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2. (a) What are Fidelity Criteria ? How can they be used in quantifying the nature and extent of information loss ? [5]
(b) Briefly describe the salient features of the following [15]
(i) Fourier descriptors (ii) Run length coding (iii) Walsh−Hadamard transform.
4. (a) Give the 3 × 3 marks for the following (i) Prewitt (ii) Sobel. [2]
(b) Write short note on : [18]
(i) Contrast stretching (ii) Histogram Specification (iii)Homomorphic filtering.
5. (a) Explain Isoperference curves with respect to digital image − processing. [5]
(b) What is image segmentation ? Explain the following methods of image segmentation giving appropriate
explains. [15]
(i) Region growing (ii) Splitting and Merging (iii) Thresholding.
6. Explain [20]
(a) Hit or Miss Transform. (b) Skeletonization using Medial Axis Transform.
(c) Moments. (d) Chain code.
7. (a) Plot the histogram for the following image. Equalize the histogram and then plot the equalized histogram
and the image corresponding to the equalized histogram. The 4 × 5 image is represented by 3bpp. [10]
7 1 2 2 2
3 3 5 5 7
4 2 4 0 0
2 4 6 2 3
(b) Explain [10]
(i) Arithmetic Coding (ii) Texture.
(b) State and explain the features of median filtering. Complete the o/p of median filtering in the following
case. [8]
(i) y (m) = {2 4 8 3 2} and w = {−1 0 1 2} (ii) y (m) = {8 2 4 3 4} and w = {−1 0 1}
3 2 1
where I(x, y) = 1 3 2
2 1 3
4. (a) What is histogram of a digital image ? What information one can get by observing the histogram of image ? [8]
(b) Histogram of a digital image with eight quantization level is shown below perform histogram equalization. [12]
Derive the transformation function and new histogram.
Grey level r 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No. of grey level hr 220 140 50 60 70 170 130 160
5. (a) Give following masks of size 3 × 3 and explain their usefulness in image processing [12]
(i) Sobel operator (ii) Roberts operators (iii) Prewitt operator
(iv) High pass filter (v) Median filter (vi) Frei−chen operator.
(b) An image of size 5 × 5 quantized to 16 grey levels is shown below. Operate on this image by any two edge
extraction operators of size 3 × 3. Use appropriate thereshold should value. Give output before and after
theresholding. Give your comments. [8]
10 12 15 15 2
12 10 15 3 8
15 14 2 10 10
13 4 15 12 2
1 12 14 1 1
5. (a) Histogram of a digital image with 8 quantization levels is given below. Perform Histogram Equalization.
Derive the transformation function and the new histogram and draw them. [10]
(Gray level ) r 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(N0. of pixels with gray level r) nr 175 12 250 98 153 35 220 57
(b) Explain with suitable example the LZW coding and decoding technique for image Compression. [10]
6. (a) What is segmentation? Explain the method of segmentation by region splitting and merging. [8]
(b) Poorly illuminated images are the difficult ones to be segmented. Explain. [4]
(c) Can variable length coding procedures be used to compress a histogram equalized image with 2n gray
levels. Explain. [8]
4. (a) What do you understand by Variable Length Coding techniques? Explain at least two techniques. [10]
(b) What is constant area coding technique? [5]
(c) What is Chain code and what are its applications. [5]
5. (a) Define and explain − Moments, Normalized moments, and central moments. [10]
(b) What are Morphological operations? For a region explain Boundary extraction operation and then region
filling operation on the extracted boundary. [10]
6. (a) How do you get a Skeleton of a region using Medial Axis Transformation. [10]
(b) Histogram of a digital image with 8 quantization levels is given below. Perform Histogram Equalization.
Derive the transformation function and the new histogram. [10]
(Gray Level)r 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(No. of pixels with 250 550 450 250 100 150 150 50 25 25
gray level r) nr
7. (a) Write a note on Discrete Cosine Transform and its application in Image Compression. [10]
(b) Write 8 × 8 Haar transform matrix and its Signal Flow Graph. Using this Butterfly diagram (Signal Flow
Graph), Compute Haar transform for x(n) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4}. [10]
im.sujit@gmail.com
2. (a) Write a note on Discrete Cosine Transform and its application in Image processing. [10]
(b) Write 8 × 8 Haar transform matrix and its signal flow graph. Using this Butterfly diagram. Compute Haar
transform for x(n) = {1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4}. [10]
3. (a) Define and explain Moments, Noramlised moments and Central moments. [10]
(b) What are Morphological operations ? For a region, explain Boundary extraction operation and then region
filling operation on the extracted boundary. [10]
5. (a) Write an expression for a 2−D DFT. What is its relationship with one dimension DFT ? How
one−dimensional FFT algorithms can be used to compute two dimensional DFT of an digital image. [6]
(b) Using 4 point FFT algorithms. Calculate 2−D, DFT of. [8]
⎡0 0 3 1⎤
⎢1 1 2 2⎥
f(x, y) = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 2 1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣1 1 2 4⎦
(c) Illustrate opening and closing operations with suitable example. [6]
6. (a) What are different types of redundancies that can be present in a digital image and state which method can
be used to remove/reduce them. [8]
(b) What is Morphology ? Name and explain the basic operations in morphology. [8]
(c) Write a short note on Wavelet transform. [4]
2. (a) Explain what is ringing effect. Explain how butterworth filters remove the ringing effect. [8]
(b) Explain the following geometrical measurement features for shape representation: [12]
(i) Perimeter (ii) Holes (iii) Euler number (iv) Eccentricity.
im.sujit@gmail.com
3. (a) Explain the behaviour of the first order derivative and second order derivative functions at the point, ramp,
smooth and step changes of the gray values. [8]
(b) Explain and derive the successive doubling method used in FFT. Find and compare its computational
complexity with DFT. [12]
4. (a) Explain the use of finding connectivity of pixels. Explain the methods to find the connectivity of pixels and
the distance between the two pixels. [8]
(b) Explain Hough transform. Using it, detect the line for the following Image: [12]
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1
5. (a) Explain the different operators used for segmentation of an image. [8]
(b) Define and perform opening, closing, boundary detection operation on the following image using
as the structuring element: [12]
1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
6. (a) What is the skeleton of an image? Explain the methods to find the skeleton of an image. [8]
(b) What are moments? Why are they used in image processing? Explain Using moments find the centroid of
the following image: [12]
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
7. (a) Explain DCT and its properties. Find the DCT for the following image: [10]
2 4 4 2
4 6 8 3
2 8 10 4
3 8 6 2
(b) Explain JPEG and compress the above image using JPEG. [10]
2. (a) A 64 * 64 image, represented by 8 bits/pixel has following gray level distribution : [10]
Gray Level 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No. of Pixel 128 75 280 416 635 1058 820 684
Perform histogram Equalization and give new distribution of gray level. Show plots of original and
equalized image.
(b) Explain basic principles of detecting following in the images. [10]
(i) points (ii) lines (iii) edges.
Give 3 * 3 mask for each of them and explain their operation.
3. (a) Explain the method of segmentation of images by Region Splitting and Merging. [10]
(b) Explain the following morphological operation in terms of dilation and erosion operations. Hit or Miss,
Open, Close, Boundary, Skeleton. [10]
im.sujit@gmail.com
4. (a) What are different types of redundancies in digital images and give methods to remove those redundancies? [10]
(b) How many calculations do we require to compute the Hadamard transform? [4]
If X(n) = {4, 2, 2, 4}
(c) State and prove symmetry and periodically property of DFT. [6]
5. (a) Given a 4 × 4 image whose gray level, orders lexicographically are as follows: [10]
3 1 2 0 2 0 3 1 2 3 1 0 1 3 0 2 calculate the spatial moments up to second order.
(b) What do you understand by image averaging? [5]
(c) What is chain code and what are its application? [5]
6. (a) What do you understand by Discrete Cosine Transform? Explain its application in image compression. [10]
(b) Explain texture and image descriptor. [10]