambridge next Sunday, which should also be a good/pleasant/trip.

CHAPTER Xl

WORDS FREQUENTLY MISUSED

Vocabulary

Page

130. Ex. I (1) bow. (2) brake. (3) compliment. (4) great, grate.

(5) loose. (6) peace. (7) practise. (8) principal; principle. (9) sow. (10) suit; suite.

131. Ex. IV (1) assistance. (2) blue. (3) plain. (4) led. (5) sociable. (6) allude. (7) secreted. (8) fourth. (9) site. (10) preceded.

132. Ex. V (1) plaintiff. (2) statute. (3) elicit. (4) disease. (5) credulous. (6) opposite. (7) illusions. (8) mourning. (9) lightenin g. (l0) stationary.

1 It is possible that the CJ.f WdS on the pn vernent , but it is much more likely that the

roadway is meant.

, At first we had some difficulty in finding our way-the best way/the right/correct/way.

• When we had been driving an hour or so

• The situation improved.

b We drove back to london as darkness fell; •• was falling" gives more the sense that the drive back and the falling of the darkness were simultaneous.

26

132. Ex. VII (1) unadaptahle. (2) inadvisable. (3) unbreakable. (4) unbridled. (5) incredulous. (6) ineligible. (7) unhealed. (X) disingenuous. (9) unofficial. (10) impatience. (11) unpopular. (12) impracticable. (13) senseless. (14) unveracious. (15) antisocial.

REVISION EXERCISES AND NOTES

The Noun

133. I See page 14.

11 Nun, countess, spinster, mare, executrix, heroine. III See pages 15, 16.

IV Brushes, negroes, pianos, flies, donkeys, geese, oxen) deer, termini, crises, geniuses (or genii).

. V (a) When the word is the su bjcct of the sentence or the

complement of a verb Ii ke ., to be". ., to become", "to seem".

Examples: The pen wrote well

It was I who used the pen He became an admiral.

(b) When the word is the object or a verb or is governed by a preposition.

Examples: We saw them

We gave it to them.

(c) The Possessive Case is used to denote a possessor (person or animal).

Examples: John's book; the men's task.

The Possessive Case is also used with certain phrases denoting time. space, or quantity, e.g., a day's journey; a stone's throw; a shilling's worth.

VI Queen's College, Oxford. (Singular form. Foundation associated with one queen.)

Queens' College, Cambridge. (Plural form. Foundation .associated with more than one queen.)

VII My brother-in-law's house ... ; the men's shouts ... ~ Where is Charles's book"; the children's nursery ...

VIII (a) him (indirect object): shilling (direct object). (b) book (direct); friend (equivalent of indirect object). (c) me (indirect); mustard (direct). (d) me (indirect); extract (direct). (e) you (indirect); taxi (direct).

The Adjective

134. I (a) Quality (e.g. good); (b) Quantity or number (e.g., many); (c) Possessive (e.g., my, her, their); Cd) Distributive (e.g., each, ever.v)~ (e) Interrogative (e.g., 'which? whatti; U) Demonstrative (e.g., this, that .. these those),

27

134. II A chair (H A" is used before a countable singular beginning with a consonant).

a unique thing Han is used before an adjective qualifying a countable singular noun. This adjective begins with a .. u " which, when uttered, begins with a semi- vowel [j]. In other words, the initial element of this vowel has not the quality of a pure vowel, and so demands that it should be preceded by a and not an.

A one-stringed fiddle (a is used here for the same reason as in H a unique thing". The word one begins phonetically with a semivowel [w].)

An open door (an is used before an adjective qualifying a countable singular noun and beginning with a vowel having no •• non-vowel" element).

An honourable man (an is used before an adjective beginning with a mute" h " and qualifying a countable singular noun).

Nelson was a sailor (a is used before a complement of the verb .. to be ").

Two shillings a pound (a is used before the unit of weight).

I have not a friend in the world (a is used as a synonym for" one". the used to denote a unique object).

Men fear death (the is omitted before" men" because the plural is used in a general sense, and before" death" because" death " is an uncountable singular-in this case an abstract noun used in a general sense).

