SECTION – A

VECTOR CALCULUS
 Scalar Quantity

A quantity which has only magnitude is called scalar

quantity.
For Exp.:- Time, Mass, weight etc.
 Vector Quantity
A quantity which has both magnitude and direction is
called vector quantity.
For Exp.:- velocity, acceleration, gravitational force etc.
 Vector Function
If 𝑟 is a function of scalar variable t, then we write

𝑟=𝑟 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝑡)
 Derivative of a vector
function
The derivative of a vector function 𝑟 w.r.t. ‘t’ are denoted by
𝑑𝑟 𝑑2𝑟 𝑑3𝑟
, , ---------- of first, second, third, ------------- order
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 3
respectively.
 Position Vector

𝑟 =𝑥𝑖 +𝑦𝑗 +𝑧𝑘 is the position vector of the point P(x,y,z).

 Velocity and Acceleration

𝑑𝑟 2
𝑑𝑟
If 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝑡) then 𝑣 = , 𝑎 = 2 are called the velocity and
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
acceleration of the particle at any time t.
 𝑑2𝑟
Q1. If 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝜔 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑟
−𝜔2 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 × = −𝜔 𝑎 × 𝑏
𝑑𝑡

Q2. Find the angle between tangents to the curve 𝑟 = 𝑡 2 𝑖 + 2𝑡𝑗 − 𝑡 3 𝑘 at the point
𝑡 = ±1.

Q3. A particle moves along the curve x = t3 + 1, y = t2, z = 2t + 5 where t is the

time. Find the components of its velocity and acceleration at t=1 in the direction
2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘.
SCALARANDVECTORPOINTFUNCTIONS
Point Function. A variable quantity, whose value at any
point in a region of space depends upon the position of the
point, is called a point function.
There are two types of the point Functions.
(i) Scalar Point Function. If to each point P(x, y, z) of
region R in space the function φ(x, y, z) gives a scalar
quantity then φ is called a scalar point function. For
example, the temperature distribution in a heated body,

density of a body and potential due to gravity are the

examples of a scalar point function.
→
(ii) Vector Point Function. If to each point P(x, y, z) of a
region R in space the function V ( x , y , z)
→
gives a vector quantity then V is called a vector point
function. For example, the velocity of a moving fluid,
gravitational force is the examples of vector point function.
 Vector Differential Operator Del i.e. 𝛁

The Vector Differential Operator Del is denoted by ∇ and is defined as

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇= 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 Gradient of a Scalar Point
Function

If ∅(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) be a scalar point function then the Gradient of ∅ is denoted

by grad∅ or ∇∅ and is defined as
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
Grad∅ = ∇∅ = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 ∅ = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 Physical Meaning of
Gradient
If a surface φ(x, y, z) = c passes
through a point P. The value of
the function at each point on the
surface is the same as at P. Then
such a function is called a level
surface through P. For example, if
φ (x, y, z) represents potential at
the point P, the equipotential
surface φ (x, y, z) = c is a level
surface.
Two level surfaces can not
intersect.
Let the level surface pass through the
point P at which the value of the
function is φ. Consider another level
surface
passes through Q, where the value
of the function is φ + δφ.
Let r and r  δ r
—→ →

Since be the position vector of P and Q, then PQ  δ r ;

→ ˆ ˆ ˆ
⇒ r =xi  y j zk
→ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Now δr = δx i  δy j  δz k.

→ → ˆ i
∂φ  ˆ ∂φ ˆ ∂φ ˆ
∇φ · δ r = j k · (δ x i  δy

∂x ∂y ∂z
= ∂φ δx  ∂φ δ y  ∂φ δ z  δφ
...(i)
∂x ∂y ∂z
If Q lies on the level surface of P, then δφ = 0.
→ →
Equation (i) becomes ∇φ · δ r = 0.
→ →
Then ∇φ is perpendicular to δ r (target)
Then ∇φ is normal to the surface φ(x, y, z) = c
 Directional Derivative

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
If ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a scalar point function then , , are the
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
directional derivative of ∅ along x-axis, y-axis, z-axis respectively.

