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SECTION R1001 (1048 mm), but shall not be less than 3 feet (914 mm) above the
MASONRY CHIMNEYS highest point where the chimney passes through the roof.
R1001.1 General. Masonry chimneys shall be constructed, an- R1001.6.1 Spark arrestors. Where a spark arrestor is
chored, supported and reinforced as required in this chapter and installed on a masonry chimney, the spark arrestor shall meet
the applicable provisions of Chapters 3, 4 and 6. In Seismic De- all of the following requirements:
sign Categories D1 and D2, masonry and concrete chimneys 1. The net free area of the arrestor shall not be less than
shall be reinforced and anchored as detailed in Section R1003 four times the net free area of the outlet of the chimney
for chimneys serving fireplaces. In Seismic Design Category flue it serves.
A, B or C, reinforcement and seismic anchorage is not required.
2. The arrestor screen shall have heat and corrosion re-
Chimneys shall be structurally sound, durable, smoke-tight and
sistance equivalent to 19-gage galvanized steel or
capable of conveying flue gases to the exterior safely.
24-gage stainless steel.
R1001.1.1 Support. Masonry chimneys shall be supported 3. Openings shall not permit the passage of spheres hav-
on foundations of solid masonry or concrete at least 12 inch- ing a diameter greater than 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) nor
es (305 mm) thick and at least 6 inches (152 mm) beyond block the passage of spheres having a diameter less
each side of the exterior dimensions of the chimney. Foot- than 3/8 inch (9.5 mm).
ings shall be founded on natural, undisturbed earth below the 4. The spark arrestor shall be accessible for cleaning and
frostline. In areas not subject to freezing, footings shall be lo- the screen or chimney cap shall be removable to allow
cated a minimum of 12 inches (305 mm) below finished for cleaning of the chimney flue.
grade.
R1001.7 Wall thickness. Masonry chimney walls shall be
R1001.2 Corbeling. Masonry chimneys shall not be corbeled constructed of solid masonry units or hollow masonry units
more than one-half of the chimney’s wall thickness from a wall grouted solid with not less than a 4-inch (102 mm) nominal
or foundation, nor shall a chimney be corbeled from a wall or thickness.
foundation that is less than 12 inches (305 mm) in thickness un- R1001.8 Flue lining (material). Masonry chimneys shall be
less it projects equally on each side of the wall, except that on lined. The lining material shall be appropriate for the type of
the second story of a two-story dwelling, corbeling of chim- appliance connected, according to the terms of the appliance
neys on the exterior of the enclosing walls may equal the wall listing and manufacturer’s instructions.
thickness. The projection of a single course shall not exceed
one-half the unit height or one-third of the unit bed depth, R1001.8.1 Residential-type appliances (general). Flue
whichever is less. lining systems shall comply with one of the following:
R1001.3 Changes in dimension. The chimney wall or chim- 1. Clay flue lining complying with the requirements of
ney flue lining shall not change in size or shape within 6 inches ASTM C 315 or equivalent.
(152 mm) above or below where the chimney passes through 2. Listed chimney lining systems complying with UL
floor components, ceiling components or roof components. 1777.
3. Factory-built chimneys or chimney units listed for
R1001.4 Offsets. Where a masonry chimney is constructed installation within masonry chimneys.
with a fireclay flue liner surrounded by one wythe of masonry,
4. Other approved materials that will resist corrosion,
the maximum offset shall be such that the centerline of the flue
erosion, softening, or cracking from flue gases and
above the offset does not extend beyond the center of the chim-
condensate at temperatures up to 1,800EF (982EC).
ney wall below the offset. Where the chimney offset is sup-
ported by masonry below the offset in an approved manner, the R1001.8.2 Flue linings for specific appliances. Flue lin-
maximum offset limitations shall not apply. Each individual ings other than these covered in Section R1001.8.1, intended
corbeled masonry course of the offset shall not exceed the pro- for use with specific types of appliances, shall comply with
jection limitations specified in Section R1001.2. Sections R1001.8.3 through R1001.8.6.