The death of his friend grieved the man (the is used before" death" because" death" is here a countable singu1ar. If father and son die. then there are two deaths in the family. In other words. the abstract noun H death" is used here not in a general but in a particular sense. The is used before" man" because the latter is a countable singular, referring to one particular man.

The Thames flows into the North Sea (the is used before the names of rivers and seas).

III See pages, 24, 25.

The Adverb

134. I (a) Time: (e.g. We always have breakfast at 8 a.m.); (b) Place: (e.g. I will wait for you outside); (c) Manner: (e.g. The secretary does her work well); Cd) Degree: (e.g. She works very hard); (e) Negation and Affirmation: (e.g. Are you English? Yes, I am. No, I am not.): (f) Interrogation: (e.g. rYhy are you so sad ?).

II Good-well; fast-fast; bad-badJy; pretty-prettiJy; day-daily; beautiful-beautifully.

III (a) John is the only one who admires his sister. (b) John admires his sister, but no more; he doesn't love her, for example. 28

134. (c) His own sister is the only sister whom John admires-nobody else's. (d) John has only one sister, and he admires her. (e) His sister is the only person whom John admires.

IV (a) ... so tired that. ... Use of that as an adverb of degree is, at best, colloquial. Here it is a vulgarism. (b) ... so quickly (that) I could hardly ....

that used as an adverb of degree qualifying an adjective is rejected for the same reason as in (a).

quick ly must replace quick because the word qualifies the verb ran and must, therefore, be an adverb. Hardly in the sense of scarcely should never be used with a verb in the negative.

(c) ... very fast and I was only Just able to catch him.

The adverbial form of the adjective last is the same. It is awkward to usc .. nearly" with a verb in the negative. Moreover, when achievement or failure is connoted and not just ability or inability, then was able or were able is used instead of could, e.g. I was able to pass my examination last year (not could).

(d) . . . tasted sour . . . .

An adjective is required here, not an adverb. Tastes here doesn't imply that the milk does something with an adverb telling us how it does it. The meaning is .. the milk has a sour taste ", sour having an adjectival function.

Compare The rose smells sweet These clothes (eel damp.

(e) ... fastened this only temporarily, so use it carefullv,

Adverbs are needed to qualify fastened and use. The adverbial forms of temporary and careful are temporarily and care/Idly. Only is better next to the word it modifies, namely" temporarily".

V Heat: To heat, hot, hotly (heatedly). Length: to lengthen, long, lengthily. Sleep: To sleep, sleepy, sleepily. Beauty: To beautify, beautiful, beautifully. Calm: To calm, cairn, calmly. Life: To (enjliven, lively. livelily. Expense: To expend (spend), expensive, expensively. Pride: To pride oneself. proud, proudly. Fire: To fire, fiery, ficrily. Marvel: To marvel, marvellous, marvellously. Glory:

To glorify, (to glory in), glorious, gloriously. Quietness: To quiet. (to quieten), quiet, quietly, Anger: To anger, angry, angrily.

135. VI (l) (a) He works strenuously.

(b) He scarcely works.

(2). (a) His married life is a happy one.

(b) The fact that he is married is fortunate for himself, for others, or for society.

(3). (a) I answered all the questions, when I need not have done

so; that was foolish of me.

(b) The manner in which J answered the questions was foolish.

(4). (a) The advice that he always gave me was to work hard. 29

]35. (e) I won't come, if you don't mind. r am not myself to-day and would ruther stay at horne,

{(J l do not understand what you mean.

fV (0) SOl17e and ... lny.

The general, rough and ready rule is that same IS used in the positive answer to a question or in posi ti ve statements and any in the question itself and in the negative answer, or in negative statements, C.g. "lave you any money? Yes, I have some, No, r haven't any, However. some may be used in questions where a positive answer is expected or politely hoped for. e.g. I hear quarrelling outside. Is there some trouble? Will you have sonic more tea ',' (More polite than "Will you have any more tea'! "'.)

