Atmega328 Digital Input-Output Interfacing: Peripherals

Chapter 4
ATmega328 Digital Input-Output

Interfacing
Assoc. Professor Dr. Rosbi bin Mamat
rosbi@fke.utm.my
Dept. of Control & Mechatronics Engineering

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
4.1 On-chip Interfaces in General

Peripherals or I/O devices are devices that
exchange data with µcomputer. Examples of
peripherals: switches, LED, printer, keyboard,
monitor, hard-disc etc.
Due to differences in the characteristics & speed
between peripherals & µc, peripherals are not
connected directly to the µc buses. ∴ require
interfaces between peripherals & µc.
ATmega328 is equiped with some on-chip
interfaces to simplify the connection between µc &
external peripherals in an embedded system.
1. Parallel Interface (PORT B,C,D) 3. Serial Interfaces (Async., SPI, TWI)
2. Analog-to-digital Converter (ADC) 4. Timers & PWM
Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.1/34

4.2 Accessing I/O in ATmega328
The internal I/O peripherals in the ATmega328 can
be acessed (read/write) using the I/O registers
mapped at address 0x20–0xFF in data memory.
This technique of I/O addressing is called memory-
mapped I/O. I/O appear to be memory locations, ∴ the
same instr. & addr. modes to access memories can be used
for I/O.
Sample of I/O registers addresses & their symbolic
names:

4.2 Accessing I/O in ATmega328

In Arduino, the I/O registers addresses are defined
with their symbolic names in the header file io.h.
This header file is automatically included by
Arduino IDE.
It is much easier to program I/O registers using
their symbolic names.
Read or write to I/O regs. can be performed using
assignment operator:
unsigned char var;
DDRB = 0xF0; /* Write to I/O reg DDRB */

var = PINC; /* Read I/O reg PINC */
PORTB = var; /* Write to I/O reg PORTB */

4.3 ATmega328 Parallel Digital I/O
There are 3 ports that provide parallel I/O interfaces
to outside world: Port B, Port C & Port D.
Each port provides 8 (only 7 on Port C) bidirectional
digital I/O lines which are connected to ATmega328
pins provided that alternate functions are not selected
on that port.
At any time the I/O line can either be Input or
Output.
The Directions of each I/O lines must be configured
(input or output) before they are used.
Naming convention:
PORTx ≡ I/O reg for Port x where x = B, C, D.
PORTxn ≡ Pxn ≡ Port x bit n where n = 0 – 7.


Mapping of ATmega328 pins with Arduino pins (in
bracket): ( (A5)/D19
(D0) (A4)/D18
(D1) (A3)/D17
(D2) (A2)/D16
(D3) (A1)/D15
(D4) (A0)/D14
(D13)
(D5) (D12)
(D6) (D11)
(D7) (D10)
(D8) (D9)
Digital I/O to the outside world with Arduino Uno

is provided by 14 pins marked with DIGITAL(PWM ˜).

The programmer view of Port B, C & D :
DATA REGISTER DATA DIR. REG.
PORTx DDRx
PORTx DRIVERS
Inside ATmega328
Pins on ATmega328
Px7 Px6 Px5 Px4 Px3 Px2 Px1 Px0
Each Port x has three 8-bit Registers associated with it.

Register ≈ a memory :
DDRx – Data Direction Register for Port x (Read/Write).
PORTx –Data Register for Port x (Read/Write).
PINx – Port Input Pins Register for Port x (Read only).


Data Direction Register is used to configure the
direction of I/O port lines. DDRx control PORTx.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
DDRx
PORTx
Px.7
Px.6
Px.5
Px.4
Px.3
Px.2
Px.1
Px.0
Each bit in the DDRx determines the direction of the

corresponding bit in PORTx.
Writing a ‘1’ to a bit in DDRx makes the bit of PORTx
Output. Writing a ’0’ makes the bit Input.
After Reset, all the bits in DDRx is cleared (‘0’).

Using Arduino library, to configure the direction of
digital I/O pins, this function is called:
pinMode(pinNumb, mode)
pinNumb is the digital pin number (0–13) to configure.
mode is direction of the digital pin (INPUT or OUTPUT or
INPUT_PULLUP).
example: pinMode(13, OUTPUT) set pin 13 as output ⇒
we can send digital signal through pin 13.


Data Direction Register – Example: Configure all
lines of Port B as inputs & Port D bits 4,5,6 & 7 as
outputs without changing the directions of bits 0–3 .
DDRB = 0x00; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DDRB
DDRD = DDRD | (0xF0); 1 1 1 1 X X X X DDRD
Using Arduino library:

pinMode(8, INPUT);
pinMode(9, INPUT);
pinMode(10, INPUT);
pinMode(11, INPUT);
pinMode(12, INPUT);
pinMode(13, INPUT);
pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);

Data Register– store data to be sent to
corresponding pins of that I/O port. Data register
for Port x is PORTx.
When an I/O port is configured as Output:
writing a ‘1’ to bit PORTxn generate logic ‘1’ on
the port n pin.
writing a ‘0’ to bit PORTx.n generate logic ‘0’
on the port n pin.
reading from PORTx returns the previous value
written to PORTx.


When an I/O port is configured as Input:
writing a ‘1’ to bit PORTxn will activate the
pull-up resistor for the port n pin.
writing a ‘0’ to bit PORTxn will switch off the
pull-up resistor for the port n pin.
reading from PORTx returns the previous value
written to PORTx.
Using Arduino library, the pull-up resistor can be
activated with:
pinMode(pin, INPUT_PULLUP)

Arduino functions for writting to digital I/O:
digitalWrite(pinNum,state) – write/output the
logic state to the specified pinNum if the pinNum is
configure as OUTPUT.
int led = 13;
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // set pin 13 to logic high ’1’
digitalWrite(led, LOW); // set pin 13 to logic low ’0’
Example: Generate logic ‘0’ on pins PB4, PB5 & logic

‘1’ on pin PD3.
DDRB = 0x30; /* 0x30 = %0011 0000 */
DDRD = 0x08; /* 0x08 = %0000 1000 */
PORTB = 0x00;
PORTD = 0x08;


Example: Generate logics using Arduino Library.
pinMode(12, OUTPUT); /* PB4 = OUT */
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); /* PB5 = OUT */
pinMode(3, OUTPUT); /* PD3 = OUT */
digitalWrite(12, LOW);
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);

Port Input Pins Register PINx– The logic levels on
I/O pins for PORTx can be read through the PINx.
Logic (‘1’ or ‘0’) in bit PINxn gives the voltage
level on pin Port x bit n, regardless of the setting in
DDRx.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
X X X X X X X X DDRx
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 PINx
Px7-0
3.3V
0.1V
0.2V
0V
0V
5V
5V
3V


Arduino functions for reading from digital I/O:
digitalRead(pinNum) – read from the specified
pinNum & returns the logic read (HIGH or LOW) if
the pinNum is configure as INPUT.
int state;
state = digitalRead(12); // read pin 12 &
// store in ’state’
Exercise: Read the logic level on pin PB0 & send the logic to
pin PB1. Do not change other pins.

Summary:
Port B registers: DDRB, PORTB, PINB.
Port C registers: DDRC, PORTC, PINC.
Port D registers: DDRD, PORTD, PIND.
Set pin direction: pinMode(pin, MODE)
Write Digital I/O: digitalWrite(pin, LOGIC)
Read Digital I/O: digitalRead(pin)


Programming Exercise: A security system based on Arduino
Uno has 4 sensors to detect intruders connected to PD0–PD3. 2 alarms
are connected to PB0-PB1 & 1 lamp is connected to PB4. The operation
of this security system is: If the 2 sensors at PD0–PD1 are activated,
sounds the alarm at PB0. If the 2 sensors at PD2–PD3 are activated,
sounds the alarm at PB1. If all sensors are activated, sounds all alarms
& turn on the lamp. In normal state all alarms and lamp are not active.
Assume the sensors, alarms and lamp are active high logic devices.

4.4 Interfacing with LED Displays
LED – an example of digital output device.
The basic of a LED circuit:
+V R I

+V -

Vcc – Voltage supply to LED

R – Current limiting resistor
Vd – Minimum voltage required to turn on LED (≈1.5V)
Id – Current flowing in LED (5–25mA)
Example: Estimate the value of current limiting resistor

if the LED is connected to a +5V supply voltage.


Solution: Let says we require a moderate brightness
of LED. Choose Id = 10mA.
Vcc − Vd = Id × R
(V −V )
R = ccId d
(5−1.5)
R = 10×10−3 Ω ≈ 330Ω
Connecting a LED to output port of ATmega328

+5V
Output Port
Output Port 330
Px.n
Px.n
330
Px.n = ‘1’, LED On
Px.n = ‘1’, LED Off Px.n= ’0ʹ LED Off
Px.n = ’0ʹ LED On

7-Segment LED Display
Anode Cathode
a a a
b b
f b c c
g d d
Cathodes e e
Anodes
f f
e c g g
dp dp dp
d
Common Anode Common Cathode
(CA) 7-segment (CC) 7-segment
Display Display
Requires 8 I/O lines (an output port) to interface

directly without a hardware decoder.