The directional derivative of ∅ along the direction 𝑃𝑄 is given by ∇∅ ∙ 𝑛

where 𝑛

is the unit vector along the direction 𝑃𝑄

𝑃𝑄
𝑛=
𝑃𝑄
 Properties of Gradient

(a) If ∅ is a constant scalar point function, then ∇∅ = 0

(b) If ∅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅2 are two scalar point functions, then
(i) ∇ ∅1 ± ∅2 = ∇∅1 ± ∇∅2
(ii) ∇ 𝑐1 ∅1 + 𝑐2 ∅2 =
𝑐1 ∇∅1 + 𝑐2 ∇∅2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠.
(iii) ∇ ∅1 ∅2 = ∅1 ∇∅2 + ∅2 ∇∅1
∅1 ∅2 ∇∅1 −∅1 ∇∅2
(iv) ∇ =
∅2 ∅2 2
Q1. Find grad∅ when ∅ = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (1,3,2).

Q2. If 𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡

𝑟
(i) ∇𝑓 𝑟 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
𝑟
𝑟
(ii) ∇ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟 =
𝑟2

Q3. Find a unit vector normal to the surface 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 = 4 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 −1, −1,2 .

Q4. Find the directional derivative of the function

∅ = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 2, −1,1 in the direction of the normal to the
surface 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 − 𝑦 2 + 4 = 0 𝑎𝑡 (−1,2,1).

Q5. Calculate the angle between the normals to the surface xy = z2 at the point
(4, 1, 2) and (3, 3, -3).

Q6. Find the constants a and b so that the surface 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏𝑦𝑧 = 𝑎 + 2 𝑥 is

orthogonal to the surface 4𝑥 2 + 𝑧 3 = 4 at the point (1, -1, 2).
 Divergence of a Vector
point function
The divergence of a differentiable vector point function 𝑉 is denoted by
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 or ∇ ∙ 𝑉 and is defined as
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 = ∇ ∙ 𝑉 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 ∙𝑉
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
= 𝑖 ∙ +𝑗∙ +𝑘∙
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

If we take 𝑉 = 𝑉1 𝑖 + 𝑉2 𝑗 + 𝑉3 𝑘 then
𝜕𝑉1 𝜕𝑉2 𝜕𝑉3
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑉 = ∇ ∙ 𝑉 = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Clearly the divergence of a vector point function is a scalar point

function.
Note:- If the divergence of a vector
point function is zero then the
function is said to be Solenoidal.
 Curl of a Vector point
function
The curl or rotation of a vector point function 𝑉 is denoted by
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑉 𝑜𝑟 ∇ × 𝑉 and is defined as
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑉 𝑜𝑟 ∇ × 𝑉 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 ×𝑉
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
=𝑖 × +𝑗× +𝑘×
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

If we take 𝑉 = 𝑉1 𝑖 + 𝑉2 𝑗 + 𝑉3 𝑘 then

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑉 𝑜𝑟 ∇ × 𝑉 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
Clearly the curl of a vector point function is a vector point function.
Note:- If the curl of a vector point
function is zero then the vector
is said to be irrotational.
 Physical Interpretation of
Divergence
Consider a fluid having density e = e(x, y, z, t) and→ →

velocity time t. v  v ( x , y , z , t) at a point (x, y, z) at

→ → →
Let V  eV , then v is a vector having the same
→ →
direction as v and magnitude e | v | . It is
known as plux its direction gives the direction of
the fluid flow, and its magnitude gives the mass
of fluid flow, and its magnitude gives the mass of
fluid crossing per unit time at a unit area placed
perpendicular to the direction of flow.
Consider the motion of fluid having velocity
→ ˆ ˆ ˆ
V  Vxi  V y j  Vz k at a point P(x, y, z). Consider a small parallelopiped with edges δx, δy, δz
parallel to axes with one of its
corners at P.
The mass of the fluid entering
through the face F1 per unit time is
Vy δx δz and that flowing out
∂ Vy
through the oppositeface F2 is Vy + δy δx δz = Vy
 δ y δ x δ z – Vy δ x δ z 
∂y
Similarly, considering the other two
pairs of faces, we get the total
decrease in the mass of fluid
∂ Vx ∂ Vy ∂ Vz
inside the parallellopiped per unit time =   δ x δ y δz.
∂x ∂y ∂z
Dividing this by the volume δx δy δz
of the parallelopiped, we have the
rate of loss of fluid per unit time
∂ Vx ∂ Vy ∂ Vz →
= ∂x  ∂y  ∂z  div V

Hence, div V→ gives the rate of

outflow per unit volume at a point of

the fluid.
 Physical Interpretation of
Curl
Consider a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis through O with uniform angular velocity.
→ ˆ ˆ ˆ
ω = ω1 i ω2 j ω3 k.
→ → → →
The velocity V of any point P(x, y, z) on the body is given by
V  ω  r, where
→ ˆ ˆ ˆ
rxi  y j  z k is the position vector of P.
ˆ ˆ ˆ
→ → → i j k
∴ V = ω r ω ω ω3
1 2
x y z
ˆ ˆ
= (ω 2 z – ω 3 y ) i  (ω 3 x – ω1 z ) j 
ˆ

iˆ j
→ → → ∂ ∂
curl V = ω  r 
∂x ∂y ω
ω2z–ω3 3 x ˆ – ω1z
 ω
y
2 ) j ( 3
ˆ →
= (ω 1  ω 1 ) i  (ω 2  ω  2 ω
ˆ ˆ ˆ
= 2(ω1 i  ω 2 j ω3 k)

→ 1 curl V→.
⇒ ω = 2
Thus, the angular velocity at any
point is equal to half the curl of
the linear velocity at that point of
the body.
Q1. If 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 show that

(i) 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑟 = 3 (ii) curl𝑟 = 0

Q2. Find the divergence and curl of the vector 𝑉 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑖 +

3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 2, −1, 1 .

Q3. Find the values of a, b, c for which the vector 𝑉 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑖 +

𝑏𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑗 + 3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.

Q4. Show that vector field 𝐹 = 2𝑥 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 3 𝑖 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑗 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑘 is

irrotational and find its scalar potential.
 Properties of Divergence
and Curl
1. For a constant vector 𝑎, 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑎 = 0, 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑎 = 0
2. ∇ ∙ 𝐴 + 𝐵 = ∇ ∙ 𝐴 + ∇ ∙ 𝐵
3. ∇ × 𝐴 + 𝐵 = ∇ × 𝐴 + ∇ × 𝐵
4. If 𝐴 is a vector function and ∅ is a scalar function, then∇ ∙ ∅𝐴 =
∅ ∇ ∙ 𝐴 + (∇∅) ∙ 𝐴
5. If 𝐴 is a vector function and ∅ is a scalar function, then∇ ×
∅𝐴 = ∅ ∇ × 𝐴 + (∇∅) × 𝐴
6. ∇ ∙(𝐴 ∙ 𝐵) = 𝐴 ∙ ∇ 𝐵 + 𝐵 ∙ ∇ 𝐴 + 𝐴 × ∇ × 𝐵 + 𝐵 × ∇ × 𝐴
7. ∇ ∙ (𝐴 × 𝐵) = 𝐵 ∙ ∇ × 𝐴 − 𝐴 ∙ ∇ × 𝐵
8. ∇ × (𝐴 × 𝐵) = ∇ ∙ 𝐵 𝐴 − ∇ ∙ 𝐴 + (𝐵 ∙ ∇)𝐴 − (𝐴 ∙ ∇)𝐵
RepeatedOperations by 𝛁
2
1. Div(grad∅) = ∇ ∅
2. 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑∅ = ∇×∇∅ = 0
3. 𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑉 = ∇∙ ∇×𝑉 = 0
2
4. ∇× ∇×𝑉 = ∇ ∇∙𝑉 −∇ 𝑉
Q1. If 𝑎 is a constant vector and 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 , prove that 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑎 × 𝑟 = 2𝑎.
2 ′′ 2 ′
Q2. Prove that ∇ 𝑓 𝑟 = 𝑓 𝑟 + 𝑓 (𝑟)
𝑟

Q3. If 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘, prove that

(i) ∇ ∙ 𝑟 𝑛 𝑟 = (𝑛 + 3)𝑟 𝑛
1 3
(ii) ∇ ∙ 𝑟∇ =
𝑟3 𝑟4
2 𝑟 2
(iii) ∇ ∇ ∙ =
𝑟2 𝑟4

Q4. If 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 have their usual meaning and 𝑎 is a constant vector, prove that
𝑎 ×𝑟 2−𝑛 𝑛(𝑎 ∙𝑟 )
∇× = 𝑎+ 𝑟
𝑟𝑛 𝑟𝑛 𝑟 𝑛+2
INTEGRATION OF VECTOR
POINT FUNCTIONS
 → →
Let f (t ) and F (t ) be two vector functions of a scalar variable t such that
d → → → → → →

dt [ F (t )]  f (t ) then F (t ) is called an integral of f (t ) with respect to t and write ∫ f (t ) dt  F (t ).