Again, anv may be used in positive statements to express the meaning '"no matter who. or which" c.g. You can have any book you l ik c.

(h) which and that

H hich m,ly' lx' used as an interrogative adjective or pronoun; that is never interrogative, c.g. Which do you like best? Both which and t hut arc relative pronouns, Which refers to things or animals o nly , and that can refer to persons, things or animals. If 'hich (or who . whom for persons) is used in non-defining clauses,

and that in defining clauses, c.g. The river that runs through London i~) the Thames. The Thames, which runs through London, is a beautiful ri ver.

That is t\EVFR used in a non-defining clause. After prepositions, whom or which is used (NEVER that): but after superlatives that is used.

V (a) , , . has sent ....

Fach is always fo 1 lowed by a verb in the singular, if it is followed hy a verb at all.

(I» . . . each other.

(017(' another should be used on1y of three or more persons.) (c) It is you (whom) he wants.

(The relative pronoun is here the object of the sentence and must therefore, he in the objective case, or else omitted altogether.)

(d) ... scientist that ....

(In any case who is in the wrong case, but that should be used after a supcrlative.j

(c) •.. what one says.

OR: >. People should always be careful what they say." (No substitute can be used for the indefinite pronoun one, once it has been introduccd.i

(J) •.. is what I want.

( Neither is a singular pronoun and the verb following must also be in the singular.)

31

135. (g) The artist who (OR that) ... (which cannot refer to people.)

(h) ... who is going ....

(The antecedent of who is person, a noun-and all nouns are in the 3rd person. Therefore the verb following .. person" must also be in the 3rd person. The continuous form "js going" is used in preference to the simple goes because this is the form of the present tense that is generally used to refer to future tirne.)

(i) The best student that I have ...

(Change for the same reason as in (d) above.) (j) He is not the type of man I wanted.

(The correct correlative to such is as, not whom, but" He is not such a man as I wanted" is hardly normal English, though such sentences as, "' He is not such a man as I thought" are quite possible.)

(k) The man (that) I wanted .

(As cannot be used as a relative pronoun, except after same or such.)

(I) The book that you want . . ..

( What as a relative pronoun is used only when the antecedent is not expressed. Here, however, it is expressed. In other words what introduces a noun clause and not an adjectival clause, e.g. "I do net know what you mean" but: "I do not know the book that you speak of.")

N .B. what = that which.

The Verb

136. (1) get up. (2) go. (3) need. (4) fin ds. (5) are said. (6) wear, rains (is raining). (7) are you reading. (8) Do you speak, am trying. (9) are you doing, am look ing for, have lost. (10) shall see, go (saw, went). (11) will be, will hardly be able (v, as, was hardly able). (12) flashed. (13) begin, began. (14) have not had (did not have). (15) have been rebuilt. (16) have rebuilt. (17) are still rebuilding. (18) have made. (l 9) have learnt. (20) have written, answers (wrote, answered). (21) have passed, shall go back. (22) shall wait, are. (23) has promised, stay. (24) finished, began (shall finish, begin; shall have finished, have begun, had finished, had begun).

137. (25) go, will buy, saw. (26) have finished, intend to. (27) got, expected. (28) can, do not understand, have used (could, did not understand. had used). (29) spends, has passed (has always spent, has passed). (30) had not seen, should not have believed (do not see, shall not believe). (3 J) could have settled. had been (could, were). (32) had known, would be, should have come.

32

?:1?e

140.

PUNCTUATION EXERCISE

U It is a long time," repeated his wife; .. and when is it not a long time? Vengeance and retribution require a long time; it is the rule."

"It does not take a long time to strike a man with lightning," said Defarge .

.. How long," demanded madame, composedly, "does it take to make and store the lightning? Tell me."

Defarge raised his head thoughtfu lly, as if there were something in that too.

H It does not take a long time," said madame, "for an earthquake to swallow a town. Well! Tell me how long it takes to prepare the earthquake'! ..

"A long time, I suppose," said Defarge.

H But when it is ready, it takes place, and grinds to pieces everything before it. In the meantime, it is always preparing, though it is not seen or heard. That is your consolation. Keep it."

Dickens. A Tule oj'Tl1J(} Cities.

EXAMINATION PAPERS

(1)

Intermediate

142. Ex. IV * These ties cost seven shillings and sixpence each.

Every now and again we get a letter from the Income Tax

authorities.

Either come in or go out!

If you do not go, neither shall I.

You have a lot of friends, but I have none.

There are some cigarettes in that box. Are there any cigarettes in the box'? No, there aren't any,

Ask any doctor you like! He will tell you it is not good to drink beverages too hot.

Very lew Englishmen can speak Chinese.

She had two brothers; both (of them) were killed in the War.

Ex. V'" (a) In response to our appeal for funds, Mr. X sent us a cheque for £50.

(b) The danger is past for the moment, but it is by no means certain that it will not return.

(e) Smith has many domestic troubles; in the circumstances, therefore, it is not surprising that he looks worried.

33

142. (d) The motion debated was: U That it is better to be clever than good-looking." It was carried unanimously.

(e) As a result of increased demand; prices have risen.

(f) Money is very des irable, but good health is more precious.

Ex. VI* (a) travelled. (h) rose. (c) swept. (d) disappeared. (e) journeyed. (f) descended.

143. Ex. vn
-- -_-_.~. --~-. --,~.- . - ,.-.~,.~-- .. ---~---~---~--------------
I Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
I ---- --r-"
1------
I
difference differ different differently
,
health heal healthy healthily
length lengthen long lengthi I)'
pleasure please pleasant pleasantly
brightness brighten bright brightly
beauty beautify beautiful beautif ully
defence defend defensive defensively
conclusion conclude conclusive conclusively
extension extend extensive extensively
- --._---- - ---- _._------.---- - .- - --.- -.- Ex. VIII* Sailing is an occupation that only rich men can indulge in. (Noun)

Sailing ships are not often seen these days. (Adjective) Good speaking is no less an art than good singing. t Noun) He says he has invented a speaking doll. tAdjectivci

The pupil was punished for playing in class. (Noun)

The playing children did not hear the car approaching. (Adjective) Most men have to work to earn a living. (Noun)

Latin is not a living language. (Adjective).

34

143. Ex. IV

(2)

Intermediate

~rord

Synonyms

splendid

disaster

disorder

request

allow

answer

famous

crase

relate

description

M agnificcn t, grand, gorgeous, sumptuous, glorious.

Calamity', catastrophe, misfortune.

Confu sion, dcra ngcmcn r. tumult, riot, commotion, disorgan izat ion, ailment, disease.

Pet i tion, demand, prayer, eritrea ty, suit,

supplication, invitation.

Permit, let, admit, tolerate, concede, grant, sanction.

Reply, respond, retort, acknowledge, refute, rejoinder, refutation.

III list rious, distinguished, celebrated, renowned, notable,

Obliterate, efface, rub out, delete, cancel,

Tell. recount, narrate. recite, describe.

Dcfin ition, del ineat ion, port r ayal, depiction, narration, kind. sort. class.

Ex. V Conference lS related to the verb to confer, which means to converse or to t ak c counsel. Hence, a conference is a consultation, or the coming together of tv .. 'o or more people for the purpose of consultation.

efficient means competent or capable, and sometimes it has very nearly the same meaning as eflcctive (the difference being that when \VC usc the word efjcctive we are thinking of the result achieved by a person, machine, measure, etc., whereas the usc of the word cffirient focuses attention on the reason for the effectiveness).

35

143. A person or machine is efficient if he, she or it works quickly and well and without waste of effort.

Invaluable is the opposite of valuable 0 N L Y in the latter's sense of" capable of valuation ". The opposite of valuable when the latter has the meaning" of great value, or price, or worth" is valueless.

Valueless, then, means worthless. Invaluable means above price, priceless.

It is curious that two opposites of the same word should themselves be opposite in meaning.

Contemporary means living, existing or occurring at the same time. As a noun it usually refers to persons who belong to the same period of history as is being discussed or written about, e.g. Marlowe was a contemporary of Shakespeare. A contemporary portrait of a person is a portrait painted during the subject's life time.

