Hans Morgenthau and Realism: A Study

Submitted By-
Ayush Gaur
SM0117012

Faculty in Charge
Dr. Mayengbam Nandakishwor Singh

NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, ASSAM

GUWAHATI
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1.Research Questions

1.2.Literature Review

1.3.Scope and Objective

1.4.Research Methodology

2. IDEA OF REALISM

3. HANS MORGENTHAU ON REALISM

4. CRITICS OF REALISM IN INTERNATIONAL REALISM

5. CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

2
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

Realism is both the earliest tradition in western political thought and most dominant
theoretical school of International Relations discipline. In this essay the main objective was to
discover how that philosophical tradition became a major scientific theory of International
Relations in the twentieth century. In this endeavour historical root of realism, founding fathers
and their contributions to the realist accumulations will be discussed.
Hans Joachim Morgenthau was born on February 17, 1904 in Cobourg, Germany and
died on 19th July, 1980, New York, United States of America. He was noted as a leading analyst
of the role of power in international politics. He was educated in Germany at the Universities
of Berlin, Frankfurt, and Munich, and then he did postgraduate work at the Graduate Institute for
International Studies in Geneva. He was admitted to the bar and served as acting president of the
Labour Law Court in Frankfurt. He went to Geneva to teach public law for a year, but because
of Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in Germany, he stayed in Geneva. During this time he taught in
Madrid, and later he took up residence in the United States, where he became a naturalized
citizen.
In 1948 Morgenthau published Politics among Nations, a highly regarded study that
presented what became commonly known as the classical realist approach to international
politics. In this work, Morgenthau maintained that politics is governed by distinct immutable
laws of nature and that states could deduce rational and objectively correct actions from an
understanding of these laws. Central to Morgenthau’s theory was the concept of power as the
dominant goal in international politics and the definition of national interest in terms of power.
His state-centred approach, which refused to identify the moral aspirations of a state with the
objective moral laws that govern the universe, maintained that all state actions seek to keep,
demonstrate, or increase power. He called for recognition of the nature and limits of power and
for the use of traditional methods of diplomacy, including compromise.

3
1.1 Research Questions

 What is the general idea of Realism?

 What were Hans Morgenthau views on Realism?

 What are the major critics of Realism?

 What are the criticisms of Hans Morgenthau 6 Realist principles?

1.2 Literature Review

 Vishwa Nath Khanna, International relations; Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi
This book helped in understanding the concept of International Relations and also the
explains the Realist theories, its historical origin and how the state plays an important
actor in the International Relations.

 Aneek Chattejee; International Relations Today; Doring Kindersley Pvt. Ltd., Delhi
This book helped in understanding the Realist’s theory and also the Hans
Morgenthau’s 6 principles of realist theory and its criticism. It also explains how
power struggle act as an important factor in International Relations. This book also
tells about how realist perceives human nature and nature of state.

 Hans J. Morgenthau & Kenneth W. Thompson, Politics among nations: the struggle for
power and peace (2014).
Hans Morgenthau's classic text established realism as the fundamental way of thinking
about international relations. Although it has had its critics, the fact that it continues to
be the most long lived text for courses in international relations attests to its enduring
value. Someone has said the study of international relations has for half a century been

4
 nothing so much as a dialogue between Morgenthau, those who embrace his approach,
and those who turn elsewhere for enlightenment.

1.3 Scope and Objectives

The scope of this project is to know about Realism and to know the views of Hans Morgenthau
on Realism, and to find the criticism of Realism and Hans Morgenthau’s principles of Realism in
order to critical analyze the whole Realistic theory.

The objectives of this project are as follows:-

 To research about the Realism

 To know about the view Hans Morgenthau views on Realism.
 To critically analyze the view Hans Morgenthau views of Realism.
 To research about the critics of Realism theory and also of Hans Morgrnthau’s
Realistic Principles.

1.4 Research Methodology

In this project, the researcher has adopted Doctrinal research. Doctrinal research is
essentially a library-based study, which means that the materials needed by a researcher may be
available in libraries, archives, and other data-bases. Various types of books were used to get the
adequate data essential for this project. The researcher also used computer laboratory to get
important data related to this topic. The researcher also found several good websites which were
very useful to better understand this topic.

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 CHAPTER – 2
IDEA OF REALISM

Realism in international relations or what is also referred to as Political Realism, is seen as “one
of the oldest theories to international relations, and is widely held as a worldview. Realist
theorists argue that politics should view as it currently exists, and not how one would wish the
world were. And when looking at the political system, or more specifically, the international
system, realists focus their ideas about how international relations work based upon the concepts
of power and security.
Realism became a mainstream and dominating theory of International Relations through a
long historical accumulation and within that accumulation most important contributions are
made by Thucydides, Machiavelli and Carr. Realism eventuated as an International Relations
theory during the 20th century so there are distinctions from early realist thinkers and realist IR
scholars. Therefore in this part of the work realism is divided into two section as the roots of
tradition and the 20th century classical realism in which Morgenthau’s ideas will be evaluated. In
the first section that roots of the realist philosophical tradition and their unique contributions are
undertaken.1

Realism is a composition of its unique founding fathers and their ideas: Thucydides,
Machiavelli and Hobbes are the most influential realist philosophers until realism came into
being as an international relations theory during the 20th century. Twentieth-century classical
realism was a result of debates and aims to bring more scientific approach to the discipline of
international relations. However its early distinguishing principles and origins are came from
above-mentioned founding fathers.
.
Realism in international relations is largely centred on realist assumptions of human
behaviour. The realists believe that human behaviour is often related concerns about ego and
individual passions and desires, and more specifically, the presence of evil in human beings.
They believe that given the conditions of the world, humans themselves, if left to do what they

1
ANEEK CHATTERJEE, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS TODAY 18 (2010).

6
could, would carry out evil actions against others. They describe the human nature as selfish,
aggressive and possessive.
The human always wants to dominate others i.e. they always seek for power. Through the human
nature the realists make assumptions on nature of state, they say like the humans the state also
seeks for power, the also wants to increase their power in order to dominate other countries.
Therefore like the humans, state is also selfish and possessive. Realists characteristically
give primary emphasis to egoistic passions and “the tragic presence of evil in all political
action”. Because these passions are ineradicable, conflict is inevitable. Whatever their other
disagreements, realists are unanimous in holding that human nature contains an ineradicable core
of egoistic passions; that these passions define the central problem of politics; that the
statesmanship is dominated by the need to control this side of human nature.2
There are basically four basic principles of realism. They are as follows:-

1). The state is the most important actor in international relations – This is because only the
state given its claim to sovereignity possess the monopoly of legitimate force to resolve conflicts
between individuals and groups within is territory and also between itself and other states and
international actors. Non-state actors like international organizations (UN), Multi-National
Corporations, and transnational actors are acknowledged by realists, but they are of secondary
importance. States are the dominant actors.

2). The state is a unitary and rational actor - The state is capable of identifying goals and
preferences and determining their relative importance. The state is also capable of engaging in a
cost-benefit analysis and choosing optimal strategies for achieving its goals. And because of the
belief that states are unitary, internal differences are not nearly as important as the state. This is
why foreign policy is given significant attention in realist political thought. They argue that
regardless of any internal differences, the unified position will be one that is of the interest of the
state.
3). International relations are essentially conflictual. - All realists seem to say that the
international system is one of tension and conflict. Now, the reasons as to why this is vary; some

2
Duncan Bell, Realism International Relations, Britannica (October 19, 2018, 4.00PM)
https://www.britannica.com/topic/realism-political-and-social-science

