Civil Engineering Books Coaching Structural Design Coaching 1

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN – Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 1:
The continuous floor beam ABCD is shown in the figure. It has a 100 mm slab thickness and the beams
b x h is 300 mm x 500 mm. Column section is 0.30 m x 0.30 m. A B C D
Live load = 3.6 KPa L = 8 m. S = 2.8 m.
Superimposed Dead load = 2.6 KPa 2.8
E F G H
Concrete weighs = 24 KN/m3
2.8
Used live load reduction as specified by the code. No live I J K L
load reduction is required for slabs.
2.8
M N O P
➀ Compute the positive moment for beam EF using
reduced live loads. 8m 8m 8m
➁ Compute the negative moment at the face of support E using reduced live loads.
➂ Compute the negative moment at F using reduced live loads.
Solution:
➀ Positive moment for beam EF E F G H
2.8
A t = 2.8(8) = 22.4 m2 2.8

2.8
A1 = 2A t for beams (NSCP Specs)
2.8
A1 = 2(22.4) = 44.8 m2 > 37.2 m2
⎡ 4.57 ⎤⎥ 8m 8m 8m
L r = L 0.25 +
⎢
Slab
t=100
⎢
⎣ A1 ⎥⎦
⎡ 4.57 ⎤
L r = 3.6 ⎢ 0.25 + ⎥ Beam 500
⎣ 44.8 ⎦ 400
L r = 3.36 KPa > 0.5(3.6) = 1.8 OK

Reduced live load = 3.36 KPa for beam EF
b=400
LL = 3.36(2.8) = 9.41 KN/m
Dead load:
Super imposed dead load = 2.6(2.8) = 7.28 KN/m
Slab = 0.10(2.8)(24) = 6.72 KN/m
Positive moment of beam EF:
Beam = (0.3)(0.4)(24) = 2.88 KN/m
Total DL = 7.28 + 6.72 + 2.88 w uL2
Mu =
DL = 16.88 KN/m 14
DL = 9.41 KN/m L = 8 - 0.3 = 7.7 m
Wu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
Wu = 1.4(16.88) + 1.7(9.41) 39.63(7.7)2
Mu = = 167.83 KN.m.
Wu = 39.63 KN/m 14
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PROBLEM 1: (CONTINUATION)
➁ Negative moment at the face of support E
Positive moment of beam EF:
w uL2
Mu = -
16
39.63(7.7)2
Mu = -
16
M u = - 146.85 KN.m.
➂ Negative moment at F A B C D
For interior support, the combined lengths of the two
adjacent spans are used to find the tributary area. 2.8
E F G H
A t = 2.8(16) = 44.8 2.8
2.8
AL = 2(44.8) = 89.6 I J K L
⎡ 4.57 ⎤ 2.8
L r = 3.6 ⎢ 0.25 + ⎥ M N O P
⎣ 89.6 ⎦
16 m 8m
L r = 2.64 KN/m2 > 0.5(3.6) = 1.8 ok
LL = 2.64(2.8)
LL = 7.39 KN/m
DL = 16.88 KN/m
Wu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
Wu = 1.4(16.88) + 1.7(7.39)
Wu = 36.20 KN/m
Negative moment at F :
WuL2
MF = -
10
36.20(7.7)2
MF = -
10
MF = - 214.63 KN.m.
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PROBLEM 2:
A W 470 mm x 105 kg/m beam of 12 mm web thickness is spliced near the support using 15
mm thick connector plate welded to part B and bolted using 20 mm ø A 325 bolts to point A.
Dimensions are: W 470 x 105 e P
S1 = 40 mm S3 = 80 mm S5 = 40 mm S1
S2 = 40 mm S4 = 100 mm S2
S3
Steel strength and allowable stresses are as follows: A B S3
Yield stress, Fy = 248 MPa S3
Bolt shear stress, Fv = 120 MPa S2
S1
The load P, acts an eccentricity e = 180 mm from S2 S4 S5
the centroid of the bolt group.
➀ Calculate the shear load (kN) on the critical bolt at section A of the splice if P = 200 kN.
➁ Calculate the torsional load (kN) on the critical bolt at section A if P = 200 kN.
➂ Calculate the total critical bolt load (kN).
e =180 P=200
Solution:
40
➀ Shear load on the critical bolt if P = 200 kN
80
80
200 80
Shear load =
8 40
40 50 40 15 mm
Shear load = 25 kN
critical
bolt
➁ Torsional load on the critical bolt: (only moment is acting) fx
fy
∑(x2 + y2) = 4(120)2 + 4(40)2 + 8(50)2 120
∑(x2 + y2) = 8400 40
M
40
M = 200(0.18) 120 critical
bolt
fx
M = 36 kN.m.
fy
50 50
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My
fx =
∑(x 2 + y 2 )
36 x 10 6 (120)
fx =
84000
fx = 51429 N
f x =51.43 kN
fx = 51.43 kN
R
Mx
fy = f y =21.43 kN
∑(x 2 + y 2 )
36 x 10 6 (50)
fy =
84000
fy = 21429 N
fy = 21.43 kN
Torsional load :
fy fy critical
2 2 2
R = (21.43) + (51.43) fx
bolt
fx fx
R = 55.72 kN
P/n P P/n fy
120
40 P/n
M
➂ Total critical bolt load 40
51.43 kN
120 critical
Moment and axial load is acting. fy fy bolt
fx fx
21.43
R2 = (51.43)2 + (46.43)2
P/n
R = 69.29 kN 50 50 P/n 25
51.43 kN
R
46.43 kN
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PROBLEM 3:
Beam AB is simply supported at A and is fixed at B. Column AC w kN/m
is a 200 mm square structural tubing with the following properties.
A = 9.3 x 103 mm2 E = 200 GPa
I = 5.45 x 10 mm
7 4 Fy = 317 MPa A B
r = 77 mm
Dimensions: H = 6 m. L = 8 m.
6m
➀ What is the allowable concentric load (kN) in column AC if
both ends are pin-connected? Side sway is prevented.
➁ Find the critical buckling load (kN) for column AC if its ends
are pin-connected and side sway is prevented. C
➂ Beam A is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 28
L=8 m
kN/m. What is the resulting maximum bending stress (MPa) in
beam AB if its properties are the same in column AC?
Solution : w=28 kN/m
➀ Allowable concentric load in column AC