To postpone means to put ojf: defer, delay, c.g. Jones tells me he is postponing his visit to Spain until he has learnt enough Spanish to make himself understood.

Elementary means rudimentary, introductory; or, in Chemistry, not decomposable.

A person who has an elementary knowledge of a language knows the simple grammar and can perhaps express himself in a simple way, but he will need to study, wri te, listen and speak more and regularly and for a long period before he has a deep knowledge of that language.

36

144. Ex. VI'"

f-"-"---~~--~T-------------------~----~--

I I

H/ord I

l '

Example

naval

manne

wave

mast

to embark

crew anchor

tide

voyage

Trafalgar was a naval battle,

England owes much to her mercantile marine=« the men and ships who bring us our food.

The sea was so rough that the a'aves came right over the ship.

A schooner is a vessel with two or more masts to which the sails arc attached.

The passengers embarked at Southampton and disembarked at New York.

Before a ship can start on a voyage, the crew must weigh anchor,' or the ship will be unable to move.

The high tide lifted the ship off the sand bank.

When you sail from England to America you go on a yoyage.

Ex. VII * (a) At the debate, the motion was carried unanimously.

(b) We shall go out in spite 0/ the rain.

(c) In accordance with your instructions, we are cancelling your order.

Cd) In consequence of his failing the examination, his parents made him stay at school another year.

(e) Now that there is no more rationing, we may purchase foodstuffs without restriction.

(f) As his statements were confirmed by others, his explanation was perfectly sa tisfac tory.

Ex. VIlI (a) Lady; duchess; countess; niece; executrix; spinster; heroine; poetess; duck; goose.

(h) M orhers-in-Ia w: assistant-masters; spoonfuls; men-servants.

Lords Justices; Lord Chancellors (sometimes "Lords Chancellors"); courts- martial.

1/0 weieh anchor (= "to haul in the anchor", so "to start the voyage").

37

(3)

A dvan ced

144. Ex. III (a) •. H~ is hard pressed, ,. ., I lc is lighting hard against odds," If one has one 's back to t he Wd II. one can n ot retreat any further, and so one has t o fight dcspcr.ucly. The expression IS us ually used metaphoricallv of a person in extreme ditliculties.

(b) •• I feel decidedly depressed;" One has to imagine a person with the corners of his. n1L1U th point i ng down \\ ~l rds: II is expression would be one of misery and dejection. And so, .. 1,,1u\\ n in the mouth '. means" dejected ". It is more often used with the verb "look" than .. feel". We more of len speak or a person looking "down in the mouth".

(C) This is a si mile con not ing the sanl(: a -; the metaphor ~'casting pearl.') before swine", If you oiler something of value to a person who is incapable of apprCClallrlg it. then your action can be compared to casting pc.uls t vuluahle ubJt:Cb) before swine (imagined to be msensitivc c:'Cdtul't .. ":;) (II tu gJ\'lng str awberries (universally regarded as dclIuuu'i fruit) tn a Junht'y (popularly regarded as the incarna t inn of du Il .. wi (ll'd ncs-),

Ex. IV* judicious ( wise: Si1U\\ing \(!lIIILi!lHlgemcnt) .•. Bv

a judicious mixture of I C\\ lHJS an d purnx Illnen r-, =no: too 1 i t tle of the one, not too much or the utilt.:'! ... Ill: manage.I to keep the whole school working hard and happily."

judicial (.::::._ connected \\ it h or chaructc ri~) til': of a judge or court of la w). •. The j udge put on the judicial robes, enter ed the court and took his seat on the judicial bench."

antique (= not belonging Of adapted t o present tune: oldfashioned). .. A ntiquc Iurnit ure docs not su It a modern house: it is more acceptable when seen in an old house or in a museum." ancient (:-:= belonging to times of long ago). .. Atuu-nt Gret:k dillered in many respects from the language spoken in (j recce to-day."