R1001.5 Additional load. Chimneys shall not support loads R1001.8.3 Gas appliances. Flue lining systems for gas ap-
other than their own weight unless they are designed and pliances shall be in accordance with Chapter 24.
constructed to support the additional load. Masonry chimneys R1001.8.4 Pellet fuel-burning appliances. Flue lining and
shall be permitted to be constructed as part of the masonry walls vent systems for use in masonry chimneys with pellet fuel-
or reinforced concrete walls of the building. burning appliances shall be limited to the following:
R1001.6 Termination. Chimneys shall extend at least 2 feet 1. Flue lining systems complying with Section
(610 mm) higher than any portion of a building within 10 feet R1001.8.1.
2. Pellet vents listed for installation within masonry R1001.11 Flue area (appliance). Chimney flues shall not be
chimneys. (See Section R1001.8.6 for marking.) smaller in area than that of the area of the connector from the
appliance [see Tables R1001.11(1) and R1001.11(2)]. The siz-
R1001.8.5 Oil-fired appliances approved for use with ing of a chimney flue to which multiple-appliance venting sys-
Type L vent. Flue lining and vent systems for use in masonry tems are connected shall be in accordance with Section
chimneys with oil-fired appliances approved for use with M1805.3.
Type L vent shall be limited to the following:
1. Flue lining systems complying with Section TABLE R1001.11(1)
NET CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF ROUND FLUE SIZESa
R1001.8.1.
FLUE SIZE, INSIDE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
2. Listed chimney liners complying with UL 641. (See DIAMETER (inches) (square inches)
Section R1001.8.6 for marking.) 6 28
R1001.8.6 Notice of usage. When a flue is relined with a 7 38
material not complying with Section R1001.8.1, the chim- 8 50
ney shall be plainly and permanently identified by a label at-
10 78
tached to a wall, ceiling or other conspicuous location adja-
cent to where the connector enters the chimney. The label 103/4 90
shall include the following message or equivalent language: 12 113
15 176
THIS CHIMNEY FLUE IS FOR USE ONLY WITH
[TYPE OR CATEGORY OF APPLIANCE] 18 254
APPLIANCES THAT BURN [TYPE OF FUEL]. DO For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square inch = 645.16 mm2.
NOT CONNECT OTHER TYPES OF APPLIANCES. a. Flue sizes are based on ASTM C 315.
ratio of 2 to 1 or more shall have a minimum net cross- material or metal that will prevent the connector from pulling
sectional area of 1/8 of the fireplace opening. out of the inlet or from extending beyond the wall of the liner.
R1001.12.2 Option 2. The minimum net cross-sectional
area of the chimney flue shall be determined in accordance R1001.14 Masonry chimney cleanout openings. Cleanout
with Figure R1001.12.2. A flue size providing at least the openings shall be provided within 6 inches (152 mm) of the
equivalent net cross-sectional area shall be used. Cross- base of each flue within every masonry chimney. The upper
sectional areas of clay flue linings are provided in Tables edge of the cleanout shall be located at least 6 inches (152 mm)
R1001.11(1) and R1001.11(2) or as provided by the below the lowest chimney inlet opening. The height of the
manufacturer or as measured in the field. The height of the opening shall be at least 6 inches (152 mm). The cleanout shall
chimney shall be measured from the firebox floor to the top be provided with a noncombustible cover.
of the chimney flue.
R1001.13 Inlet. Inlets to masonry chimneys shall enter from Exception: Chimney flues serving masonry fireplaces
the side. Inlets shall have a thimble of fireclay, rigid refractory where cleaning is possible through the fireplace opening.
3000
2800
2600
2400
2000
1600
1200
110 124
1000
76 91 800
70 82 600
53 58
400
32 37
200
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
OPENING AREA
RECTANGULAR
SQUARE OR
ROUND
FIREPLACE
FLUES
OF COMBUSTION CHAMBER TO
TOP OF FLUE (FT.)