if both ends are pin-connected. A B
L 1 =8 m L 2 =0
KL 1 (6000)
= = 77.92
r 77
2π 2 E
Cc = ➁ Critical buckling load:
Fy
π 2 EI π 2 (200,000)(5.45) 10 7
2π 2 (200000) Pc = =
Cc = = 111.60 > 77.92 (K L u )2 (6000)2
317
Pc = 2988 kN
Allowable axial stress:
⎡ (KL/r)2 ⎤ Fy
Fa = ⎢1 - ⎥ ➂ Max. bending stress in AB.
⎣ 2 C2c ⎦ F.S. Using Three Moment Equation:
5 3 KL/r (KL/r)3
F.S. = + - WL3
3 8 Cc 8 C3c M A L1 + 2M B (L1 +L 2 ) + M oL 2 + =0
KL/r 77.92 4
= = 0.698 28(8) 3
Cc 111.60 0 +2M B (8 + 0) + 0 + =0
5 3 (0.698) 3 4 200
F.S. = + (0.698) - M B = - 224 kN.m
3 8 8
F.S. = 1.89 Bending stress: 100
⎡ (0.698)2 ⎤ 317 200
Fa = ⎢1 - = 126.87 MPa MC 224 x 10 6 (100)
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 1.89 fb = =
I 54.5 x 10 6
P = A Fa
fb = 411 MPa
P = 9.3 x 10 3 (126.87)
P = 1180 kN
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PROBLEM 4:
Given: a = 1.5 m. b = 1.5 m. L = 2.4 m.
Beam properties: I = 198 x 106 mm4 E = 200 x 103 MPa
Road properties: Diameter = 12 mm E = 200 x 103 MPa
➀ Due to the load, W, rod BC elongates by 1 mm. Find the force (kN) in rod BC which caused the
elongation.
➁ Due to the load, W, the force developed in rod BC is 12 kN, what is the value of W (kN)?
➂ Due to a load, W = 40 kN, the force developed in rod BC = 10 kN. The diameter of rod BC is 16 mm.
Find the moment (kN.m.) at the fixed end.
P=12 kN
Solution: w
➀ Force in rod BC which caused the elongation of 1 mm
PL A B
δ=
AE 1.5 1.5
P(2400)(1000)
1= π 2
P=12 kN
4 (12) (200,000) w
P = 9.4 kN 1.5 1.5

A B
➁ Value of W if the force developed in rod BC is 12 kN y2
Due to load W: y1
y3
Using area-moment method: w P
⎛ 1 ⎞ wL ⎛ L ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
EI y1 = ⎜ ⎟ L L/2 L/2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ A B
y2
3
5wL
y1 = y1 A B
48 EI L
PL3 2/3(L/2)=L/3 L/2

y2 = ➂ Moment at the fixed end if W = 40
3 EI kN and P = 10 kN
PL P=10 kN
y3 = -wL/2 5/6L
AE w =40 kN
y1 = y 2 + y 3
3 3
5w(3000) 12000(3000) A B
6
= 6
48(200000)(198)(10 ) 3(200000)(198)(10 ) 1.5 1.5
12000(3000)
+
π (12) 2 (200000) MA = 40(1.5) – 10(3)
4
w = 56320 N MA = 60 – 30
w = 56.32 kN MA = 30 kN.m.
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PROBLEM 5:
A square post is made up of two parts glued at points a, b, c, and d. Plane a-b-c-d P
is at an angle of 30˚ from the vertical axis. Axial load P = 36 kN.
Given: Allowable stresses in the glued joint.

b
Compressive stress = 5.2 MPa
Shear stress = 3.5 MPa
a
➀ What is the minimum width w (mm) required to prevent failure in compression? 30ß
➁ Determine w (mm) based on the allowable shear stress. c
➂ At what angle (degrees) will the maximum shear stress occur?
P d
Solution: 60ß w
➀ Min. width required to prevent failure 30ß P Cos 60ß
w
in compression
For compression: P Sin 60ß
A1 = A 2 Sin 30˚
w2
A2 = A2
Sin 30˚ w
P Cos 60˚
σc =
A2 A1 w
36000 Cos 60˚ Sin 30˚

5.2 =
w2
w = 41.6 mm say 42 mm
➂ Angle which max. shear stress will occur
P Cos θ
τ=
➁ Min. width w based on the allowable A2
shear stress P Cos θ
τ=
P Sin 60˚ A1
=τ P
Sin θ
A2 θ
θ P Sin θ P
36000 Sin 60˚ τ= Cos θ Sin θ
= 3.5 A1
w2 P Cos θ
Sin 30˚ dτ P
w = 66.7 mm = [Cos θ Cos θ + Sin θ (- Sin θ)]
dθ A1
A2
w
0 = Cos 2 θ - Sin2 θ
Sin θ = Cos θ
A1 w θ = 45˚
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PROBLEM 6:
The concrete wall shown retains water to its maximum height H.
Given: H = 3 m. t = 0.5 m. Concrete unit weight = 23 kN/m3
Assume full fixity at the base of the wall. t=0.5 m
➀ Find the max. compressive stress (KPa) at the base of the wall if the
water reaches the top of the wall.
➁ If the maximum compressive stress at the base of the wall is not to
exceed 380 KPa, what is the allowable depth of water? H=3 m
➂ If the allowable tensile stress at the base of the wall is zero, what is the d
max. height of water which the wall can retain?
Solution:
➀ Max. compressive stress at the ➁ Depth of water when
base of the wall if the water compressive stress is 380 KPa
reaches the top of the wall
9.81 h2
Consider 1 m. strip of wall. P= = 4.905h2 W=34.5 kN
W1 = 0.5(3)(23) 2
W1
W1 = 34.5 kN 4.905h2 (h)

M= = 1.635 h3
3
3m
γ w h2 3m
P= P 6M
2 P σ max = + P h
9.81(3)2 A bd2
P= 1m
34.5 6(1.635)h3
2 380 = +
P = 44.145 kN 0.5
0.5(1) 1(0.5)2 0.5 m
h = 2 m.
⎛ h⎞
M = P⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
➂ Max. height of water if the
44.145(3)
M= allowable tensile stress of the
3 wall is zero
M = 44.145 kN.m.
P 6M
σ= -
A bd2
P MC
Max. stress = +
A I 34.5 6(1.635)h3
0= -
σ max =
34.5
+ 2
6M 0.5(1) (1)(0.5)2
0.5(1) bd
h = 1.20 m.
34.5 6(44.145)
σ max = +
0.5(1) 1(0.5)2
σ max = 1128.48 KPa
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PROBLEM 7:
A column section shown is reinforced with 8 – 20 mm ø bars with a clear cover of 40 mm for the 10 mm ø
ties.
The column is subjected to the following data:
Mu = 400 kN.m Nu
Vu = 360 kN (parallel to longer dimension) Mu
Nu = 460 kN
Vu
Use fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
➀ Determine the factored shear force (Vu) that the column can be
subjected if the nominal strength provided by the ties is 210 kN.
Use simplified calculation for allowable concrete shear strength.
➁ Determine the nominal shear strength of concrete if the 10 mm
ø ties are spaced 220 mm on centers if Vu = 360 kN.
➂ Determine the required spacing of the 10 mm ø lateral ties for a
factored shear force Vu = 360 kN.
Solution: Vu
➀ Factored shear force Vu.
Vu Mu Nu
= Vc + Vs
ø 600 mm
d=540
Nominal strength of concrete for members 40 40
subjected to an axial compression.
Vc =
1
6
[1+
Nu
]
14 A g
fc ' b w d 400
mm
Mu
20
d = 600 - 40 - 10 -
2 600 mm 8-20 mm ø
d = 540 mm 10 mm ø
Nu = 460 kN
Vc =
1
6
[1+
460000
14(400)(600)
] 28 (400)(540)
Vc = 216.6 N
Vu
= Vs + Vc
ø
Vu
= 210 + 216.6
0.85
Vu = 362.61 kN
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➁ Nominal shear strength of concrete for a spacing of 10 mm ø lateral ties of 220 mm on centers and
Vu = 360 kN.
Nominal strength of 10 mm ø ties.
A v fy d
S=
Vs
Area furnished by the 3 leg, 10 mm ø ties