effective (= producing a result desired). .. George has been trying to reduce his weight by going for long \1,,'31ks and taking frequent Turkish baths. These measures, however, do not seem, in his case, to be effective; he is fatter than ever!"

efficient (-=c capable, competent, doing \\ ork well). ,. George takes a long time to get through his work , and, moreover, usually docs it carelessly. His sister. however, rs 1110st (jli('lent. Her employer is very pleased with her."

prescribe (-:,C~ to speak or write with authority; (medical) to recommend, order, advise particular medicine, treatment, etc.). "If 1 undertake to work for you, you must let me do so in my own way. 1 have much experience in t his type of business, and I cannot

38

144. allow anyone to prescribe to me what I am to do or how to do it. "

proscribe (= to denounce and forbid; to put (a person) outside the la w). .. The medical profession recognizes the value of hypnotic treatment for certain types of mental sickness. A doctor may

prescribe such treatment-to be administered by a qualified person: the profession, however, proscribes such treatment by unqualified charlatans."

legible (= able to be read). "He had written a brilliant essay, but the examiners could not gather the full import of what he had written, as his handwriting was barely legible."

eligible ( c:_.~ having the proper qualifications). .. Mr. X. is married ~ so he is not eligible for the priesthood in the Roman Catholic Church. "

145. Ex. VI*

after, afterwards

After studying hard for a year he took the examination and passed it. He worked hard in his youth, but afterwards he Jived an idle life.

since. ago

My friend has been in this country since the beginning of the year. It is now September. and he came in January, eight months

ago.

while, until

Jones wrote five Jetters while his sister was writing one. Until you told me I had no idea of it.

to, towards

He has walked all the way from London to Oxford. As I was walking along the street, I saw an old friend of mine coming towards me. A good father saves some money towards his. children's education.

(4)

Advanced

Ex. III 1. In most of the affairs of life, sometimes one course of action is the right one, sometimes the diametrically opposite. The homely wisdom and common sense that created proverbs naturally coined proverbs that support each course of action. Thus," Strike the iron while it is hot" (or" Strike while the iron's hot") can be taken to support the case for instant action.

"More haste less speed" seems to contradict this. It counsels "Don't act too q uickly ". "You wil! make better progress if you don't act hastily." But they are not really contradictory. ,. Striking while the iron is hot" means '" Act promptly at the right time H t not just" Act quickly".

39

145. In the second proverb the warrung is not agamst acting speedily' but against acting hastily, I.e.. confusedly, an d \\ n hou t due consideration,

2. (a) The meaning is ... One who is constantly moving from one place to another or from one cmpioyrncnt to another. \\ III not consolidate anything und wiiJ not grow nch."

(b) The meaning is, .. Young men who have not til!..- miu.rt ive and enterprise to go beyond the r.urro « tn-,unds (It t+ieir home surroundings will not acquire the sharp wits and knowledge of the ways of the world that come from wider cxpencncc."

One saying deprecates the urge to -. wander": t hc' other warns against the danger of being too Licking ill imu.u iv«

Ex. IV (a) Subsequent /(1,- The r.~ublil\l,tll_i'!! I,!( Ill:' lcucrs WdS subsequent 10 his death.

(b) Impressed by: to be i mprcsscd hi '-lU I: l('nfh:'" appearance. (c) different from (or sometimes .. " IV).' f L::,; ideas arc ditjcrent

from mine.

(d) indifferent to: indifferent to other people's sufferings, (e) deficient in: deficient In i ntelirgcncc

(f) adapted tv (or "'J(Jr >! or "j;'Of'n' .,,' A pl.!,\ adoprcd flY t he tastes of modern audiences: a play adupt ed [or television: a play adapted from the French.

(g) independent (~(. His income ~\ llowed lum to Ii ve independent of financial aid.

(h) dependent all _. Hospitals dependent on public chanty, (i) compatible with: Behaviour compatible with the dignity of one's office,

Ex. V (a) •• He knows the difficulties and hardships of his own lot."

(b) "1 do not feel nearly as we!l a~ I usually feel ": OJ<':" I am in unusually low spirit'; ": (OR: but less frequently, "in a rather bad mood.")