Example: Display ’rOSbI’ on a CA 7-segment display
using software encoding/decoding & look-up table
techniques. Wait 1 second between each character.
Lets connect the CA 7-segment display to Port D.
PD0 connects to segment a — PD7 connects to
segment dp.
7-segment display cannot display full character set !
To display characters ‘r’, ‘O’, ‘S’, ‘b’, ‘I’, segments to
on/off for each character are identified & the
required code to send to output port is determined –
encoding.

7-Segment LED Display interfaced to Port D :
Port D +5V Port D +5V
PD0 a a
PD0
b CA b 220
PD1 c PD1 c CA
PD2 PD2
PD3 d d
PD3
PD4 e e
PD4
PD5 f f
g PD5 g
PD6 dp PD6 dp
PD7 PD7
Full current limiting resistors Cheaper version with non-uniform

version brightness defect
ROSBI ROSBI


Software encoding table & obtained codes for
look-up table building:
Coding (ʹ0ʹ=ON & ʹ1ʹ=OFF)
Character PD7 PD6 PD5 PD4 PD3 PD2 PD1 PD0 Codes
dp g f e d c b a
r 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 $AF
o 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 $A3
S 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 $92
b 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 $83
I 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 $CF
These codes are stored in an array to serve as a
look-up table. C code for building look-up table:
const unsigned char myname[] = {0xAF, 0xA3, 0x92, 0x83, 0xCF};
AF A3 92 83 CF .. ..
myname
Memory Contents

Complete C code :
/* Display 'rOSbi' on 7-seg LED connect to Port D */
const unsigned char myname[]= {0xAF, 0xA3, 0x92, 0x83, 0xCF};
void setup() {
DDRD = 0xFF; /* Port D is output */
}
void loop() {
unsigned char ch;
int j;
for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) { /* get 5 char 1-by-1 */

ch = myname[j]; /* get 1 char */
PORTD = ch; /* display the char */
delay(1000); /* hold the display 1 sec */
}
}
Exercise: rewrite above code using the Arduino library.



BCD to 7-Segment Hardware Decoder/Driver– for
display of digits with less port pins.
74LS47 for CA Display 74LS48 for CC Display
74L 74L
S47 S48


Multiplexed Display
Example: Show how 3 common-cathode 7-Segments
LEDs can be connected to Atmega328 using multiplexed
display technique. Write a program to display ’123’ on
the displays.
8 buffers
ATmega328 (74LS244)
a a a
PD.0
: : : :
:
: : : :
:
dp dp dp
PD.7
Cathode Cathode Cathode
220 220 220
10K 10K 10K
PB.0
PB.1
PB.2


Multiplexed Display
In the multiplexed technique, each LED is turn on
one-by-one while other LEDs are disabled/off.
Each LED is on for a while ( 5ms) & then off. This is
repeated for other LEDs.
Since the rate of turning on & off is very fast, human eyes
will perceive this as simultaneous display.
Port PB0PB2 together with NPN transistors are used to turn
on (’1’) & off (’0’) the 3 7-Segments LEDs.
Port D (PD0PD7) is used to send the display code.

Program: Use the software encoding/decoding
technique to display each character.
Digit Coding ('1' = on & '0' = off) Code
PD7 PD6 PD5 PD4 PD3 PD2 PD1 PD0
dp g f e d c b a
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 $30
2 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 $5B
3 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 $4F
1 23


Program:
void setup() {
DDRD = 0x00; // Port D as input
DDRB = 0x07; // PB0-PB2 as output
PORTB = 0x00; // Turn off all LED
}
/* This should normally run under interrupt */

void loop() {
PORTD = 0x30; // send code for ‘1’
digitalWrite(8, HIGH); // turn on 1st LED (PB0=D8)
delay(5); // wait 5ms
digitalWrite(8, LOW); // turn off 1st LED
PORTD = 0x5B; // send code for ‘2’
digitalWrite(9, HIGH); // turn on 2nd LED (PB1=D9)
digitalWrite(9, LOW); // turn off 2nd LED
PORTD = 0x4F; // send code for ‘3’
digitalWrite(9, HIGH); // turn on 3rd LED (PB2=D10)
digitalWrite(9, LOW); // turn off 3rd LED
}