R1001.15 Chimney clearances. Any portion of a masonry flue lining. Combustible material and trim shall not
chimney located in the interior of the building or within the ex- overlap the corners of the chimney by more than 1
terior wall of the building shall have a minimum air space clear- inch (25.4 mm).
ance to combustibles of 2 inches (51 mm). Chimneys located R1001.16 Chimney fireblocking. All spaces between chim-
entirely outside the exterior walls of the building, including neys and floors and ceilings through which chimneys pass shall
chimneys that pass through the soffit or cornice, shall have a be fireblocked with noncombustible material securely fastened
minimum air space clearance of 1 inch (25.4 mm). The air in place. The fireblocking of spaces between chimneys and
space shall not be filled, except to provide fire blocking in ac- wood joists, beams or headers shall be to a depth of 1 inch (25.4
cordance with Section R1001.16. mm) and shall only be placed on strips of metal or metal lath
Exceptions: laid across the spaces between combustible material and the
chimney.
1. Masonry chimneys equipped with a chimney lining
system listed and labeled for use in chimneys in con- R1001.17 Chimney crickets. Chimneys shall be provided
tact with combustibles in accordance with UL 1777 with crickets when the dimension parallel to the ridgeline is
and installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s greater than 30 inches (762 mm) and does not intersect the
installation instructions are permitted to have com- ridgeline. The intersection of the cricket and the chimney shall
bustible material in contact with their exterior sur- be flashed and counterflashed in the same manner as normal
faces. roof-chimney intersections. Crickets shall be constructed in
2. When masonry chimneys are constructed as part of compliance with Figure R1001.17 and Table R1001.17.
masonry or concrete walls, combustible materials
shall not be in contact with the masonry or concrete TABLE R1001.17
wall less than 12 inches (306 mm) from the inside sur- CRICKET DIMENSIONS
face of the nearest flue lining. ROOF SLOPE H
3. Exposed combustible trim and the edges of sheathing 12 - 12 1/
2 of W
materials, such as wood siding and flooring, shall be 8 - 12 1/ of W
3
permitted to abut the masonry chimney side walls, in 6 - 12 1/ of W
4
accordance with Figure R1001.15 provided such 1/ of W
combustible trim or sheathing is a minimum of 12 4 - 12 6
3 - 12 1/ of W
inches (306 mm) from the inside surface of the nearest 8
FLUE
LINING
MASONRY ABUTTING
COMBUSTIBLE SHEATHING
12 IN. FROM FLUE LINING
FLUE LINER
1 IN. MIN.
H
AIR SPACE
ROOF LINE
TABLE R1003.1
SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY FIREPLACES AND CHIMNEYS
ITEM LETTERa REQUIREMENTS
2 FT. MIN.
K BOND BEAM
E
MORTAR CAP MASONRY CAP
BRICK BLOCK
CLEARANCE L
P EFFECTIVE 10 FT. MIN.
FLUE AREA
PLAN VIEW
FLUE LINING
MORTAR CAP
K BOND BEAM
K BOND BEAM
S ANCHORAGE 2 FT. MIN. J HORIZONTAL
REINFORCING TIES
CLEARANCE R
10 FT. MIN.
HORIZONTAL DETAIL FOR
J FULL MASONRY
REINFORCING TIES
WALL H VERTICAL
REINFORCING
FLASHING
ANCHOR STRAP
1/ IN. MIN.
2 THERMAL CLEARANCE R 6 IN. MIN.
DISTANCE
21 IN. MIN. PURGE 8 IN.
H VERTICAL
REINFORCING WITH J HORIZONTAL
MORTAR REINFORCING TIES
8 IN. MIN. 1/ IN. MIN.
F 2
MEASURE HEIGHT
4 IN. MIN.
E FIREBOX WALL LINTEL L
OF FREE STANDING 4 IN. THICK MASONRY UNITS
THICKNESS FIREPLACE FROM
TOP OF FOOTING
HEARTH FIREPLACE F
HEARTH 20 IN. EXTENSION OPENING VERTICAL REINFORCING
MIN. FIREBRICK H 20 IN. LAP IF SPLICED TO
C HEIGHT
LINTEL L FOOTING DOWELS
D FOOTING WIDTH
T 6 IN. AROUND
HEARTH SLAB
ASH DUMP OPTIONAL REINFORCEMENT 18 IN. MIN. T FREE STANDING
CLEAN OUT GRADE FIREPLACE
FOOTING DEPTH T
T FOOTING WIDTH FOOTING WIDTH T NATURAL
GRADE
BARS IN CONCRETE
T FOOTING HEARTH 20 IN. MIN.
FIGURE R1003.1
FIREPLACE AND CHIMNEY DETAILS
R1003.3.2 Horizontal reinforcing. Vertical reinforcement above the lintel and is at least 1/20 the cross-sectional area of the
shall be placed within 1/4-inch (6.4 mm) ties, or other fireplace opening.
reinforcing of equivalent net cross-sectional area, placed in
the bed joints according to Section R607 at a minimum of Interpretation R1003.6: The depth of the firebox is measured from
every 18 inches (457 mm) of vertical height. Two such ties the back of the firebox to the finished face of the fireplace
shall be provided at each bend in the vertical bars.
R1003.7 Lintel and throat. Masonry over a fireplace opening shall be
R1003.4 Seismic anchorage. Masonry and concrete supported by a lintel of noncombustible material. The minimum
chimneys in Seismic Design Categories D1 and D2 shall be required bearing length on each end of the fireplace opening shall be 4
anchored at each floor, ceiling or roof line more than 6 feet inches (102 mm). The fireplace throat or damper shall be located a
(1829 mm) above grade, except where constructed completely minimum of 8 inches (203 mm) above the lintel.
within the exterior walls. Anchorage shall conform to the
R1003.7.1 Damper. Masonry fireplaces shall be equipped with a
requirements of Section R1003.4.1.
tight-fitting ferrous metal damper located at least 8 inches (203 mm)
R1003.4.1Anchorage. Two 3/16-inch by 1-inch (4.8mm above the top of the fireplace opening. Dampers shall be installed in
by 25.4 mm) straps shall be embedded a minimum of 12 the fireplace or the chimney venting the fireplace, and shall be
inches (305 mm) into the chimney. Straps shall be hooked operable from the room containing the fireplace.
around the outer bars and extend 6 inches (152 mm)
R1003.8 Smoke chamber. Smoke chamber walls shall be constructed
beyond the bend. Each strap shall be fastened to a
of solid masonry units, hollow masonry units grouted solid, stone or
minimum of four floor ceiling or floor joists or rafters with
concrete. Corbelling of masonry units shall not leave unit cores exposed
two 1/2-inch (12.7 mm) bolts.
to the inside of the smoke chamber. When a lining of firebrick at least 2
R1003.5 Firebox walls. Masonry fireboxes shall be inches (51 mm) thick, or a lining of vitrified clay at least 5/8 inch (15.9
constructed of solid masonry units, hollow masonry units mm) thick, is provided, the total minimum thickness of front, back and
grouted solid, stone or concrete. When a lining of firebrick at side walls shall be 6 inches (152mm) of solid masonry, including the
least 2 inches (51 mm) in thickness or other approved lining lining. Firebrick shall conform to ASTMC 27 or C 1261 and shall be
is provided, the minimum thickness of back and side walls laid with medium-duty refractory mortar conforming to ASTM C
shall each be 8 inches (203 mm) of solid masonry, including 199.Where no lining is provided, the total minimum thickness of front,
the lining. The width of joints between firebricks shall not be back and sidewalls shall be 8 inches (203 mm) of solid masonry. When
greater than 1/4 inch (6.4 mm). When no lining is provided, the inside surface of the smoke chamber is formed by corbeled
masonry, the inside surface shall be parged smooth.