7
think it is due to the negative view of human nature and others think it is because of the structure
of the international system basically the neo realism. One of the reasons neo-realists see the
system as one that leads to conflict has to do with the notion of anarchy. As we know, the world
is an anarchical system. This means that there is no overarching power controlling the behaviour
of actors within the state system. And because the system is in anarchy, states must be on the
lookout for themselves against other states. Realists says that this conflict is because of the states
seeking power which leads to other states seeking more power than the former in order to secure
their national interest.
4). Realists thus view the system as one that leads to a competition for power, where a
state’s objective is security and power - Anarchy compels sates to arm themselves to self-
defence. However, the acquisition of arms is itself a provocative act. Other states must respond
in kind or risk attack or destruction. This response leaves the first state no better off that it was
before, so it must acquire even better weapons to counter the threat. Then the other states must
respond in kind. And so on. Anarchy leads to arms-racing and arms-balancing behaviour on the
part of states. Thus, to realists, or more specifically, neo-realists, the anarchical system forces
states to be concerned with issues of power in order to survive.3
Given these points, for realists, states will try to accumulate power. And when there is a
power imbalance, the likelihood of war is more possible, since the power powerful state can
attack a weaker state, without much penalty, if any at all. Thus, for realists, it is the balance of
power as a system that will prevent wars; states that are balanced would be less likely to attack
and fight one another. Realism in international relations is in fact centered on this importance of
power.
However, this idea of power imbalance is not merely limited to military power; economic
power also enters into the equation. States whose economies is growing are also gaining power,
since economic strength often translates to power in the international system. Thus, realists, and
in particular neo-realists, also pay attention to a states economy as it relates to power
Thus, in realism there has been a focus on military and economic strength since such resources
often translate to increased power in the international system.

3
Vishwa Nath Khanna, International relations 9 (5 ed. 2004).

8
 CHAPTER – 3
Hans Morgenthau on Realism

The leading figure of realism in International Relations is Hans Morgenthau. Hans

Morgenthau is recognized as the founder of classical realism in international relations discipline
and scientific examination of international politics. He was a German refugee in US and he lived
between 1904 and 1980. He worked as a professor at the University of Chicago after WWII,
presents a realist view of power politics. His influential book Politics Among Nations influenced
USA foreign policy in its history of becoming global power in the Cold War period and to
reconcile power politics with the idealistic ethics that had previously dominated American
discussions about foreign relations.

The importance of Morgenthau comes from the fact that he developod realism into an
international relations theory through merging the most important points and figures realist
tradition of Western philosophy as Hobbes, Machiavelli, Thucydides, Carr together and built the
most dominant school of International Relations. Hans Morgenthau’s most influential work
was Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace and it was first published in
1948. The main argument of this book can be states as follows: “International politics, like all
politics, is a struggle for power.” 4 This argument was supported by negative view to human
nature by implying selfishness and lust for power and the natural desire to dominate. That
negative references for human nature and its consequences were all gathered from prevalent
realist tradition of realism since the ancient philosophy.

The main and common features of realist school in International relations can be
summarized in 5 title:

 Realism claims on understand the realities of international politics.

 Realism is characterised by a strong sense of tragedy or pessimism as regards to the

prospects for a peaceful World especially after the WWI
4
Hans J. Morgenthau & Kenneth W. Thompson, Politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace 44 (6 ed.
2014).

9
  Realism has an exclusive focus on the conception of power-politics defined in terms of
maximizing power

 Realist theories aim to explain the international conflicts

 Realist theories perceive the history as full of power-politics which are endless and
repetitive.

Morgenthau’s realism comprises all that 5 common titles however as addition Morgenthau
brings six main principles to the International Relations discipline in his Politics among Nations.
In the first principle of those six, he states that realism as an International Relations theory is
based on objective laws which are originated from the abiding human nature. This initial
principle Show that Morgenthau intends to develop realism into a scientific theory of
international politics with respecting positivist ideas. Another principal concept of Morgenthau's
realist theorizing is the power. Actually according to Morgenthau power is the means of
acquiring interests however the power also the only determinant of that interests. That argument
is comes from Morgenthau’s second principle which says: states act in terms of interests and
interests defined as power. This concept defines the states’ unique status in international politics,
and this is the central idea of rational analysis of international politics. 5

Morgenthau’s third principle is about the universality of his second assumption: the fact
interest always defined as power is a universal and objective fact and the power as that
determinant is defined as “anything to get and maintain the control of one over another man.”
Also, the centrality of the nation state is changeable over time. According to this principle the
interest given direction by power can disappear or change in historical course in accordance with
power itself.6

In the fourth principle, Morgenthau argues that universal moral principles do not have any
importance and influence over international politics and that cannot be applied to the actions of
states. The only thing a state should consider must be placing its survival and pursuing its

Dinesh, Morgenthau’s Realist Theory (6 Principles, Your Article Library (October 19, 2018, 8.00PM)
5

http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/international-politics/morgenthaus-realist-theory-6-principles/48472
6
Ibid,

10
interests. This principle must be above all other moral goods in states’ actions. This principal is
about the relationship between realism and morality or ethics. According to this principle moral
or ethical superiority should not direct political action. So this principle can be said to have been
derived from Machiavellian realist ideas.7

The fifth principle that no states have more moral and ethical goals or actions and any of
the actors in international politics looks solely how to pursue their own interests. This is the
Hobbesian point of classical realism. According to this principle any state could pursue an
interest which could be harmful for another state. So for Morgenthau in international relations
there is no place for a belief like a state's goals are more moral than any other's. And realists do
not believe in the idea of any state is at the moral side of history.

The power-based definition of interest is the main focus of realist analyses in politics, and
that is the theoretical background of the fundamental principle about politics is an independent
realm. In Morgenthau’s 6th principle International relations is a unique environment with its own
principles and it is governed by its own laws. So in Morgenthau's realism politics requires no
other consideration but power.

In those six principles of Morgenthau the central concepts are power and because of this
fact İnternational Relations is autonomous discipline. States as only actors in international
relations are aware of those principles and therefore they are rational actors and they pursue their
national interests. This is the foundation of rational theory in international relations discipline
and this is unique contribution of Morgenthau into the International Relations. Morgenthau
strengthens his theory’s rationality with abstraction morality, ethical values, religion and
ideologies from the determinants of state behaviours and national interests.8

Sohini Pradhan, 6 Important Principles of “Political Realism” , Share your Essays(October 20, 2018, 8.00 AM)
7

http://www.shareyouressays.com/knowledge/6-important-principles-of-political-realism-explained/113182
8
Cavit Emre Ayetekin, Realism in International Relations and Hans Morgenthau, Academia (October 20, 2018,
11.00AM)
https://www.academia.edu/13840545/Realism_in_International_Relations_and_Hans_Morgenthau

11
 For Morgenthau International politics, like all politics is struggle for power because of
man’s natural lust for power. This is Hobbesian aspect of Morgenthau. In this point Morgenthau
regards individuals as they always seek power. Morgenthau intends to bring a rational direction
in realism by putting human nature analysis. Rationality here means that states behaviour and the
actions of states can only be judged by its contribution to state’s power.9 This is the main goal of
states behaviours in Morgenthau’s and generally realist scholar’s understanding of rationality A
rational foreign policy is considered to be a good foreign policy. However according to
Morgenthau rationality means calculating benefits and costs of different just in terms of their
contribution to the power and states decide most effective policy to maximize power.

The key arguments of Morgenthau are as follows:10

 International politics is composed of struggle for power which is the consequence of

human nature
 The ultimate skill of the state leader is to accept, and adopt to, the changing power
political configurations in world politics
 Politics is governed by laws that are created by human nature. The mechanism we use to
understand international politics is through the concept of interests, defined in terms of
power

According to those main assumptions states in international relations are motivated by their
interest which is determined by their power. That is Morgenthau’s emphasize the pursuit of
power.

In order to evaluate Morgenthau’s principles the history of modern political thought should
be known. That history consists of two schools which are fundamentally different from another
in terms of their view on human nature, society, and politics. Idealist school believes that a
rational and moral political order is possible and universally valid abstract principles can be
achieved. And the other, realist school believes that the World’s situation from the rational point

9
Ibid.,
10
Vishwa Nath Khanna, International relations 15 (5 ed. 2004).

12
of view, is the result of human nature. And for improving the world one must work in
accordance with the consequences of this fact. Politics also should not be against it. In the real
World there are opposing interests and conflict among them, moral principles cannot be realized.

In realist way of thinking the determinant of state actions is the interest which is shaped by
the power. And as represent of this school according to Morgenthau. International politics, like
all politics, is a struggle for power and power is the immediate aim. States seek ultimately
security, prosperity and power.11 They may define their goals in terms of a religious, philosophic,
economic, or social ideal. Realists believe that this ideal will be realized through maximization
of power. Here power corresponds a state’s control over other actors. And the political power
refers to the mutual relations of control among actors of international relations.

11
Ibid, p. 16.

13
 CHAPTER – 4

CRITICS OF REALISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATION

Realism as the mainstream international relations theory encounters serious criticisms both
from inside of realism and from other schools. This critiques aim both realism’s conceptual
content and philosophical inferences especially about the explanation of international politics
and state behaviour in conflictual manner and their attribution of this conflictual character to the
human nature, its understanding of power and at broadest level its understanding of reality.