→ d → →

If c is any arbitrary constant vector independent of t, then [F (t )  c ]  f (t )

dt
→ → →
∴∫ f (t ) dt  F (t )  c .
→ → →
F (t ) is called the inefinite integral of f ( t ). The constant vector c is called the constant of
integration and can be determined if some initial conditions are given.
→
The definite integral of f (t ) between the limits t = a and t = b is written as
→
→ → →
∫ba f (t ) dt = [ F (t )]ba  F (b ) – F ( a).
Q1. If 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 have their usual meaning and 𝑎 is a constant vector, prove that
𝑎 ×𝑟 2−𝑛 𝑛(𝑎 ∙𝑟 )
∇× = 𝑛 𝑎+ 𝑟
𝑟𝑛 𝑟 𝑟 𝑛+2

2 3 2 𝑑 2𝑟
Q2. If 𝑟 𝑡 = 5𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑡𝑗 − 𝑡 𝑘 ,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 1
𝑟× 𝑑𝑡 = −14𝑖 + 75𝑗 − 15𝑘
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑 2𝑟 2
Q3. Find the value of 𝑟 satisfying the equation 2 = 6𝑡𝑖 − 24𝑡 𝑗 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑘 given
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟
that 𝑟 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = −𝑖 − 3𝑘 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡
 Line Integral
Any integral which is to be evaluated along a curve is called a line
integral.
𝑑𝑟
Line Integral = 𝐹∙ from A to B along the curve C.
𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑟
Line Integral = 𝐶
𝐹∙ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐶
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑠

Hence the line integral is denoted by

𝑑𝑟
𝐶
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 or 𝐶
𝐹∙ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

If the scalar product is replaced by vector products, then the

corresponding line integral is defined as

𝐶
𝐹 × 𝑑𝑟 which is a vector

If the vector function 𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 by a scalar function ∅ then the

corresponding line integral is defined as

𝐶
∅𝑑𝑟 which is a vector.
 Circulation

In fluid dynamics, if 𝑉 represents the velocity of the particle and C is closed curve,
then the integral 𝐶 𝑉 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 is called the circulation of 𝑉 around the curve C.

If the circulation of 𝑉 around every closed curve in a region R vanishes, then 𝑉 is

said to be irrotational.
 Work Done by a Force

Let 𝐹 represent the force acting on a particle moving along an arc AB.
𝐵
The work done by 𝐹 during displacement from A to B = 𝐴
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟
Q1. If 𝐹 = 5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 𝑖 + (2𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑗 evaluate 𝐶
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 along the
3
curve C in the xy – plane , y = x from the point (1, 1) to (2, 8).

2
Q2. Find the work done in moving a particle once round the circle x +
2
y = 9 in the xy – plane if the field of force is 𝐹 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑖 +
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 2 𝑗 + (3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧)𝑘.

Q3. Find the circulation of 𝐹 round the curve C, where 𝐹 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑖 +

𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑗 and C is the rectangle whose vertices are (0,0), (1,0), (1,π/2)
and (0, π/2).
 Surface Integral
Any integral which is to be evaluated over a surface is called a
surface integral

Surface integral of 𝐹 over the surface S 𝐹∙𝑛 = 𝑆

(𝐹 ∙ 𝑛)𝑑𝑆

Also flux= 𝑆
(𝐹 ∙ 𝑛)𝑑𝑆 where 𝐹 represents the velocity of a fluid.

If 𝑆
(𝐹 ∙ 𝑛)𝑑𝑆 = 0 , then 𝐹 is said to be a solenoidal vector point
function.
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑆
(𝐹 ∙ 𝑛)𝑑𝑆 = 𝑅
𝐹∙𝑛 where 𝑑𝑠 = and R be the
𝑘 ∙𝑛 𝑘 ∙𝑛
orthogonal projection of S on the xy – plane.

Other type of surface integrals are 𝑆

𝐹 × 𝑑𝑠 , 𝑆
∅𝑑𝑆 where
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑛𝑑𝑆
 Volume Integrals
Any integral which is to be evaluated over a volume is called a volume
integrals.

If V is a volume bounded by a surface S, then the triple integrals

𝑉
∅𝑑𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉
𝐹𝑑𝑉 are called volume integrals. The first of these
is a scalar and the second is a vector.

If we sub- divide the volume V into small cuboids by drawing planes

parallel to the co-ordinates planes, then dV = dxdydz

So 𝑉
∅𝑑𝑉 = 𝑉
∅𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
 3
Q1. Show that 𝑆
(𝐹 ∙ 𝑛)𝑑𝑆 = where 𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖 + 𝑦2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧𝑘 and S is
2
the surface of the cube bounded by the planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z
= 0, z = 1.

Q2. Evaluate 𝑆
(𝐹 ∙ 𝑛)𝑑𝑆 , where 𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦2 𝑗 + 𝑧2 𝑘 and S is the
2 2
surface bounded by the region x + y = 4, z = 0, z = 3.

Q3. If 𝐹 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑧 𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑗 − 4𝑥𝑘 then evaluate 𝑉

∇ × 𝐹 where
V is the closed region bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and 2x +
2y + z = 4.
 GAUSS'S DIVERGENCE
THEOREM.
(RELATION BETWEEN SURFACE AND
If F is a vector point function having continuous first order partial derivatives in the region V
VOLUME INTEGRALS) → →

is the outwards
bounded by a closed surface S, then ∫∫∫V ∇ · F dV  ∫∫S F · nˆ dS, where nˆ

drawn unit normal vector to the surface S. [i.e. the volume integral of the divergence of a

vector point function F taken over the volume V enclosed by a surface S, is equal to the

surface integral of the normal component of F taken over the closed surface S].
Q1. Verify divergence theorem for 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑗 +
(𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘 taken over the rectangular parallelepiped 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤
b, 0 ≤ z ≤ c.

Q2. Use divergence theorem to evaluate 𝑆

(𝐹 ∙ 𝑛)𝑑𝑆 where
𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘 and S is the boundary of the region bounded by
the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 and the plane z = 4y.

Q3. Use divergence theorem to show that 𝐶

𝑟 𝑛 𝑟 ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = (𝑛 +
3) 𝑉
𝑟 𝑛 𝑑𝑉 , (𝑛 ≠ −3) where S is any closed surface enclosing a
volume V.
 Green’s Theorem

If M(x,y) and N(x,y) be continuous function of x and y having continuous

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
partial derivatives and in a region R of the xy – plane bounded by
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
a closed curve C, then 𝐶 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 where
C is transverse in the counter clockwise direction.
Q1. Verify the Green’s theorem in the plane for 𝐶
[ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 +
2
𝑥 𝑑𝑦] where C is the closed curve of the region bounded by y = x and y
2
=x .

Q2. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate 𝐶

[ 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑦]
where C is the plane triangle enclosed by the lines y = 0, x = π/2 and y =
2x/π.

Q3. Apply Green’s theorem to prove that the area enclosed by a plane
1
curve is 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 . Hence find the area of an ellipse whose
2 𝐶
semi major and minor axes are of length a and b.
 STOKE’S THEOREM
(Relation between line and surface integrals)

If S be an open surface bounded by a closed C and 𝐹 = 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘

be any vector point function having continuous first order partial
derivatives, then 𝐶 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑆
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆 where 𝑛 is a unit normal
vector at any point of S drawn in the sense in which a right handed
screw would advance when rotated in the sense of description of C.
Q1. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the vector field 𝐹 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑖 −
2 2 2 2 2
𝑦𝑧 𝑗 − 𝑦 𝑧𝑘 over the upper half surface of x + y +z =1 , bounded by
its projection on the xy – plane.

Q2. Using Stoke’s theorem to evaluate 𝐶

(2𝑦3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 +
𝑧𝑑𝑧) where C is the trace of the cone = x2 + y2 , intersecting by the
plane z = 4 and the surface of the cone below z = 4.

Q3. Using Stoke’s theorem to evaluate 𝐶

(𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑑𝑧) where
2 2 2 2
C is the curve of intersection of x + y +z =a and x + z = a.