Part 4 Tubing Sizing and Well Performance New PDF

Production Tubing Design
&
Well Performance
By
Prof. Abdel-Alim Hashem
1
Well Completions & Workovers
API Clasification of tubular goods
- Normal Steels H40, J55, K55, N80
- High Strength Steels P105, P110, Q125, V150
Grade - Steels with a limited yield Strength C75, L80, C90, C95
- Non-Upset Short / Long Round Thread, Buttress Thread

- External Upset
CASING Upset - Internal Upset
- Internal and External Extreme line Casing
- Short Round Thread Casing

Type - Long Round Thread Casing
- Buttress Thread Casing
- Extreme line Casing
API
- Normal Steels H40, J55, K55, N80
- High Strength Steels P105, P110, Q125, V150
Grade - Steels with a limited yield Strength C75, L80, C90, C95
- Non-Upset - Non-Upset Tubng

- External Upset - External-Upset Tubing
TUBING Upset - Internal Upset
- Internal and External - Integral Joint Tubing
- External Upset Tubing

Type
- Non-Upset Tubng
- Integral Joint Tubing
Casing types
- Short Round Thread Casing
Hydraulic tight - Long Round Thread Casing
- Buttress Thread Casing
API
Gas tight - Extreme line Casing
CASING Selected connections:
- BG Tubulars GB 3P
Hydraulic tight
NON-API
Gas tight - V&M VAM MUST
- V&M VAM FJL
- Nippon Steel NK 3SB
- Tenaris Blue
- Tenaris MS 28 XT/XC
- Grand Prideco Advanced NJO
- Kawasaki FOX
- Kawasaki KSBEAR
- Hydrill SuPreme LX
- Voest Alpine VAGT

Casing Connections What is the
best
choice????
Selected Connections Classification
Sealing
Form Upset Shoulder
Metal to metal
Nr. of metal seals
Tangent point
cone to cone
Connection
Intermediate
Sliding Seal
Seal Ring
Coupling
Thread *
External
External
Integral
Internal
Internal
Radial
Non
1. V&M VAM MUST x x x x 2 xx
2. V&M VAM FJL x x x x 2 xx
3. Nippon Steel NK 3SB x x x 1 x
4. Tenaris Blue x x x 1 x
5. Tenaris MS 28 XT/XC x x x 1 x
6. Grand Prideco Advanced NJO x x x 2 xx
7. Grand Prideco FL-4S x x x x 1 x x
8. Kawasaki FOX x x x 1 x
9. Kawasaki KSBEAR x x x 1 x
10. Hydrill SuPreme LX x x x 2 x x
11. Hydrill Series 500 Type 563 x x 1 x x
12. Hunting Int. TS -HP & TS-HD x x x x 1 x x
13. Voest Alpine VAGT x x x 1 x
14. BG Tubulars GB 3P x x x x
15. API Non-Upset Tubing x x x
16. API External-Upset Tubing x x x
17. API Intergral Joint Tubing x x x x
18. API Short Round Thread Casing x x x
19. API Long Round Thread Caisng x x x
20. API Buttress Thread Casing x x x
21. API Extreme Line Casing x x x 1 x
* Only thread sealing

Threads
5
TYPES OF CONNECTION
COUPLED
INTEGRAL
CONNECTIO
CONNECTIO
N
N
FIGURE. 1 FIGURE. 2
PIPE END FORMS
PLAIN END EXTERNAL UPSET
INTERNAL UPSET EXTERNAL / INTERNAL

Well Completions & Workovers UPSET
EU or external IU or internal upset NU or non-upset
upset – strong – moderately – weak
connection, full strong connection, connection, full
opening, clearance reduced opening, opening, good
problems good external external clearance
clearance

THREAD TERMINOLOGY
ROUND BUTTRESS
30o LOAD FLANKS
10o
CREST 3o
ROOT
PITCH
THREAD
GROOVE
STAB FLANKS
90o
6o
6o 30o
10o
NEGATIVE FLANK
EXTREME LINE Well Completions & Workovers MODIFIED BUTTRESS
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
• PITCH: The distance from a point on a thread to a
corresponding point on the next thread. Measured parallel to
the axis. A 6 pitch thread would require 6 turns to move the pin
an axial distance of one inch into the box.
• TAPER: The increase in pitch diameter of the thread, given in
inches per foot.
• LEAD: The distance a screw thread advances axially in one
turn.
• GROOVE: The portion of material removed by the cutting tool.
• THREAD: The portion of material left by the cutting tool
• ROOT: The base of the groove.
• CREST: The uppermost part or top of the thread.
10
SEALING METHODS
API ROUND
EXTREME LINE
Thread Compound Seals Helical