π
A v = (10)2 (3) Vu
4 = Vc + Vs
A v = 235.62 mm2 ø
360
= Vc + 240
A v fy d 0.85
S=
Vs Vc = 183.5 kN
235.62(415)(540)
220 =
Vs
Vs = 240 kN
➂ Required spacing of 10 mm ø tie wires if Vu = 360 kN

Nominal shear capacity of concrete: Spacing of 10 mm ø tie wires:
A v fy d
Vc =
1
6
1+ [Nu
14 A g
]
fc ' b w d S=
Vs
Vc =
1
6
1+ [
460000
14(400)(600)
] 28 (400)(540) Av =
π
4
(10)2 (3)
Vc = 216.60 kN A v = 235.62 mm2

235.62 (415)(540)
S=
Nominal strength capacity of ties: 206900
S = 255 mm o.c.
Vu
= Vc + Vs Say S = 250 mm o.c.
ø
Vu d
Vs = - Vc Max. S =
ø 2
540
360 Max. S =
Vs = - 216.60 2
0.85
Max. S = 270 mm
Vs = 206.9 kN Use S = 250 mm o.c.
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PROBLEM 8:
The beam, W 410 mm x 67 kg/m, with 9 mm web thickness subjects the girder, W 530 mm x 109 kg/m,
with 12 mm web thickness to a shear load P. Two angle 90 mm x 90 mm x 6 mm with 4 – 22 mm ø bolts
frame the beam to the girder as shown.
W530 x 109 P W410 x 67
e W410 - 67
W530 x 109
S1 = 40 mm S4 = 110 mm
S1
S2 = 40 mm S5 = 40 mm
S3 = 80 mm S2
S3 4-22 mm ¿
S3
8-22 mm ¿
Steel strength and allowable stresses S3
Yield stress, Fy = 248 MPa S2 S4
Bolt shear stress, Fv = 120 MPa
4-22 mm ¿
Bolt shearing stress, Fp = 480 MPa
Bolt hole diameter, 25 mm ø 8-22 mm ¿ S =40 mm
5
➀ Determine the allowable load P (kN), based on the shear capacity of the 4 – 22 mm ø bolt.
➁ Calculate the allowable load P (kN) based on bolt bearing stress on the web of the beam.
➂ If P = 300 kN at an eccentricity e = 50 mm, determine the tensile stress on the critical bolt of the 8 – 22
mm ø bolts
Solution:
➀ Allowable load P (kN), based on the ➁ Allowable load P (kN) based on bolt bearing
shear capacity of the 4 – 22 mm ø stress on the web of the beam.
bolt. P = A p Fp
P = Fv A v P = 22(9)(4)(480)
P = 120 ( )π
4
2
(22) (4)(2) P = 380160 N
P = 365 kN P = 380.16 kN
➂ Tensile stress on the critical bolt of the 8 – 22 mm ø bolts

MC
fs = most
∑Ay 2 stressed
bolt
π 2 2
A = (22) = 380.13 mm
4
critical bolt fS
∑Ay = 4(380.13)(40)2 + 4(380.13)(120) 2
2
40
∑Ay 2 = 24.33 x 10 6 80 120
M=Pe 320 40
40 N.A.
M = 300000(50) = 15 x 10 6 N.mm 80
40
MC 15 x 10 6 (120)
fs = = = 73.98 MPa 90 90
∑Ay 2 24.33 x 10 6
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PROBLEM 9: P
Given: Properties of Steel Column:
Depth, d = 305 mm
Web thickness, tw = 7.5 mm H
Flange width, bf = 200 mm
Flange thickness, tf = 12 mm base plate
Steel column
Base plate, B x N = 300 mm x 450 mm
Loads:
P = 720 KN H = 160 KN
Allowable base plate bending stress, Fb = 186 MPa
Anchor bolt
Allowable bolt shear stress, Fv = 68 MPa
Allowable weld shear stress, Fw = 124 MPa
➀ Find the required base plate thickness (mm). Consider

fixity at the edges of a rectangle whose sides have
dimensions equal to 0.80bf and 0.95d.
➁ Using 16 mm ø bolts, how many are required to resist base plate
the lateral load? N=450
➂ Using 8 mm thick fillet weld, what is the total length
(mm) required to resist the lateral load?
SOLUTION: B=300
➀ Base plate thickness
0.95d = 0.95(305) = 289.75
450 = 2m + 289.75
m = 80.125 mm
0.80 bf = 0.80(200) = 160 mm 450
2n + 160 = 300
n = 70 mm n
0.80bf
Use biggest value: =160
300
m = 80.125
n
Consider 1 mm strip. m 0.95d=289.75 m
P
fp =
A
720000
fp =
300(450)
fp = 5.33 MPa
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P=720 kN
⎛ m⎞ 160 kN
M = fp (m)(1) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
fp m2
M=
2
(5.33)(80.125)2
M=
2 t
M = 17109.3 N.mm m m
6M
Fb = 2
bd
6(17109.3)
186 =
(1)t 2 t
t = 24 mm
t
➁ No. of bolts required to resist lateral load (16 mm ø) b

=1 fp
H = 160 KN mm
.125
Due to bolt shear stress : m =80
π m
160000 = (16)2 N (68)
4 t
N = 12 bolts
fp
1 mm
➂ Total length of 8 mm thick fillet weld to resist the lateral load
T = 0.707t L Fv t
160000 = 0.707(8) L (124)
L = 228 mm
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PROBLEM 10:
A three storey building has interior columns spaced 8 m. apart in two perpendicular directions.
Given design loads:
Roof: DL = 5 kPa LL = 0
Floor: DL = 7 kPa (typical each floor)
LL = 2.4 kPa (3rd floor)
LL = 6.0 (2nd floor)
In accordance with NSCP provisions, reduced floor live load, L = L o 0.25 + ( 4.57
)
A1
Where:
Lo = unreduced live load
A1 = influence area (equals 4 times tributary area for a column)
Based on the tributary area of an interior column.
➀ What is the total axial load on a column at the second floor due to service live load?
➁ What is the total axial load on a column at the ground floor due to service live load?
➂ What is the total dead load on a column at the ground floor level?
Solution:
➀ Total axial load on a column at the second floor due to service live load: column
[
L = L o 0.25 +
4.57
A1
]
A1 = 4 times tributary area for column For 2nd floor:
A1 = 4(8)(8)
(
L = L o 0.25 +
4.57
A1
) 8m
A1 = 256 m2 > 37.2 m2 (NSCP Specs.)
Note:
[
L = 6 0.25 +
256
4.57
]
For values of A1 < 37.2 m2 L = 3.214 kPa > 50% of 6 8m
(no reduction is needed for the live loads) L = 3 kPa ok
Axial load on a column at the second floor
due to service live load:
[
L = L o 0.25 +
4.57
A
] P = 1.286(8)(8) = 82.30 kN
1
For 3rd floor: ➁ Total axial load on a column at the ground floor due
to service live load:
[
L = 2.4 0.25 +
4.57
A1
] P = 1.286(8)(8) + 3.214(8)(8) = 288 kN
L = 1.286 kPa > 50% of 2.4 ➂ Total dead load on a column at the ground floor level:
P = 5(8)(8) + 7(8)(8) + 7(8)(8) = 1216 kN
L = 1.2 kPa ok
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PROBLEM 11:
Given: A B C D
Total ultimate load = 12 kN/m
Beam, b x h = 300 mm x 400 mm E F G H
S=2.8
Slab thickness t = 100 mm

Slab reinforcement = 10 mmø I J K L
S=2.8
Concrete, fc’ = 20.7 MPa 0.3 x 0.3

columns
Reinforcement steel fy = 275 MPa M N O P
S=2.8
Clear concrete cover to slab reinforcement =

20mm L 1 =6m L 2 =6m L 3 =6m
Dimensions: t=100mm
Column = 0.30 x 0.30 m
S = 2.8 m.
L1 = L2 = L3 = 6 m. h=400mm
➀ What is the design positive moment (kN.m.) at the interior

span bounded by F-G-K-J?
b=300
➁ What is the required spacing (mm) of 10 mmø bars for the negative
moment at the interior beam support FG?
➂ What is the maximum spacing (mm) of 10 mmø bars at panel F-G-K-J to prevent cracking in slab?
Solution:
1
➀ Design positive moment at the interior span bounded by F-G-K-J A B C D
Positive moment at interior span bounded by FGKJ:
wL2 2.8
M= E F G H
16
2.8
12(2.5) I J K L
M= = 4.7 kN.m.
16
2.8
M N O P
➁ Spacing (mm) of 10 mmø bars for the negative
moment at the interior beam support FG 6m 6m
1
6m
1.4 Slab Considering section 1 - 1

Use ρmin = S S Beams 100
fy
25
1.4
0.3 2.5 0.3 2.5 0.3 2.5 0.3
ρmin = wL 2 wL 2 wL 2
275 d 14 16 14
ρmin = 0.0051
d=1000
Use ρ = 0.0051 -wL 2 -wL 2 -wL 2 -wL 2 -wL 2 -wL 2
12 12 12 12 12 12
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A s = ρbd
A s = 0.0051(1000)(75)
A s = 382.5 mm2
1000
No. of bars =
S
1000
π
4
(10)2 (
S
)= 382.5
S = 205.3 mm
➂ Max. spacing of 10 mmø bars at panel F-G-K-J to prevent cracking of slabs

95000
S= - 2.5 Cc
fs
75000
but >/
fs
where: fs = 0.60 fy
fs = 0.60(275)
fs = 165 MPa
95000
S= - 2.5(20)
165
S = 526 mm o.c.
75000
S= = 454.5
165
Use S = 454.5 mm
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PROBLEM 12:
A 12 m. long beam is simply supported at the right end and at 2 m. from the left end. It is subjected to a
highway lane load consisting of 9.35 kN/m uniformly distributed load and 116 kN concentrated load.
Based on the influence line for maximum moment at midspan,
➀ What is the total length in meters of the beam which should be subjected to a uniformly distributed
load to obtain the maximum positive moment at midspan?
➁ What is the total length in meters of the beam which should be subjected to the uniformly distributed
load to obtain the maximum negative moment at the midspan?
➂ What would be the critical positive moment (kN.m.) at midspan due to the highway lane load?
Solution:
➀ Total length in meters of the beam which should be
subjected to a uniformly distributed load to obtain the uniform load
maximum positive moment at midspan = 9.35 kN/m
Length = 10 m.
A B
2m 5m 5m
➁ Total length in meters of the beam which should be

subjected to the uniformly distributed load to obtain the w= 9.35 kN/m
maximum negative moment at the midspan
Length = 2 m.
A B
➂ Critical positive moment at midspan due to the 2m 5m 5m

highway lane load
116 kN
Max. ordinate of the influence line :

(5)(5)
y= = 2.5 y w = 9.35 kN/m
10
9.35(2.5)(10)
+M = + 116(2.5) A B
2
2m 5m 5m
+M = 407 kN
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PROBLEM 13:
A 50 mm diameter shaft if transmitting a torque of T = 2.4 kN.m. and a tensile force P = 125 KN.
➀ Determine the maximum tensile stress of the shaft.

➁ Determien the max. compressive stress of the shaft.
➂ Compute the max. shear stress of the shaft.
Solution:
➀ Max. tensile stress
Tensile stress: τ
P
ft =
A
125000
ft = = 63.66 MPa τmax R R
π
(50) 2 τxy =97.78
4
Shearing stress due to tension: σ
16T
τ xy = 3 R
πd
16(2.4)10 6
τ xy = = 97.78 MPa
π(50)3
Using Mohrs Circle: Max. 31.83 31.83
2 2 2 compression
R = (31.83) + (97.78) stress
R = 102.80 MPa Max. tensile stress
➁ Max. compressive stress of the shaft

σmin = 102.80 – 31.83 = - 70.97 MPa
➂ Max. shear stress of the shaft

τmax = 102.80 MPa
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PROBLEM 14:
A 6 m. long beam is supported by a roller at the right end and a fixed support at the left end. It carries a
uniform load of “w” KN/m throughout the beam.
➀ Compute the safe value of “w” so that it will not exceed the flexural capacity of the beam of 270 KN.m.
➁ Compute the safe value of “w” so that it will not exceed the shear capacity of the beam of 180 KN.
➂ Compute the safe value of “w” so that it will not exceed the deflection of 30 mm at the right end when
the roller support is removed. Flexural rigidity of the beam is 432 x 102 N.mm2.
w kN/m
Solution:
➀ “w” not to exceed flexural capacity of 270 KN.m. A B
EI t B/A = 0
R
6m
6R(6)(4) 18w(6) ⎛ 3 ⎞
- (6) = 0
2 3 ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ 6R (2/3)(6)=4
R = 2.25w
M = w(6)(3) - 225w(6)
M = 4.5w KN.m. 2ndß
(3/4)(6)
270 = 4.5w -6w(3)
=18w
w = 60 KN / m w kN/m
➁ “w” not to exceed the shear capacity of 180 KN. B

A
Max. shear = 3.75w
180 = 3.75w
w = 48 KN/m R=3.75w 6m R=2.25w
3.75w
➂ “w” so that deflection will not exceed 30 mm at the
right end when the roller at B is removed
wL4
δ= 2.25w
8EI
w kN/m
w(1000)(6)(6000)3
30 =
8(432)(10)12 A B
6m
w = 80 KN / m
w kN/m
A B
δ=30
6m
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PROBLEM 15:
Given:
Plank dimension: 300 mm wide x 75 mm thick
Plank allowable stresses:
Bending = 10.4 MPa Shear = 0.8 MPa
Unit weight of soil = 17.3 kN/m 3
Active earth pressure coefficient Ka = 1/3
➀ Which of the following gives the maximum flexural stress?

➁ Find the maximum shear stress.
➂ What should be the thickness (mm) of the planks to prevent failure?
Solution:
➀ Maximum flexural stress ➁ Maximum shear stress
⎛ 1⎞ 3V
W = 17.3(2.4)(0.3) ⎜ ⎟ Fv =
⎝ 3⎠ 2bd
W = 4.152 (3)(4980)
Fv = = 0.33 MPa
2(300)(75)
2.4(4.152)
P=
2 ➂ Min. thickness of planks to prevent
P = 4.98 kN failure
2.4
By bending :
P
⎛ 1⎞ 6M
M = P ⎜ ⎟ (2.4) fb =
⎝ 3⎠ bd2
4.98(2.4) w 6(3.986)10 6
M= 10.4 =
3 300 d2
M = 3.986 kN.m. d = 88 say 90 mm
By shear :
Max. flexural stress : 3V
Fv =
6M 2bd
fb =
bd2 3(4980)
0.8 =
6(3.986)10 6 2(300)d
fb =
300(75)2 d = 31 mm
fb = 14.2 MPa Use d = 90 mm
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PROBLEM 16:
An 8 m. high retaining wall is subjected to lateral earth pressure increasing from 34 kPa at the top to 136
kPa at the base. Flexural rigidity EI = 4.5 x 1014 N.mm2. Analyze per meter length of the wall.
➀ What is the moment at the base of the cantilever retaining wall?

➁ What is the force to be applied at the propped end to limit the deflection to 35 mm?
➂ What is the moment at the base when the wall is propped at the top?
34 kPa
Solution:
➀ Moment at the base of the cantilever retaining wall
⎛ 8⎞ P1
M = P1 (4) + P2 ⎜ ⎟ 8m
⎝ 3⎠ P2
4
102(8)(1) ⎛ 8 ⎞ 8/3
M = 34(8)(1)(4) + ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
2
34 102
136 kPa
M = 2176 kN.m.
w=34 kN/m
➁ Force to be applied at the propped end to limit the

deflection to 35 mm δ1=wL 4 /8EI
δ1
δ1 + δ 2 - δ 3 = 0.035
L=8 m
w=102 kN/m
wL4 wL4 RL3
+ - = 0.035
8EI 30EI 3EI δ2=wL 4 /30EI
4 4 3
34(8) 102(8) R(8) δ2
+ - = 0.035
8(450000) 30(450000) 3(450000) L=8 m
δ3
0.03868 + 0.030948 - 0.000379R = 0.035 δ3=RL 3 /3EI
0.034628 = 0.000379R L=8 m

R
R = 91.37 kN 102
0.035 34
δ1+δ2
δ3
R
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PROBLEM 16: (Continuation)
w
➂ Moment at the base when the wall is propped at the top
δ1 + δ 2 = δ 3
δ1
4 4 3
wL wL RL
+ = L
8EI 30EI 3EI
34(8)4 102(8)4 R(8)3 3/4L
+ =
8EI 30EI 3EI
17408 + 13926.6 = 170.67R 2nd˚
EIδ=(wL 2 /2)(L/3)(3/4)L
R = 183.6 kN wL/2(L/3)
δ=wL 4 /8EI =wL2/6
102(8) ⎛ 8 ⎞ w
M = 34(8)(4) + - 183.6(8)
2 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
M = 707.2 kN.m.
δ2
Check : L
4/5L
34(8) 2 102(8)2
M= + = 707.2 kN.m.
8 15
3rd˚
EIδ=(wL 2 /6)(L/4)(4/5)L
δ=wL 4 /30EI wL/2(L/3)
=wL2/6
δ3
L
R
RL
2/3L
EIδ3 =RL(L)/2 (2/3)L
δ3 =RL 3 /3EI
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PROBLEM 17:
The combination section shown consists of a wide flange and a channel.
Prop. of one section
W 600 mm x 125 kg/m
A = 15935 mm2 bf = 229 mm
d = 610 mm Ix = 986 x 106 mm4
tw = 12 mm Iy = 39 x 106 mm4
tf = 20 mm
C 300 mm x 31 kg/m y
A = 3829 mm2 Ix = 53.7 x 106 mm4 bf = 75 mm
d = 300 mm Iy = 1.6 x 106 mm4 x = 18 mm
tw = 7 mm tf = 13 mm
x
The beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load(beam weight included) of
20 kN/m throughout the simply supported span of 8 m. and a moving load P in kN.
➀ Calculate the resisting moment (kN.m) of the combination section if the
x
allowable flexural stress, Fbx = 186 MPa.
➁ Calculate the load P (kN) such that the allowable bending stress, Fbx = 186 MPa.
➂ If the wide flange and the channel were joined by 2-20 mmø rivets spaced at 150 mm on center
longitudinally throughout its length, calculate the allowable load P (kN) if the allowable shear stress in
the rivets, Fv = 100 MPa.
Solution:
➀ Resisting moment of combination section 7 y 1 =18
A1 = 3829 mm2 y 2 =312
y=255.04
Y1 = 18 mm 305 237.04
N.A.
A2 = 15935 mm2 56.96
Y2 = 312 mm
361.96
A = A1 + A2 305
A = 3829 + 15935
A = 19764 mm2
Ay = A1 Y1 + A 2 Y2
19764 y = 3829(18) + 15935(312) MC
fb =
I
y = 255.04 mm
M(361.96)
186 =
1254.44 x 10 6
I = 986 x 10 6 + 15935(56.96) 2 + 1.6 x 10 6 + 3829(237.04) 2 M = 644.6 kN.m.
I = 1254.44 x 10 6 mm4
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➁ Load P such that the allowable bending stress is186 MPa
wL2 PL P
M= +
8 4 w=20 kN/m
20(8)2 P(8)
644.6 = +
8 4
P = 242.3 kN 8m
➂ Value of P if rivets are spaced 150 mm o.c. A=3829 mm

RI
S=
VQ
For channel :
237.04
σ = Ay N.A.
σ = 3829(237.04)
σ = 907626
π
R= (20)2 (2)(100)
4
R = 62.832 N
P
RI w = 20 kN/m
S=
VQ
62832(1254.44)10 6
150 = 8m
V(907626)
R1 R2
V = 578939 N
V = 579 kN
Max. V = 80 + P
∑M R = 0 579 = 80 + P
2
8R1 = 20(8)(4) + P(8) P = 499 kN

Note : P is a moving load.
R1 = 80 + P
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PROBLEM 18:
Two channels are connected by 16 mm diameter bolts through a 12 mm gusset plate.
Properties of each of the channels are as follows: gusset plate
A = 11032 mm2 Ix = 281.4 x 106 mm4
d = 450 mm Iy = 7.4 x 106 mm4 S 3 =75
tw = 18 mm Fy = 248 MPa
tf = 16 mm Fu = 400 MPa 75
xo = 22 mm 75
75
Allowable tensile stress on the gross area = 0.60Fy
S 3 =75
Allowable tensile stress on the net area = 0.50Fu
Allowable shear stress on the net area = 0.30Fu
S 1 =50 S 2 =75 S 2 =75 12 mm
Bolt hole diameter = 19 mm
S1 = 50 mm S2 = S3 = S4 = 75 mm
➀ Determine the allowable tensile load P (kN), based on the gross area.
➁ Determine the tensile capacity of the connection, P (kN) based on fracture of the critical net area.
➂ Determine the critical slenderness ratio of the section for an unbraced length of 4 m.
Solution:
➀ Allowable tensile load P based on the ➂ Critical slenderness ratio of the section
gross area for an unbraced length of 4 m.
P = 0.60 Fy Ag Ix = 2(281.4 x 10 6 ) = 562.8 x 10 6 mm4
P = 0.60(248)(11032)(2)
P = 3283 kN Ix 562.8 x 10 6
rx = = = 159.71
A 2(11032)
➁ Allowable tensile capacity based on
fracture of the critical net area Iy = ⎡⎣ 7.4 x 10 6 + 11032(28)2 ⎤⎦ 2
Considering path 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Iy = 32098176
⎡ (75) 2 ⎤
Net area = 12 ⎢ 450 - 5(19) + (4) ⎥ Iy
4(75) 32098176
⎣ ⎦ ry = = = 38.14
A 2(11032)
Net area = 5160 mm2 1
Critical slenderness ratio : y
75 2
P = 0.50 Fu Ae 75 KL (1)(4000)
450 =
Ae = An 75
4
3
P r 38.14
75
P = 0.50(400)(5160) KL
75 6
5 = 105 x
P = 1032 kN 75
r
7
50 75 75
22 6 6 22
28 28
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PROBLEM 19:
A rectangular footing 2.5 m. wide along the x-axis and 3 m. long parallel to the y-axis supports a
concentrically located column 0.6 m x 0.6 m in area.
Given: Footing ultimate loads.

Axial load, Pu = 1500 kN Concrete, fc’ = 20.7 MPa
Moment about the y-axis, My = 180 kN.m. Steel, Fy = 415 MPa
Effective depth of footing = 350 mm
➀ Find the max. punching shear stress (MPa) due to the

axial load only.
➁ What is the maximum wide beam shear stress (MPa) d/2 0.60 d/2
due to the given footing loads?
➂ How much additional moment (kN.m.) can the footing
carry without causing uplift of the footing? 3m 0.95 0.6+d
Solution:
➀ Punching shear stress due to the axial load only 0.6+d=0.95
P 1500
qu = u = = 200 kPa
A 2.5(3) 2.50
Vu = qu [(3)(2.5) - (0.95)(0.95)]
0.60
Vu = 200 ⎡⎣ 7.5 - (0.95) 2 ⎤⎦
3m 0.60
Vu = 1319.5 kN
Vu 1319500
υp = = = 1.17 MPa
øbo d 0.85(4)(950)(350) 2.50
Pu
➁ Max. wide beam shear stress due to the given footing loads Mu
Pu 6M u
fmax = +
bd bd2
1500 6(180) d=350 mm
fmax = +
2.5(3) 3(2.5)2
2.50 m
fmax = 257.6 kPa
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P 6M
fmin. = u - 2u P u =1500 kN d=0.35 0.60
bd bd
1500 6(180) M u =180 kN.m.
fmin. = -
2.5(3) 3(2.5)2 0.60
fmin. = 142.4 kPa 0.60 3m
y 115.20
=
1.9 2.5 f min
2.5
y = 87.55 f max
2.50 m Pu
Mu
h = 87.55 + 142.4
h = 229.95
⎛ 229.95 + 257.6 ⎞
Vu = ⎜ ⎟⎠ (3)(0.6) = 438795
⎝ 2 142.4
142.4 257.6
y 115.20
Vu 438795 1.9 0.60
υ= = = 0.49 MPa
øbd 0.85(3000)(350) 2.50
h
257.6
➂ Additional moment can the footing carry without causing uplift of the footing 0.60
Pu 6M u
fA = - (no uplift of the footing) P u =1500
bd bd 2
1500 6M u Mu
0= -
3(2.5) 3(2.5)2
M u = 625 kN.m.
Additional moment without causing uplift of footing: A

∆M = 625 – 180
∆M = 445 kN.m.
2.50
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PROBLEM 20:
The vertical member consisting of 2 (two) unequal leg angles with long legs back to back are welded to
the 8 mm thick gusset plate.
Given:
a = 25 mm Weld thickness = 5 mm
Angle size = 75 mm x 50 mm x 6 mm thick Steel yield stress, Fy = 248 MPa
Area of two angles = 1535 mm 2 Allowable weld shear stress, Fw = 124 MPa
➀ What is the tensile capacity, P (kN) of the vertical member?

➁ Due to a force P = 60.5 kN, what is the length of weld L2 so that each fillet weld is equally stressed in
shear? Neglect end returns.
➂ If instead of welds, two (2) bolts are used, find the minimum bolt diameter (mm) to carry a force P = 80
kN. Allowable bolt stress = 68 MPa. P
Solution: gusset plate
➀ Tensile capacity, P (kN) of the vertical member

P = 0.6Fy Ag
P = 0.6(248)(1535) L2
L1
P = 228.4 kN P=60.5/2 =30.25 kN
➁ Length L2 of fillet weld 25

P = P1 + P 2 a=25
end returns
∑MA = 0
25 P = 75 P1
➂ Dia. of two bolts used instead of a
P L2
welding
P1 = L1
3 The bolt is subjected to double
P = P1 + P2 75 shear.
P=80 kN
P P1 P2
P = + P2
3 gusset plate
50 mm
2 gusset plate
50 mm
P2 = P
3
50 mm
2 weld Double shear
P2 = (30.25) weld 50 mm
3 75 mm 75 mm
P2 = 20.167 N 75 mm P = A s Fv
P2 = 0.707t L2 Fw π 2
80000 = (d) (2)(68)(2)
20167 = 0.707(5)(L2)(124) 4
L2 = 46 mm d = 19.35 say 20 mm ø
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PROBLEM 21:
The weight of the cylindrical tank is negligible in comparison to the weight of water it contains (water
weighs 9.81 kN/m3). The coefficient of static friction between the tank and the horizontal surface is µs.
➀ Assuming a full tank, find the smallest force P required to tip the tank.
➁ Find the smallest coefficient of static friction µs that would allow tipping to take place.
➂ If the force P = 6.5 kN initiates tipping, determine the depth of water in the tank.
P
Solution: Diam. = 1.5 m
➀ Smallest force P required to tip the tank if the tank is full.
π (1.5)2
W1 = (3.2)(9.81)
4
3.2 m
W1 = 55.47 kN
∑M A = 0
P Sin 60˚ (1.5) + P Cos 60˚ (3.2) = 55.47(0.75) A
P = 14.35 kN
➁ Coefficient of friction between the tank and horizontal surface.

P1 = 14.35 Cos 60˚
P 2 =12.43
P1 = 7.175
P2 = 14.35 Sin 60˚ P 1 = 7.175
P2 = 12.43 w 1 =55.47
3.2
3.2 w1
N + 12.43 = 55.47
N = 43.04 kN
F = µs N
0.75
7.175 = µs (43.04) F 1.5
N
µs = 0.17
➂ Depth of water in the tank if the force P = 6.5 kN initiates tipping. P 4 = 5.63 kN
P3 = 6.5 Cos 60˚ ∑M A = 0 P 3 = 3.25 kN

P3 = 3.25 kN 3.25(3.2) + 5.63(1.5) = w 2 (0.75)
w 2 = 25.13 kN w2
3.2
h
P4 = 6.5 Sin 60˚ w 2 = π (0.75)2 h (9.81)
A
P4 = 5.63 kN 25.13 = π (0.75)2 (9.81) h
h = 1.45 m. 0.75
1.5
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PROBLEM 22: P1 P2
A spread footing carries two (2) column loads as shown.
Given: P1 = 1200 KN
P2 = 800 KN
b = 10 m
c=2m
➀ Find the minimum dimension “a” in meters such that the a b c

resulting soil pressure shall be uniform.
➁ Given: P1 = 1200 KN, P2 = 1200 KN, a = 3 m, b = 6 m, c = 3 m. 1200 kN 800 kN
What is the maximum shear (KN) at the footing? Assume 1 m.
width of footing.
➂ Given: P1 = 1200 KN, P2 = 1200 KN, a = 3 m, b = 6 m, c = 3 m.
10 m
Locate the point of inflection from the left end of the footing. x
R=2000 kN
SOLUTION:
➀ Min. dimension “a” such that the resulting soil pressure P1 P2
shall be uniform R=2000 kN
The location of the resultant force must coincide with a b c

center of the footing.
2000x = 800(10) + 1200(0)
x = 4 m.
L a 4 6 c =2 m
=6+2
2 L/2 L/2
L = 16
L P1 P2
=a+4
2 R=2000 kN
8=a+4
3m 6m 3m
a = 4 m.
➁ Max. shear if P1 = P2 = 1200 KN, a = 3 m, b = 6 m, c = 3 m.

w kN/m
12w = 1200 + 1200 600 600
w = 200 KN/m
Max. shear = 600 KN

-600 -600
➂ Point of inflection from the left end of the footing 6m Point of inflection
x = 3 + 3 = 6 m.
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PROBLEM 23:
The basic data for proportioning trial batches for normal weight concrete with an average compressive
strength of 25 MPa at 28 days are as follows:
Slump ............................... 75 mm to 100 mm

Water-cement ratio by weight ............... 0.48
Specific gravity of cement ............... 3.15
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.68
Specific gravity of fine aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.64
Water (net mixing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 kg/m3
Entrapped air .......................... 1%
Unit weight of concrete ..................... 23.6 KN/m3
➀ What is the total solid volume of water, cement, coarse aggregate and entrapped air, if the dry unit
weight of coarse aggregate is 10.1 KN/m3?
➁ For a 10 cu.m. of concrete, how much cement (KN) is needed?
➂ If the combined solid volume of cement, water, coarse aggregate and entrapped air is 0.55 m3, what
is the weight of the dry sand in KN?
SOLUTION:
➀ Total solid volume of water, cement, coarse aggregate and entrapped air, if the dry unit weight of
coarse aggregate is 10.1 KN/m3
Consider 1 m3 of concrete.
180
Vol. of water = = 0.18 m3 Note : Unit wt. of water = 1000 kg / m 3
1000
Water − cement ratio = 0.48
180(9.81)
0.48 =
Wc
Wc = 3.68 KN
Wc
Absolute volume of concrete =
sp.gr.(9.81)
3.68
Absolute volume of concrete = = 0.12 m3
3.15(9.81)
10.1
Absolute volume of coarse aggregate = = 0.38 m3
2.68(9.81)
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MATERIALS ABSOLUTE VOLUME

Cement 0.12
Coarse aggregate 0.38
Water 0.18
Air 0.01
Total vol. = 0.69 m3
➁ Wt. of cement for a 10 m3 of concrete

Water-cement ratio = 0.48
180(9.81)(10)
0.48 =
Wc
Wc = 36788 N
Wc = 36.8 KN
➂ Wt. of dry sand If combined volume of cement, water, coarse aggregate and entrapped air is 0.55 m3
Absolute volme of sand = 1 – 0.55 = 0.45 m3
Weight of sand = 0.45(9.81)(2.64)
Weight of sand = 11.6 KN
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PROBLEM 24:
From the given floor plan, the following data are obtained:
DL = 4.8 kPa (weight of slab included)
LL = 2.9 kPa
u = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
Dimensions and stresses:
Beam b x h = 300 x 400 mm
Clear concrete cover to slab reinforcement = 20 mm A B C D
Slab reinforcement = 10 mm ø S = 2.8 m.
Slab thickness = 100 mm L = 6.0 m. S
E F G H
➀ Determine the ultimate negative moment of the slab at the span S

bounded by FGJK. I J K L
➁ Determine the ultimate positive moment of the slab at the span S

bounded by FGJK. M N O P
➂ Determine the max. spacing of the 10 mm ø bars as prescribed L L L
by design codes.
At section A - A
Solution: A
➀ Ultimate negative moment of the slab at the span at the A B C D
span bounded by FGJK. S=2.8 m

Ultimate negative moment of E F G H
W = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL the slab bounded by FGJK. S=2.8 m

I J K L
W = 1.4(4.8) + 1.7(2.9) (For spans less than 3 m.)
W = 11.65 kN/m2 1 M
S=2.8 m
W L2
N O P
-M=
12 A
Analyze a 1 m. strip of slab: 1 L 1 =6 m L 2 =6 m L 3 =6 m

-M= (11.65)(2.5)2
W = 11.65 kN/m 12
- M = 6.07 kN.m
0.3 2.5 0.3 2.5 0.3 2.5 0.3
➁ Ultimate positive moment of the slab at the span +wL 2 +wL 2 +wL 2
16
bounded by FGJK. 14 14
W L2 11.65(2.5)2
+M= = = 4.55 kN.m
16 16 -wL 2
12
-wL 2
12
-wL 2
12
-wL 2 -wL 2
12 12
-wL 2
12
A B C D
➂ Max. spacing of the 10 mm ø bars as prescribed
by design codes.
E F G H
Max. S = 3t but not more than 450 mm
Max. S = 3(100) I J K L
Max. S = 300 mm < 450 mm
Use Max. S = 300 mm
M N O P
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PROBLEM 25:
Given: Superimposed dead load = 2.6 kPa
Live load = 4.8 kPa
Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3
S = 2.5 m. L1 = L2 = 6 m.
b = 260 mm h1 = 100 mm
h2 = 350 mm
Concrete compressive strength fc’ = 28 MPa
Reinforcing steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa
Beam DEF is reinforced at E as follows:

As = 8 – 20 mm ø top bars
As = 4 – 20 mm ø bottom bars
ds = 10 mm diameter ties
a = 50 mm
Clear cover = 40 mm
Steel ratio at balanced condition: ρb = 0.0288
➀ What is the factored uniform load at ultimate condition?

Use U = 1.4 D + 1.7 L?
➁ Find the nominal moment capacity, Mn (kN.m.) of the beam at E.
➂ If the beam dimension h2 were increased to 500 mm, what is the nominal moment capacity, Mn
(kN.m.)?
Solution:
➀ Factored uniform load at ultimate condition
Dead load = 2.6(2.5) = 6.5 kN/m A B C
Live load = 4.8(2.5) = 12 kN/m
Weight of beam = 0.35(0.26)(24) S=2.5 m
D E F
Weight of beam = 2.18 kN/m 2.5 m
Weight of slab = 0.1(2.5)(24) = 6 kN/m S=2.5 m
G H I
Total loads:
DL = 6.5 + 2.18 + 6 S=2.5 m
DL = 14.68 kN/m J K L
LL = 12 kN/m
L 1 =6 m L 2 =6 m
Factored uniform load:
Wu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
Wu = 1.4(14.68) + 1.7(12)
Wu = 40.95 say 41 kN/m
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➁ Nominal moment capacity of the beam at E
There is tension at the top of the beam at E, since concrete could not resist tension, neglect the effect
of the concrete slab at the top and consider the beam as rectangular section.
Clear cover is 40.
Total covering up to center of upper 4 – 20 mm ø bars = 40 + 10 + 10 = 60
Effective depth d:
d = 450 – 60 – 25d = 365 mm 60
T
a=50
π
A s = (20)2 (8) = 2513.3 mm2
4
450
∑Fh = 0 d
T=C
As fy = 0.85 fc’ a b a C
2513.3(415) = 0.85(28)(a)(260)
a = 168.56 260 0.85f c ’
Nominal moment capacity :

⎛ a⎞
M n = A s fy ⎜ d - ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 168.56 ⎞
M n = 2513.3(415) ⎜ 365 -
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
M n = 293 kN.m. say 300 kN.m.
➂ Nominal moment capacity if h2 were increased to 500 mm

Effective depth d:
d = 500 – 85 = 415 mm A s =2513.3 mm2
∑Fh = 0 85 T
T=C
As fy = 0.85 fc’ a b
2513.3(415) = 0.85(28)(a)(260) 500 d (d-a/2)
a = 168.56
a C
260 0.85f c ’
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Nominal moment capacity :
⎛ a⎞
M n = A s fy ⎜ d - ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 168.56 ⎞
M n = 2513.3(415) ⎜ 415 - = 345 kN.m.
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
PROBLEM 26:
Two cover plates, each 7.5 mm thick, are welded to a WF section as shown. The beam carries a total
uniform load of 40 KN/m including its own weight. Span of beam is 8 m. cover plates
Allowable bending stress for plates and beam:

σall = 150 MPa L
Section modulus for the WF section: 8m
d = 457 mm S = 1460 x 103 mm3 b
bf = 190 mm Ix = 333 x 106 mm4 75
tf = 14.5 mm tw = 9 mm
➀ Determine the flexural strength of the beam.

➁ Determine the length of the plates. 457
➂ Determine the width of the plates.
Solution:
➀ Flexural strength of the beam 75
b
M all
= σ all
S
M all = 150(1460)(10) 3
M all = 219 KN.m.
➁ Length of the plates

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2R = 40(8)
R = 160 KN
Before point A, there is no cover plate w=40 kN/m
at a distance x.
⎛ x⎞ A
M A = Rx - 40x ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
x L x
M A = 219 KN.m. (moment capacity of 8m
R R
beam without cover plate)
219 = 160x - 20x 2
x 2 - 8x + 10.95 = 0
x = 1.753 m
L = 8 - 2(1.753)
L = 4.494 m. (length of cover plates)

➂ Width of the plates
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Max. moment of the beam due to its uniform load of 40 KN / m :
wL2
M=
8
40(8)2
M= 320 KN.m. > 219 KN.m. (it needs cover plates)
8 b
Required moment of inertia :
75
M
S=
σ all C=236 232.25 228.5
6
320 x 10
S= 457
150
S = 2133.3 x 10 3
Ix = 333 x 10 6 for WF section
I
S= 75
C b
I = 2133.3 x 10 3 (236)
I = 503.46 x 10 6
⎡ b(7.5)3 ⎤
I = Ix + ⎢ + b(7.5)(232.25) 2 ⎥ 2
⎣ 12 ⎦
504.46 x 10 6 = 333 x 10 6 + 809171b
b = 211.9 say 212 mm
PROBLEM 27:
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A cantilever beam 4 m. long deflects by 16 mm at its free end due to a uniformly distributed load of 25
KN/m throughout its length.
➀ To prevent beam deflection at the free end, what force P (KN) is needed at that point?
➁ What force P (KN) should be applied at the mid length of the beam for zero displacement at the free
end?
➂ To reduce the deflection at the free end to 10 mm, how much force is needed to be applied at that
point?
Solution:
➀ Force needed at that point to prevent deflection at the free end
4 PL3 w=25 kN/m
wL δ=
δ= 3EI
8EI
P(4000)3
25000(4)(4000)3 16 =
16 = 3(5)1013 16 mm
8EI
EI = 5 x 1013 P = 37500 N 4m
P = 37.5 KN
➁ Force to be applied at the mid length of the beam for

zero displacement at the free end
L=4m
5PL3 P
δ=
48EI
5(P)(4000)3 δ
16 =
48(5)1013
P = 120000 N 2m 2m
P
P = 120 KN
➂ Force needed to be applied at the free end of 10 mm

δ = 10 mm
PL3
δ=
3EI
P(4000)3 4m
P
10 =
3(5)1013
P = 23437.5 N
P = 23.4 KN
PROBLEM 28:
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Four cables are used to lift a precast concrete slab with dimensions 3 m. x 3 m. and 76 mm thick. The
cables are attached to a hook above the center point of the slab.
Given:
h = 2 m. h=2 m
76 mm
Area of each cable = 79 mm2
Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3
3m
➀ What is the tensile force in each of the cables?
3m
➁ Determine the normal stress in each of the cables.
➂ If the cables elongated by 1 mm, what is the vertical displacement of the precast slab?
T1 T1
Solution:
➀ Tensile force in each of the cables: W C
D
4T1 = W T1 T1
76 mm
O
4T1 = 3(3)(0.076)(24) B
1.5
A
T1 = 4.1 kN 1.5 1.5
1.5 3m
3m
d2 = (1.5)2 + (1.5)2 + (2)2
d = 2.915
T d 2
= d
T1 2 T T1
O
4.1(2.915) A
T= = 5.98 kN
2
➁ Normal stress in each of the cables.

T 5980
σ= = = 75.7 MPa
A 79
➂ Vertical displacement of the precast slab:

1.0 2.915 m θ θ
∆v = 2m
Cos θ Original position
of slab
1.0 (2.915) 1.0 mm
∆v =
2 θ
Final position of slab
θ ∆V
∆ v = 1.4575 (vertical displacement)
PROBLEM 29:
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A W 600 x 110 beam is supported by a bearing plate 300 mm x 200 mm x 25 mm on a wall with a
thickness of 300 mm.
Properties of W 600 x 110 beam
d = 600 mm fc’ = 24 MPa tf = 18 mm K = 36 mm
bf = 225 mm fy = 248 MPa tw = 12 mm
The allowable bearing stress is 0.35 fc’, allowable bending stress is 0.75 Fy and allowable web yielding
stress is 0.66 Fy. Determine the maximum reaction at the beam for the following conditions.
➀ Considering the bearing of concrete wall.

➁ Considering bending of plates at a distance K.
➂ Due to allowable web yielding stress at a distance (N + 2.5K).
Solution :
➀ Reaction at the beam considering the bearing of concrete wall:
R = 0.35 fc' (a)(b)
R = 0.35(24)(300)(200) = 504000 N
R = 504 kN
➁ Max. reaction considering the bending of plates at a distance of K. 200=N

25
K + n = 150 mm
36 + n = 150 300
n = 114 mm
Considering one mm strip:
fp (n)(1)(n)
M=
2
2
fp n
M= R
2 fp =
6M ab
fb = 2 R
bt 2.98 = critical section
fp n2 300(200) for bending
0.75 Fy = R = 178901 N
2(1) t 2
3 fp n2 R = 178.9 kN k n
0.75 Fy =
t2 25
3 fp (114) 2 mm
0.75(248) = 150
(25)2
fp = 2.98 MPa

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➂ Maximum reaction due to web yielding at a distance (N + 2.5K)
t
b=1 t
b=1
fp
n
N + 2.5k
tw
N=200 2.5k
2.5k
300
R
R
0.66 Fy =
(N + 2.5K) t w
R
0.66(248) =
[200 + 2.5(36)] (12)
R = 569606 N
R = 569.61 kN

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