Æ the total minimum thickness of back and side walls shall be
10 inches (254 mm) of solid masonry. Firebrick shall conform
R1003.8.1 Smoke chamber dimensions. The inside height of the
to ASTM C 27 or C 1261 and shall be laid with medium duty
smoke chamber from the fireplace throat to the beginning of the flue
refractory mortar conforming to ASTM C 199.
shall not be greater than the inside width of the fireplace opening.
R1003.5.1 Steel fireplace units. Steel fireplace units are The inside surface of the smoke chamber shall not be inclined more
permitted to be installed with solid masonry to form a than 45 degrees (0.39 rad) from vertical when prefabricated smoke
masonry fireplace when installed either according to the chamber linings are used or when the smoke chamber walls are rolled
requirements of their listing or according to the or sloped rather than corbeled. When the inside surface of the smoke
requirements of this section. Steel fireplace units chamber is formed by corbeled masonry, the walls shall not be
incorporating a steel firebox lining, shall be constructed corbeled more than 30 degrees (0.26 rad) from vertical.
with steel not less than 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) in thickness, and
R1003.9 Hearth and hearth extension. Masonry fireplace hearths and
an air circulating chamber which is ducted to the interior of
hearth extensions shall be constructed of concrete or masonry,
the building. The firebox lining shall be encased with solid
supported by noncombustible materials, and reinforced to carry their
masonry to provide a total thickness at the back and sides
own weight and all imposed loads. No combustible material shall
of not less than 8 inches (203 mm), of which not less than 4
remain against the underside of hearths and hearth extensions after
inches (102 mm) shall be of solid masonry or concrete.
Circulating airducts employed with steel fireplace units
construction. Å
shall be constructed of metal or masonry. R1003.9.1 Hearth thickness. The minimum thickness of fireplace
hearths shall be 4 inches (102 mm).
R1003.6 Firebox dimensions. The firebox of a concrete or
masonry fireplace shall have a minimum depth of 20 inches R1003.9.2 Hearth extension thickness. The minimum thickness of
(508 mm). The throat shall not be less than 8 inches (203 hearth extensions shall be 2 inches (51 mm).
mm) above the fireplace opening. The throat opening shall
not be less than 4 inches (102 mm) in depth. The cross- Exception: When the bottom of the firebox opening is raised at
sectional area of the passageway above the firebox, including least 8 inches (203 mm) above the top of the hearth extension, a
the throat, damper and smoke chamber, shall not be less than hearth extension of not less than 3/8-inch-thick (9.5mm) brick,
the cross-sectional area of the flue. concrete, stone, tile or other approved noncombustible material is
permitted.
Exception: Rumford fireplaces shall be permitted provided
that the depth of the fireplace is at least 12 inches (305 R1003.10 Hearth extension dimensions. Hearth extensions shall
mm) and at least one-third of the width of the fireplace extend at least 16 inches (406 mm) in front of and at least 8 inches (203
opening, that the throat is at least 12 inches (305 mm) mm) beyond each side of the fireplace opening. Where the fireplace
opening is 6 square feet (0.557 m2) or larger, the hearth conditions of the listing. Factory-built fireplaces shall be tested in
extension shall extend at least 20 inches (508 mm) in front of accordance with UL 127.
and at least 12 inches (305 mm) beyond each side of the R1004.2 Hearth extensions. Hearth extensions of approved factory-
fireplace opening. built fireplaces shall be installed in accordance with the listing of the
R1003.11 Fireplace clearance. All wood beams, joists, studs fireplace. The hearth extension shall be readily distinguishable from the
and other combustible material shall have a clearance of not surrounding floor area.
less than 2 inches (51 mm) from the front faces and sides of R1004.3 Decorative shrouds. Decorative shrouds shall not be installed
masonry fireplaces and not less than 4 inches (102 mm) from at the termination of chimneys for factory-built fireplaces except where
the back faces of masonry fireplaces. The air space shall not such shrouds are listed and labeled for use with the specific factory-built
be filled, except to provide fire blocking in accordance with fireplace system and installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
Section R1003.13. installation instructions.