(c) .. We 111USt accept the pain t or the hardship) stoically and even with an appearance of cheertulncss."

Ex. VI * My lesson began at 9 a.m, ycs terduy. I l has al ways begun at 9 a.m,

We all did our homework last time. This t imc no one has done It. John eats a good breakfast every morning. This rnorrnng he ate porridge, bacon and eggs, and three slices of toast lind marmalade. He was no longer hungry when ne had eaten that breakfast. When they entered the banqueting hall. they saw tables laden {or "loaded .') with food. The reason why the gun did nut gu off was that it was not loaded.

I shall not be able to continue my work till I have lain down for a couple of hours. One of our hens has just laid an egg: can't you hear the noise she is rnak mg '.J

40

145. The enemy has retreated and fled in ail directions. A lot of water has flowed under the bridge since that memorable cay, He has flown in an aeroplane many a time.

(.5)

146. Ex. IV \Vhcn .~h{J11 and will are used with an infinitive to form a pure future .. shall should be used for 1 st pel's. smg. and pl., and Hill for the other persons, c.g., "1 shall go to-morrow if it is tine. 1 suppose you. however, will be too bus)'."

N.B. In the 2nd pers. interrogative form, shall Y[Ju'.) (or more usually will you be? _;_ a present participle) is used for will .1'011 (the latter being usually a request in the present tense), e.g., "Shall you go to- mort ow ';1" 0 R (more usually): H Wil! you be going tomorrow': ,. or .. Are you Ruing to-morrow?"

Compare: .• JVil1 you (please: shut the door'?", which is not expressing futurity but a request.

However, if the future is not a pure one, but coloured in the first person hy' the sr-cakers or speakers' will or willingness or volition. and, in the second and third persons, by the speaker's promise or expression (·f intention or determination, then, on the contrary. will is used for the first pcr s. sing. and pl., and shall for all other persons, cg., I will go if you really want me 10. (Expression of' speaker's \\ illingness.)

You shul! not undertake so dangerous a task. (Expression of speaker's intention or determination that his interlocutor shull not undertake somcthing.:

N .B. wit! is also used in 2nd and 3rd pers. sing. and pI. when the intent ion or determination is in the mind ofthe penon spoken qt. Compare He wil! go if it is tine (Future).

He wil: do these silly things, though everyone has tried to rC;.!'-:OIl \vit h him. (Determination in the mind of the person spoken u() H'l':/ is st ronglv em phasizcd when spoken.

Ex. \' {a) '" I <mel I a rat" means "I feel that this matter gives cause (or suspicion.' ., There: is something SUSpICIOUS hidden here." 'rIK' image is of a Jog smelling a rat though he cannot see it.

(b) This saying. applied to a person. means that his quiet manner may cover unsuspected depths of emotion. knowledge or cunning. Deep thinkers are people of few words.

(c) This expresses futility. There is no point in pouring water on a duck's back, as. owing to the oil on the duck's feathers, it runs off, leaving the duck quite dry. If you do something which pro- 41

146. duces no effect, you may say that your action was "like pouring water on a duck's back."

Ex. V1* (a) All the pupils did their homework, with one exception-the laziest boy in the class.

(b) I accept your statement without reserve (meani ng, "fully"). (c) With regard to the alleged loss of your bicycle lamp while the bicycle was deposited in the cloakroom, I am authorized to make you a payment of 2/6 in compensation. Your case has been treated as a special one, and the payment is made without prejudice. (The meaning is .. without detracting from a right or claim". In this case stating that the railway executive reserve the right to refuse compensation in similar cases in future.)

(d) My wife was ill, we were very short-staffed at the office, there was uncertainty about our accommodation-and the weather was very bad. In these adverse circumstances, 1 decided to cancel my holiday.

(e) You have full authority to accept or reject his offer, at your discretion. (meaning" as you think fit ",)

([) The risk in modern air travel has been reduced to a minimum (so many precautions have been taken that the risk is as smalJ as it can be).

42

LONGMANS