The foremost critiques of realism come from its historical competitor liberal/idealist
theoretical school. Idealist school along with realism is the second founding school of
mainstream International Relations theory. Because the main assumption of the discipline has
appeared in line with realist view, at first idealist critiques are derived from nomative
propositions which argues completely opposite to the classical realism saying human nature is
good. Idealistic theory promotes peace and put forward democratic tendencies of humanity an
state alone is not the actor in the International Politics, individuals are also the actor in the
International Politics.
According to idealists, realists make mistake on explaining international politics from
solely power perspective. Idealists say that there are also co-operations, international law and
organizations.
The main criticisms of Hans Morgenthau realism are as follows: =
 Neither Fully Empirical and nor Fully Logical - Morgenthau’s Realist Theory is
neither fully empirical nor fully logical. He assumes several generalizations, like “Nations, like
men, always seek power and domination over others.” Its validity is taken for granted and never
tested. He nowhere tries to be fully empirical. His logic is also limited. 12
 A Partial Approach - To define politics as a struggle for power generated by the conflict
of interest is to make conflict of interests the sole determinant of international politics. This is a
partial and one-sided out-look. It ignores the role of values in international relations. Like all
social relations, international relations are also characterised both by conflict and cooperation.

Dinesh, Morgenthau’s realist Theory (13 Major Weaknesses), Your Article Library(October 21, 2018, 12.30PM)
12

http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/international-politics/morgenthaus-realist-theory-13-major-weaknesses/48473

14
The element of cooperation among nations is also an important factor of international relations
which cannot be and should not be ignored.
 Unscientific: Many critics have held that Morgenthau’s theory is unscientific in so far as
it has its roots in a particular view of human nature. There can be no scientific theory of human
nature. His view of human nature reflects the influence of Hobbes and Machiavelli and is not a
scientific explanation.
 Guilty of Power Doctrine - Another valid point of criticism against Morgenthau’s
Realist theory has been that it gives unduly big, rather total importance to a single factor -
national interest defined in terms of power. National Interest and National Power are important
components of International Politics but to make them the sole determinants of this complex
activity seems illogical.
 Difficult to Evaluate National Power and National Interest - Even if we may accept
the framework of ‘Interest defined as power’ as the basis for an understanding of international
politics, we find our path infested with several difficulties;
(i) To study national power of a nation is an uphill task and no empirical and theoretical
study can help us to correctly evaluate the national power of a nation: Still more difficult is the
task of analyzing the relative power of different nations.
(ii) It is also very difficult to factually analyze the national interests of various nations:
For example, security is regarded as a vital part of the national interest of every nation. But the
nature and extent of security that a nation considers to be vitally essential cannot be fully
analyzed and explained. The threat of nuclear weapons to the security of non- nuclear nations is
both a reality as well as a part of fear psychology. It is real because of the highly destructive
potential of these weapons and the existence of monopoly of some nations over nuclear weapons.
On the other hand, nuclear weapons have indirectly strengthened peace by acting as a deterrent
against war and hence their presence has been virtually a sort of blessing in disguise. As such it
becomes difficult to assess the nature of threat to the security of the non-nuclear nations, and
hence their national interests
(iii) Morgenthau himself has accepted the dynamic nature of national interest : In the face
of prevailing complexities, it becomes all the more difficult for students of international relations
to evaluate the nature and scope of national interest which a nation is trying to maintain and

15
secure. Hence it is very difficult to clearly evaluate national interests and national power of all
the nations.13
 Involves a Justification of War - Morgenthau describes struggle for power as the
natural and eternal reality of International Politics. He proclaims that like individuals, it is natural
for nations to struggle for power and practise domination over others. The extreme form of this
struggle for power is war. When we accept struggle for power as natural, we cannot refuse to
accept the naturalness and inevitability of war. In this way, Morgenthau builds up a case which
leads to a justification of war.
 Little Importance to Morality - He denies the due importance of morality in
international relations. He advocates that no nation really bases its policies on morality and no
nation should do it. “A dependence on moral principles would make the policy impracticable and
idealistic.” Such a view of relation between morality and politics is both unrealistic and
dangerous. It is unrealistic because morality definitely influences the course of policy
formulation and implementation. Ideologies do serve as factors of policies and influence their
implementation. Today no foreign policy can adopt violence and war as the means for securing
goals of national interest. Morgenthau’s view is also dangerous because it tends to make power
struggle more dangerous and reduce the chances of peace and harmony in international relations.
 It is wrong to project the superiority of National Interest over Morality -
Morgenthau wrongly makes national interest as the superior-most morality that a nation should
always follow. Since each nation always acts and should always act for its own national interest,
it logically means that anything done by the nation is moral. This is indeed a case which would
make immorality a part of morality. Morgenthau’s support for “amoralism” involves
“immoralism”.
 Inconsistency in Views - Morgenthau accepts power struggle, conflict, contradiction and
discords as natural parts of International Politics. Such an acceptance makes him regard
international politics as an endless struggle for power involving a clash of rational foreign
policies. But at the same time he accepts the desirability and possibility of preserving peace and
harmony at international level. He pins hopes on peace through accommodation and
accommodation through diplomacy. This highlights the inconsistency in Morgenthau’s views.

13
Ibid

16
He takes a deterministic and pessimistic view of human nature but hesitates, rather fails to take
this view to its logical conclusion.
 Lack of Clarity in Conceptualizing Autonomy - In the sixth principle of political
realism, Morgenthau strongly advocates the case for the autonomy of international politics as an
academic discipline. But his view of autonomy lacks clarity. He uses different concepts of
autonomy at different times. In the context of the second principle of political realism,
Morgenthau advocates the autonomy of International Politics on the basis of limited variables
(National Interest and National Power) in an unlimited sphere.

He regards international politics as an autonomous discipline concerned with the study of interest
defined in terms of power. However, in his discussion of the other principles (third, fourth, and
fifth), Morgenthau takes a different view of autonomy. Here he conceptualizes it as the study of
all variables in selected spheres. As such he is not clear about the type of autonomy he advocates
for International Politics.14

Thus, the Realist Theory has several limitations and because of these it cannot fully
explain the behaviour of states in the international system. It offers a partial explanation of some
aspects of International Politics. It fails to provide a complete and fully realistic explanation of
the total international reality. It can be, at best, used to understand and explain the nature of
power relations or strategic relations among nations.

14
A Criticism Of Realism Theory Of International Politics Politics, U K Essays (October 21, 2018, 4.00PM)
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/a-criticism-of-realism-theory-of-international-politics-politics-
essay.php

17
 CHAPTER– 6

CONCLUSION

In this project the main focus was what was the roots and origins of realist school in
international relations theory and to what extent Hans Morgenthau’s work has influenced that
school. While examining and evaluating Morgenthau’s works and principles, it is discovered that
the historical roots and origins of his ideas and concepts were derived from historical realist
tradition and philosophical accumulation of Western political thought.

Morgenthau took the concept of power and its vital importance in international relations is
derived from Thucydides’ explanation of Peloponnesian war and the concept of international
anarchy was taken from Hobbesian anarchy culture and understanding. Both Hobbes and
Morgenthau refer to human nature, equality of mankind and those facts consequences in politics
while there is no regulating government. And Morgenthau’s refusal to morality in politics
reflects Machiavellian view of politics.

Morgenthau’s endeavor to get the scientific side of International Relations strengthen

directed himself to apply positivist ideas. And that ideas eventually became the main aims of
critiques came especially from constructivists, idealists and neo-realists.

18
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Vishwa Nath Khanna, International relations; Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi

 Aneek Chattejee; International Relations Today; Doring Kindersley Pvt. Ltd., Delhi

 Hans J. Morgenthau & Kenneth W. Thompson, Politics among nations: the struggle for
power and peace (2014).

Internet sources:

 https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/a-criticism-of-realism-theory-of-international-
politics-politics-essay.php
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/realism-political-and-social-science
 http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/international-politics/morgenthaus-realist-theory-13-
major-weaknesses/48473
 https://www.academia.edu/13840545/Realism_in_International_Relations_and_Hans_Morge
nthau
 http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/international-politics/morgenthaus-realist-theory-6-
principles/48472
 http://www.shareyouressays.com/knowledge/6-important-principles-of-political-realism-
explained/113182

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