Thread Compound Seals Helical Metal to Metal Seals
Metal to Metal Seals Pathways (Plugs Gaps)
Pathways (Plugs Gaps)
MODIFIED BUTTRESS API BUTTRESS

SEALING METHODS
External reverse
angle shoulder seal
External 90o
shoulder seal
Middle 90o shoulder

seal also acts as a
torque shoulder on
some connections
Internal angled Radial flank seal

flank seal

13
SEALING METHODS
Radial flank seal backed by a

reverse angle shoulder seal
Elastomer (Teflon) seal ring

Thread Section
A cross section of threads in a patented connection. Notice the

hook design of the threads and the metal-to-metal sealing surfaces.
This type of thread, unlike the API 8-round thread, does not depend
on pipe dope for sealing. It only needs a small amount of dope for
lubrication. It does, however, depend on proper joint make-up to
engage the metal-to-metal seals. & Workovers
Well Completions
Thread Section
This patented connection has a space for an elastomer seal at the

bottom of the box. The Seal is really the main sealing point and its
condition is critical to sealing the string.
A very simple, short thread with a metal-to-metal seal and a
shoulder at the bottom of the box.

A flush connection (not upset) with
metal-to-metal seal.

Seal at connection – teflon insert.

Corrosion Mitigation
• Due to CO2 and H2S with water
• Mitigation
– Plastic coating (internally)
– High-alloy carbon or chromium-13 steel
– Chemical inhibition
• Sulfide stress cracking
– Caused by H2S
– Attack points of high tension stress
– Steel properties, C-75, L-80, C-95
• Temperature susceptibility
– Where T >175 ºF , P-105, P-110
– For T < 150 ºF N-80, C-95
22
Design Considerations
Other factors
• Deep high pressure gas wells
– High strength steel
– Min yield strength 90,000-95,000 psi
– Thick pipe of restricted yield strength
• High temperature,
– P-105 for uphole
– P-110, V-125 for bottom
23
Determining Tubing ID
24
Determining Tubing ID
• Tubing ID Depends upon:
– Expected production rate.
– Manner of completion.
– Future needs; Artificial Lift A/L, Water Oil
Ratio W/O,..
– Availability & uniformity
• Determining tubing ID is the starting
point of well design
25
Sizing Production Tubing
• Inflow Performance Relationships
• Vertical Flow Performance
• Choke Performance
• Horizontal Flow Performance
• Well Performance Evaluation/Sizing
Tubing and Flow Line
26
Location of Various Pressure
Nodes
27
Types of flow
• Two-phase flow systems

• Horizontal wells deliverability
• IPR/VLP: inflow/outflow

Two-phase flow system -1
• When the saturation of a phase is not 100%, the
actual permeability for that phase is less than
the absolute permeability:
ke, p
kr , p 
k
Relative permeability

Saturated vs. undersaturated oil

• Let us recall the flow eqn. for steady-state,

incompressible fluids, radial flow, with skin:
kh pe  pwf 
q Single-phase flow
 re 
141.2 B ln   s 
 rw 
ko h pe  pwf o
qo  Saturated oil
 re 
141.2 Bo o ln   s  ko is the effective oil permeability
 rw 
• The generalised expression for the steady-state

flow of oil, accounting for property variation and
rel. perm. effects, can be written as:
p
kh k r ,o
qo 
 re 
 pwf  oBo
dp
141.2 ln   s 
 rw 
2
qO  pwf   pwf 
 1  0.2   0.8  “Vogel equation” (1968)
qO max  pR   pR 
Horizontal wells deliverability -1
Why horizontal wells?

– Large volumes can be drained.
– Higher productions from thin pay zones.
– Reduce risk of water & gas coning.
– In high-perm reservoirs, reduce near-wellbore velocity
& turbulence
– In secondary & EOR processes, long horizontal
injectors provide higher injectivity rates.
– In fractured reservoirs, provide contact with multiple
fractures & improve productivity.

Complexity of horizontal wells

– Actual flow regimes around horizontal wells are the
result of a combination of both radial & linear flow.
– A horizontal well can be regarded as several vertical
wells next to one another, completed in a limited pay
zone thickness.
– Of particular importance is the horizontal-to-vertical
permeability anisotropy. The larger Kv, the larger the PI
from the horizontal well.
– Also important is the permeability anisotropy in the
horizontal plane (Kx, Ky).

Drainage pattern around horizontal wells

Undersaturated Oil
Joshi (1988) + Economides (1990):
k H hp
q
  2  
 L 
  a  a2     
   2   I anih I anih 
141.2 B ln    ln 
 
L

L rW  I ani  1 
  2  
   
where :
Assumes steady-state flow in horizontal plane &
kH pseudo steady-state in vertical plane.
I ani 
kV
0.5
  4 0.5 
    
L  r    L

a  0.5  0.25   eH
   for  0.9reH
2   L    2
   
   2 Completions
  
 Well  & Workovers
Undersaturated Oil with Skin Effect
k H hp
q
  2  
 L 
 a  a    
2 
   2   I anih I anih ' 
141.2 B ln    ln  s eq 
 
L

L rW  I ani  1 
  2  
   
where :
 k   1 4  a 2
aH ,max 
seq    1 ln 
'
 2 
H , max
 1
 k s   I ani  1 3  rW
 rW 

aH ,max  Largest horizontal axis (from the vertical section) of cone of damage

Gas
q
 2
k H h p  pwf
2

  2  
 L 
  a  a2     
   2   I anih  I anih 
141.2zT ln     ln  Dq 
 
L L  rW I ani  1 

  2  
  
Pseudo steady-state, squared-P approximation.

Components of pressure loss in tubing

Pressure traverse for single-phase liquid,
gas & multiphase gas/oil mixture

Use of gradient curve to determine FBHP
and FWHP in an oil well (Gilbert, 1954)

Construction of TPR using gradient curves

Natural flow condition

Effect of Pwh on natural flow

Effect of gas/liquid ratio on natural flow

Effect of tubing diameter on natural flow

Effect of changing IPR on natural flow

Effect of a pump on well performance

Tubing Size Determination
49
Horizontal Flow Performance
• Calculation of pressure losses in
horizontal pipes can be performed from
correlations based upon lab mechanistic
models.
• Traverse curves are established, where
press losses are obtained similar to the
VFP curves.
50
Choke Performance
• Gilbert presented the following
equation for choke performance:
Ptf = 435 R0.546 q / S1.89
Ptf : upstream THP, psig
R : GLR, Mcf/bbl
q : flow rate, BOPD
S : choke size, 64th of an inch
51
Determining Tubing
Grade and Wall
Thickness
52
FORCES ACTING ON TUBULARS
TENSION
COMPRESSION
COLLAPSE
BURST
TORSION BENDING

Mechanical Design
Tubing Load Analysis
 Types and Grades of Tubing

 Loads Acting on Tubing
 Loading Analysis Example
54
TUBING LOAD ANALYSIS
Types And Grades Of Tubing
 API 5A SPECS. "Specifications for Casing,
Tubing and Drill Pipe" industry standard
 API tubing are designated by:
 Outside Diameter (OD), in inches
 Weight in lbs/ft
 Grade of Steel
 Wall Thickness (for a particular pipe size, the OD
stays constant ant the ID decreases as the weight
increases)
55
Types And Grades Of Tubing (contd.)
 API Tubing grades : H-40, J-55, N-80, L-80, C-75
 The numbers (40, 55, etc.) (min yield strength)
 H-40 & J-55 are the lower-strength steel, most common
and resistant to sulfide stress cracking
 N-80 is the lowest grade with high strength. Not good for
sour service
 L-80 & C-75 are high strength tubing for use in sour
service
 Other non-API high strength tubing are available for sour
service Well Completions & Workovers
56
Example of Collapsed Tubing

Loads On Tubing
CSG
 BURST LOAD Pb = PI - Po
L
 COLLAPSE LOAD Pc = Po - PI
 TENSION LOAD T = w . L + TP
Where:
 Po =pressure in tubing-casing annulus Po PI
 PI =pressure inside tubing
 w = tubing weight, lbs/ft
 L = length of tubing, ft.
 TP = tension required to set the packer, or to TBG
Pull tubing out of packer
58
LOADING ANALYSIS EXAMPLE Pi1
2 3/8”
Well Data
 Pressure inside tubing is 7000 psi o = 14.3 ppg
 Pressure in the annulus is 100 psi
 Packer set at 12000 ft
 Depth of perforation is 13000 ft i = 6.9 ppg
 Oil Density is 6.9 ppg

Annulus fluid density is 14.3 ppg
Tubing size 2-3/8”
12,000
59
13,000
LOADING ANALYSIS EXAMPLE Pi1
2 3/8”
Burst Load
At Surface: o = 14.3 ppg
 Pb1 = Pi1 – Po1
 = 7,000 – 100 = 6,900 psi
At Packer: i = 6.9 ppg
 Pb2 = Pi2 – Po2
 = (Pi1 + iL) - (Po1 + oL)
 = (7,000 + 6.9 x 0.052 x 12,000)

 - (100 + 14.3 x 0.052 x 12,000) 12,000
 = 2,282 psi
60
13,000
LOADING ANALYSIS EXAMPLE
(Contd.) Pi1
2 3/8”
Collapse Load ( Empty TBG )

o = 14.3 ppg
At Surface:
 Pc1 = Po1 – Pi1
 = 100 - 0 = 100 psi i = 6.9 ppg
At Packer:
 Pc2 = Po2 – Pi2
 = (Po1 + oL) - (Pi1 + iL)
 = (100 + 14.3 x 0.052 x 12,000)
 - (0 + 0) = 8,923 psi
12,000
61
13,000
(Contd.) Pi1
2 3/8”
Max Burst Load = 6,900 psi x 1.125 (SF)
= 7,763 psi
Max Collapse Load = 8923 psi x 1.125 (SF) o = 14.3 ppg
= 10,038 psi
 From tubing tables, select the lowest grade and
weight of tubing having burst and collapse i = 6.9 ppg
strengths that meet the respective loads
 You may select a tubing with lower collapse
strength and prevent, or control swapping of the
well
 Then, check tension load against tensile strength 12,000
of selected tubing
62
13,000
(Contd.) Pi1
2 3/8”
Tension Load
From Table, : 2 3/8 in., J-55, 4.7 lbs/f
o = 14.3 ppg
 Allowable Burst: 7,700 psi
Allowable Collapse: 8,100 psi
Allowable Tension: 71,700 lbs i = 6.9 ppg
 Maximum Tension Load is at Surface:
 T = w L + TP
 = 4.7 x 12,000 + 10,000 = 66,400 lbs
 = 66400 x 1.3 (SF) = 86,320 lbs
12,000
> Allowable Tension
63
13,000
64
Dimensional Data and Minimum
Performance Properties of Tubing
65
66
Pi1
(Contd.)
2 3/8”
 Therefore, this tubing will fail and a

stronger tubing must be selected. o = 14.3 ppg
 This could be a tubing with the same

weight but higher grade, or a tubing
with the same grade but heavier weight. i = 6.9 ppg
 If the second alternative is used, you
need to recalculate the tension load for
the heavier tubing
 Select: 2 3/8 in., 4.7 lbs/ft., N-80
tubing (T = 104,300 lbs.) 12,000
67
13,000
Tubing Movement Formulas
68
Movement and Force Analysis
• Pressure effects
– Piston effect; pressure at packers produces
force and length
– Buckling effect; higher pressure inside than
outside at packer causes buckling
– Ballooning effect; change in average pressure
causes a radial swelling (ballooning) or
contraction (reverse) ballooning
• Temperature effect; thermal expansion or
contraction
69
• Piston
• Length change
L
L1   Ap  Ai  Pi   Ap  Ao  P0 
EAs  
• Force change
F1   Ap  Ai  Pi   Ap  Ao  Po
70
(Cont’d)
• Buckling
• Length change
1.5r A  Pi  Po 
2 2 2
L2 
p
EI Ws  Wi  Wo 
• Force change
• Force change is negligible since the effect
mainly shorten the tubing
71
(Cont’d)
• Ballooning
• Length change
2 L  Pia  R 2 Poa 
L3   
E  R 1  2
• Force change
F3  0.6  Pia Ai  Poa Ao 
72
(Cont’d)
• Temperature effect
• Length change
L4  LT
• Force change
F4  207 As T
73
Length and Forces Terms
L  depth, ft
E  Modulus of Elascticity ,30 x106 psi
As  Cross sec ion area of tubing wall , sq inch
Ap  Area of pac ker ID, sp inch
Ai  Area of tubing ID, sp inch
Ao  Area of tubing OD, sp inch
Pi  Change in tubing pressure of pac ker, psi
Po  Change in annulus pressure of pac ker, psi
Pia  Change in average tubing pressure, psi
Poa  Change in average annulus pressure, psi
74
Length and Forces Terms
T  Changein temperature , F
r  Radial clearance between tubing OD , Csg ID , in
R  Ratio of tubing OD to ID