Exceptions: R1004.4 Unvented gas log heaters. An unvented gas log heater shall
1. Masonry fireplaces listed and labeled for use in contact not be installed in a factory-built fireplace unless the fireplace system
with combustibles in accordance with UL 127 and has been specifically tested, listed and labeled for such use in
installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s accordance with UL 127.
installation instructions are permitted to have combustible [W] R1004.1.1 Emission Standards for Factory-built
material in contact with their exterior surfaces. Fireplaces. After January 1, 1997, no new or used factory-built
2. When masonry fireplaces are part of masonry or concrete fireplace shall be installed in Washington state unless it is certified
walls, combustible materials shall not be in contact with and labeled in accordance with procedures and criteria specified in
the masonry or concrete walls less than 12 inches (305 the Washington State Building Code Standard 31-2.
mm) from the inside surface of the nearest firebox lining. To certify an entire fireplace model line, the internal assembly
3. Exposed combustible trim and the edges of sheathing shall be tested to determine its particulate matter emission
materials such as wood siding, flooring and drywall shall performance. Retesting and recertifying is required if the design and
be permitted to abut the masonry fireplace side walls and construction specifications of the fireplace model line internal
hearth extension in accordance with Figure R1003.12, assembly change. Testing for certification shall be performed by a
provided such combustible trim or sheathing is a Washington state department of ecology (DOE) approved and U.S.
minimum of 12 inches (305 mm) from the inside surface Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) accredited laboratory.
of the nearest firebox lining. R1004.1.2 Emission Standards for Certified Masonry and
4. Exposed combustible mantels or trim may be placed Concrete Fireplaces. After January 1, 1997, new certified masonry
directly on the masonry fireplace front surrounding the or concrete fireplaces installed in Washington state shall be tested
fireplace opening providing such combustible materials and labeled in accordance with procedures and criteria specified in
shall not be placed within 6 inches (152 mm) of a the Washington State Building Code Standard 31-2.
fireplace opening. Combustible material within 12 inches To certify an entire fireplace model line, the internal assembly
(306 mm) of the fireplace opening shall not project more shall be tested to determine its particulate matter emission
than 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) for each 1-inch (25.4 mm) distance performance. Retesting and recertifying is required if the design and
from such an opening. construction specifications of the fireplace model line internal
R1003.12 Mantel and trim. Woodwork or other combustible assembly change. Testing for certification shall be performed by a
materials shall not be placed within 6 inches (152 mm) of a Washington state department of ecology (DOE) approved and U.S.
fireplace opening. Combustible material within 12 inches Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) accredited laboratory.
(305 mm) of the fireplace opening shall not project more than SECTION R1005
1
/8 inch (3.2 mm) for each 1-inch (25.4 mm) distance from EXTERIOR AIR SUPPLY
such opening. R1005.1 Exterior air. Factory-built or masonry fireplaces covered in
R1003.13 Fireplace fireblocking. Fireplace fireblocking this chapter shall be equipped with an exterior air supply to assure
shall comply with the provisions of Section R602.8. proper fuel combustion unless the room is mechanically ventilated and
SECTION R1004 controlled so that the indoor pressure is neutral or positive.
FACTORY-BUILT FIREPLACES
R1004.1 General. Factory-built fireplaces shall be listed and
labeled and shall be installed in accordance with the
SECTION R1006
MASONRY HEATERS
R1006.1 Installation. A masonry heater shall be installed ac-
cording to one of the following:
1. The terms of its listing; or
2. ASTM E 1602.
R1006.2 Seismic reinforcing. Masonry heaters shall be an-
chored and reinforced as required in this chapter. All masonry
heaters shall maintain a minimum clearance of 4 inches (100
mm) to adjacent framing from the body of the masonry heater.
In Seismic Design Categories A, B and C, reinforcement and
seismic anchorage shall not be required. In Seismic Design
Categories D1, and D2, masonry heaters shall be anchored to
the foundation. Where the masonry chimney shares a common
wall with the facing of the masonry heater, the chimney portion
of the structure shall be reinforced in accordance with Section
R1003.3.