4.5 Interfacing with Switches
Symbols for mechanical switches:
Push Buttons
SPST Push to make Push to break

SPDT
Circuits for switches with TTL/CMOS logic:

+5V +5V +5V
10KΩ
10KΩ 10KΩ
Vo
Vo
Vo
When the switch is not press or open, Vo = ’1’ & when

switch is pressed/closed, Vo = ’0’


Bouncing in mechanical switches – Most
mechanical switches bounce when pressed/closed.
Switch is pressed
Open
Switch Position
Closed
Bouncing
'1'
Vo
'0'
Multiple logic '0'
Bouncing time ≈ 5–50ms. Bouncing produces multiple logic ’0’ –

gives false reading to µcontroller!. ∴ bouncing or multiple logic
’0’ must be eliminated – Debouncing.

Debouncing using hardware:
+5V
'1'
Vo
C 74LS13
'0'
Choose the time constant R×C much larger than

bouncing time.
Example: choose R × C = 100ms ⇒ R=100KΩ,
C=1µF.


Debouncing using software:
1. Detect if switch is pressed & read the switch logic
2. Wait or delay for 20–25ms
3. Read the switch again
4. If the current switch logic , reading in step 1 above, repeat step 1
Example: For the following circuit, write a program to blink the LED
5 times when the switch is pressed & after that turn it off. Turn off the
LED if the switch is not pressed.
+5V
ATmega328 330
PB.1 PB.0

Debouncing using software:
void setup() {
pinMode(8, OUTPUT); // PB0 as output
pinMode(9, INPUT_PULLUP); // PB1 as input+PU
digitalWrite(8, HIGH); // Turn off LED
}
void loop() {
while (digitalRead(9) == HIGH) // Step 1: wait for key press
;
delay(20); // Step 2: wait for 20ms
if (digitalRead(9) == 0) // Step 3: check bouncing
{ // Finish bouncing
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{ // Blink 5 times
digitalWrite(8, LOW); // On
delay(500);
digitalWrite(8, HIGH); // Off
delay(500);
}
}
}

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Chapter 4

ATmega328 Digital Input-Output

Dept. of Control & Mechatronics Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

4.1 On-chip Interfaces in General

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.2/34

4.2 Accessing I/O in ATmega328

DDRB = 0xF0; /* Write to I/O reg DDRB */

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.3/34

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.4/34

4.3 ATmega328 Parallel Digital I/O

Digital I/O to the outside world with Arduino Uno

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.5/34

Each Port x has three 8-bit Registers associated with it.

4.3 ATmega328 Parallel Digital I/O

Each bit in the DDRx determines the direction of the

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.8/34

4.3 ATmega328 Parallel Digital I/O

DDRD = DDRD | (0xF0); 1 1 1 1 X X X X DDRD

Using Arduino library:

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.10/34

4.3 ATmega328 Parallel Digital I/O

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.11/34

Example: Generate logic ‘0’ on pins PB4, PB5 & logic

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.12/34

4.3 ATmega328 Parallel Digital I/O

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.13/34

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.14/34

4.3 ATmega328 Parallel Digital I/O

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.15/34

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.16/34

4.3 ATmega328 Parallel Digital I/O

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.17/34

Vcc – Voltage supply to LED

Example: Estimate the value of current limiting resistor

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.18/34

4.4 Interfacing with LED Displays

Connecting a LED to output port of ATmega328

Requires 8 I/O lines (an output port) to interface

4.4 Interfacing with LED Displays

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.21/34

Full current limiting resistors Cheaper version with non-uniform

4.4 Interfacing with LED Displays

const unsigned char myname[]= {0xAF, 0xA3, 0x92, 0x83, 0xCF};

for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) { /* get 5 char 1-by-1 */

Exercise: rewrite above code using the Arduino library.

4.4 Interfacing with LED Displays

74LS47 for CA Display 74LS48 for CC Display

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.25/34

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.26/34

4.4 Interfacing with LED Displays

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.27/34

4.4 Interfacing with LED Displays

/* This should normally run under interrupt */

SPST Push to make Push to break

Circuits for switches with TTL/CMOS logic:

When the switch is not press or open, Vo = ’1’ & when

4.5 Interfacing with Switches

Multiple logic '0'

Bouncing time ≈ 5–50ms. Bouncing produces multiple logic ’0’ –

Microcontroller (SEL4533) c 2013 Dr. Rosbi Mamat – p.31/34

Choose the time constant R×C much larger than