I  Moment of inertia of tubing 
64
 D o
4
 D i4 
D i  Tubing ID , inch
D o  Tubing OD , inch
W s W eight of tubing , lb / ft
W i W eight of fluid in tubing , lb / ft
W o W eight of fluid outside tubing , lb / ft
  Coefficient of thermal exp ansion , 6.9x 10 6 in / in / F
  Poisson ' s ratio  0.3 for steel
75
Sign Convention
• Length Change
– Negative upward tubing movement
– Positive downward tubing movement
• Force Change
– Negative refers to tension
– Positive refers to compression
• Pressure Changes
– Negative refers to pressure reduction
– Positive refers to pressure increase
• Temperature changes
– Negative temperature reduction
– Positive temperature increase
76
Example
77
Example
Three basic well conditions are reviewed:
5.1 Landing Condition:

• This condition describes the well when the tubing string
was initially installed or landed. For this example the
following landing conditions, typical of Saudi Aramco
onshore oil producers will be used (refer to Figure 11 for
the well cross section):
– Production casing is 7" 26# J-55 (6.276" ID from casing tables)
– Production tubing is 4-1/2" 12.6# J-55 VAM (3.958" ID from
tubing tables)
– Packer depth is 7000‘
– Packer seal bore is 4.00" in diameter and is 12' long
78
Example
– Seal assembly spaced out 3'
– Packer (tubing/casing annulus) fluid is inhibited diesel (51 pcf)
– Tubing fluid is diesel (51 pcf)
– Shut in tubing pressure (SITP) = 0 psi
– Shut in casing pressure (SICP) = 0 psi
– Wellhead temperature = 80 ºF
– Bottom hole (stabilized) temperature = 220 ºF
5.2 Well Condition Prior to Acid Job:
This condition describes the well before the acid job. It is provided as
background information and is not used in the calculations:
– Inhibited diesel packer fluid (51 pcf)
– Tubing fluid is oil and gas (~53 pcf)
– Shut in tubing pressure (SITP) = 400 psi
– Bottom hole temperature = 220 ºF
79
Example
5.3 Acidizing Condition:
This condition describes the well during the
acid job. Refer to Figure below.
– Packer (tubing/casing annulus) fluid is
inhibited diesel (51 pcf)
– Tubing fluid is 15% HCl acid (67 pcf)
– Tubing injection pressure (TIP) = 3000 psi
– Bottom hole temperature = 100 ºF
80
Drawing
81
Solution
Assignment of Length and Force Terms:
• The length and force change terms (as
defined in the previous section) can be
defined as follows:
– L = Depth
= 7000'
– E = 30 x 106 psi (Modulus of elasticity for
steel)
– As = Cross-sectional area of the tubing wall
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
lb
89
90
-
-
91
End
92
End
93

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Production Tubing Design

- Non-Upset Short / Long Round Thread, Buttress Thread

- Short Round Thread Casing

- Non-Upset - Non-Upset Tubng

- External Upset Tubing

CASING Selected connections:

Well Completions & Workovers

Nr. of metal seals

Well Completions & Workovers

PLAIN END EXTERNAL UPSET

INTERNAL UPSET EXTERNAL / INTERNAL

Well Completions & Workovers

Thread Compound Seals Helical

MODIFIED BUTTRESS API BUTTRESS

Middle 90o shoulder

Internal angled Radial flank seal

Well Completions & Workovers

Radial flank seal backed by a

Elastomer (Teflon) seal ring

Well Completions & Workovers

A cross section of threads in a patented connection. Notice the

This patented connection has a space for an elastomer seal at the

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

• Two-phase flow systems

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

• Let us recall the flow eqn. for steady-state,

• The generalised expression for the steady-state

Why horizontal wells?

Well Completions & Workovers

Complexity of horizontal wells

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Pseudo steady-state, squared-P approximation.

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Well Completions & Workovers

Tubing Load Analysis

 Types and Grades of Tubing

 Loading Analysis Example

Well Completions & Workovers

 Oil Density is 6.9 ppg

At Packer: i = 6.9 ppg

 Pb2 = Pi2 – Po2

 = (Pi1 + iL) - (Po1 + oL)

 = (7,000 + 6.9 x 0.052 x 12,000)

Collapse Load ( Empty TBG )

 Therefore, this tubing will fail and a

 This could be a tubing with the same

5.1 Landing Condition: