CONNECTION BETWEEN ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Hans Christian Oersted: Danish Physics Teacher
Magnetic Material: if magnetic domains are not aligned.
Main Source of Magnetism: electrons moving
Magnetic force – force of interaction of two magnets.
Magnetism: physical phenomenon produced by the
motion of electric charge, resulting in attractive and
repulsive forces between objects.
Polarity: state of being a north pole or south pole; the
magnetic equivalent of electric charge
The Source of Magnetic Field
Magnetic domains – alignment of electron’s spin, causing
the atomic arrangement to be clustered into billions of
aligned atoms called magnetic domains.
Magnetic Field – Region of Space that surrounds a
magnet. generated whenever these electrical charges
started to move.
ANDRÉ-MARIE AMPÈRE
Magnetic Field on a Current Carrying Conductor-
Since the electric current also produces a magnetic
current, a current-carrying conductor will produce a
magnetic field around it in a concentric circle fashion.
RIGHT HAND RULE
- +
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor: The
current-carrying conductor will interact with the external
magnetic field (from magnet) because it has own magnetic field.
The moving electrical charge will experience the outside
magnetic field, but because the moving charges are confined in
the wire, the magnetic force will be experienced only by the
wire, causing the phenomena you have observed.
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
Electric motor – a machine that converts electrical energy
to mechanical energy.
MICHAEL FARADAY’S LAW
When a magnet is plunged into a coil that has twice as
many loops as another coil, twice as much voltage is
induced. The induced voltage in a coil is proportional to
the product of its number of loops, the cross-sectional
area of each loop, and the rate at which the magnetic field
changes within those loops.
Electromagnetic induction - inducing voltage by changing
the magnetic field in loops of wire. can be seen when you
plunge the magnet to the wire or you plunge the wire to
the magnet.
Voltage: caused, or induced, by the relative motion
between a wire and a magnetic field - that is, whether the
magnetic field of a magnet moves near a stationary
conductor or the conductor moves in a stationary
magnetic field
Magnetic flux – quantity that tells you the amount of
magnetic field that passes through an area.
Induced voltage – potential difference in the coil of wire
that resulted from the change in magnetic flux.
AC generator – machine that converts mechanical energy
to electrical energy.
Alternating current - an electric current that reverses its
direction many times a second at regular intervals,
typically used in power supplies.
 James Clerk Maxwell “What if we started from nothing?”

Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory

Law Statement Phenomenon

Gauss’ Law for Electricity The electric flux in a closed surface is proportional to the Electric charges and electric field.
charge enclosed by the surface.
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism The net magnetic flux through a closed surface is equal to zero. Magnetic field always forms closed loops.
Faraday’s Law The time rate of change in magnetic flux produces electric field Electricity from magnetism
manifested as induced voltage
Ampere-Maxwell’s Law The conduction current and the rate of change electric flux Magnetism from electricity
produces magnetic field

Combining the four laws stated in a vacuum, deducing and GAMMA: The shortest wavelength but has the largest
calculating experiments with his own theory and some frequency and energy hence, the most penetrating of all
constants of electricity and magnetism, he ends up with EM waves. