Name : Ambar Wulandari

NIM : 6411419039

Department : Public Health (Monday, 11.00 am)

Rombel : 1A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, which is our body’s natural defence
against illness. When someone becomes infected with HIV the virus weakens and damages
their body’s defence system (the immune system) so that it cannot fight off infections. The
virus destroys a type of white blood cell in the immune system called a T-helper cell, and
makes copies of it self inside these cells. T-helper cells are also referred to as CD4 cells.
Estimated time between reducing HIV and forming AIDS varies between 1-10 years, with an
average estimate 7-8 years.

HIV condition in Indonesia

The HIV virus has spread to almost all regions in Indonesia. HIV-AIDS is highest in
sexual relations, which is transmitted from and transmit to sex workers. What is of concern is
the majority of people living with HIV-AIDS is a population of productive age between
15-24 years.
According to the Indonesian Ministry of Health as of August 27, 2019, there are still
many HIV sufferers in DKI Jakarta, which is 62,108 people. Then followed by East Java
51,990 people, West Java 36,853 people, Papua 34,473 people, and Central Java 30,257
people. As for AIDS sufferers, the most are in Papua, which is 22,554 people. Then East Java
has 20,412 people, Central Java has 10,858 people, DKI Jakarta has 10,242 people, and Bali
has 8,147 people. In certain cases, the increasing number of tourists or foreign workers
entering Indonesia leaving the population very easy to HIV-AIDS infection. As an example it
could be mentioned that the large number of Thailand fishermen who docked in Merauke,
Papua has resulted in many of the sex workers (CSWs) in the area who contracted HIV-
AIDS.
The stages of HIV infection

According to WHO the division of clinical levels of HIV disease has four stages.

1. Clinical Level 1 (Asiptomatic / LGP):

Without symptoms, enlarged lymph nodes in certain body parts. The patient has no
complaints and remains can do activities.
2. Clinical Level 2 (early):
Weight loss less than 10%, skin and mouth disorders that are not severe such as
mouth sores, herpes arising in the last five years, and respiratory infections. At this
level, patient already showing symptoms but its activity still normal
3. Clinical Level 3 (intermediate):
Weight loss body more than 10%, chronic diarrhea more than one month, fever
more than one month, white patches hair in the mouth; tuberculosis one year lastly. At
this level, sufferers usually are lying in bed more than 12 hours per day.
4. Clinical Level 4 (advanced):
The body becomes thinner, gaining weight down more than 10% and more chronic
diarrhea than one month, fever more than one month, Pneumonia one month,
cytomegalo virus disease in organs the body, except in the lymph, liver, or lymph
glands clear, herpes simplex virus infection more than one month.

The symptoms of HIV/ AIDS

Symptoms of the disease in people with HIV are similar with common illnesses such
as fever, bronchitis and flu, but in people with AIDS, symptoms more severe and lasting in a
longer time. Such that stated by Diane Richardson (2002: 25). Common symptoms of HIV /
AIDS include things as follows:

1) Excessive fatigue, which lasts for several weeks.

2) Fever, chills excessive cold or sweating in night, lasts for several weeks
3) Loss of weight more than 5 kg deep less than two months.
4) Swollen glands, especially in the neck or armpit.
5) Appears type of boils or festering wounds onmouth or throat. Fungus appears in the
vagina and penis
6) Continuous diarrhea.
 7) Breath becomes unstable, disturbed dry cough not caused by smoking
8) New pimples, pink or pimples purple appear on any part of the skin, including
mouth or group of eyes.
HIV / AIDS transmission media

HIV transmitted only through certain body fluids—blood, semen (cum), pre-seminal
fluid (pre-cum), rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk—from a person who has HIV
can transmit HIV. These fluids must come in contact with a mucous membrane or damaged
tissue or be directly injected into the bloodstream (from a needle or syringe) for transmission
to occur. Mucous membranes are found inside the rectum, vagina, penis, and mouth.

The causes of HIV/AIDS

In the United States, HIV is spread mainly by:

 Having anal or vaginal sex with someone who has HIV without using a
condom or taking medicines to prevent or treat HIV.
o For the HIV-negative partner, receptive anal sex (bottoming) is the highest-
risk sexual behavior, but you can also get HIV from insertive anal sex
(topping).
o Either partner can get HIV through vaginal sex, though it is less risky for
getting HIV than receptive anal sex.
 Sharing needles or syringes, rinse water, or other equipment (works) used to
prepare drugs for injection with someone who has HIV. HIV can live in a used
needle up to 42 days depending on temperature and other factors.

Less commonly, HIV may be spread:

 From mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. Although the risk
can be high if a mother is living with HIV and not taking medicine,
recommendations to test all pregnant women for HIV and start HIV treatment
immediately have lowered the number of babies who are born with HIV.
 By being stuck with an HIV-contaminated needle or other sharp object. This is a
risk mainly for health care workers.

In extremely rare cases, HIV has been transmitted by

 Oral sex—putting the mouth on the penis (fellatio), vagina (cunnilingus), or anus
(rimming). In general, there’s little to no risk of getting HIV from oral sex. But
 transmission of HIV, though extremely rare, is theoretically possible if an HIV-
positive man ejaculates in his partner’s mouth during oral sex. To learn more about
how to lower your risk, see Oral Sex and HIV Risk.
 Receiving blood transfusions, blood products, or organ/tissue transplants that are
contaminated with HIV. This was more common in the early years of HIV, but
now the risk is extremely small because of rigorous testing of the US blood supply
and donated organs and tissues.
 Eating food that has been pre-chewed by an HIV-infected person. The
contamination occurs when infected blood from a caregiver’s mouth mixes with
food while chewing. The only known cases are among infants.
 Being bitten by a person with HIV. Each of the very small number of documented
cases has involved severe trauma with extensive tissue damage and the presence of
blood. There is no risk of transmission if the skin is not broken.
 Contact between broken skin, wounds, or mucous membranes and HIV-infected
blood or blood-contaminated body fluids.
 Deep, open-mouth kissing if both partners have sores or bleeding gums and blood
from the HIV-positive partner gets into the bloodstream of the HIV-negative
partner. HIV is not spread through saliva.

HIV does not survive long outside the human body (such as on surfaces), and it
cannot reproduce outside a human host. It is not spread by
 Mosquitoes, ticks, or other insects.
 Saliva, tears, or sweat that is not mixed with the blood of an HIV-positive person.
 Hugging, shaking hands, sharing toilets, sharing dishes, or closed-mouth or
“social” kissing with someone who is HIV-positive.
 Other sexual activities that don’t involve the exchange of body fluids (for example,
touching).

The impact oh HIV/AIDS

The impact experienced by HIV sufferers are:

1.Anxiety: HIV is a disease with no obvious symptoms, there is no cure for it.
2.Depression: feeling sad, helpless, low self, feeling guilty, worthless, hopeless.
3.willing to commit suicide, not socializing, difficulty sleeping, and loss of appetite.
4.Feel isolated and unsupported social, feel rejected by family, and people other.
5.Feeling afraid when someone knows that disease screaming.
 6.Feeling concerned with maintenance costs, worry about losing your job.
7.Feeling ashamed of the stigma that AIDS sufferers have bad behavior.

ARV as a medicine for HIV / AIDS

Important finding in the world of medicine to suppress the growth of the HIV virus
is a medicine Antiretrovirals (ARVs) that must be consumed regularly. ARVs really can't kill
HIV virus in the body, but can suppress breeding the virus. Based on research from various
hospital in Jakarta it was found that only ARV medicine able to improve the quality of life so
ARV therapy should not be stopped all his life.
There some ways to reduce risk of getting HIV. It can be prevented by paying more
attention to these following points:
 Get tested and know your partner’s HIV status. Talk to your partner about HIV
testing and get tested before you have sex. Use this testing locator from the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to find an HIV testing location near
you.
 Have less risky sex. HIV is mainly spread by having anal or vaginal sex without a
condom or without taking medicines to prevent or treat HIV.
 Use condoms. Use a condom correctly every time you have vaginal, anal, or oral
sex. Read this fact sheet from CDC on how to use condoms correctly.
 Limit your number of sexual partners. The more partners you have, the more likely
you are to have a partner with HIV whose HIV is not well controlled or to have a
partner with a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Both of these factors can
increase the risk of HIV transmission. If you have more than one sexual partner,
get tested for HIV regularly.
 Get tested and treated for STDs. Insist that your partners get tested and treated too.
Having an STD can increase your risk of becoming infected with HIV or spreading
it to others.
 Talk to your health care provider about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). PrEP is
an HIV prevention option for people who don’t have HIV but who are at high risk
of becoming infected with HIV.
 Don’t inject drugs. But if you do, use only sterile drug injection equipment and
water and never share your equipment with others.
References

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Murwanto, B. (2016). Perilaku Pencegahan HIV/AIDS pada Kelompok Wanita Pekerja Seks dan Waria.
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Nancy, R. (2018). Dukungan Keluarga Terhadap Kelangsungan Hidup ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV-
AIDS). Jurnal Kesehatan, 50-62.

Nursalam, nurs, & kurniawati, n. d. (2007). Asuhan Keperawatan pada Pasien Terinfeksi. Jakarta:
Salemba Medika.

Purwaningsih, S. S., & Widyatun. (2008). Perkembangan HIV dan AIDS di Indonesia. Jurnal
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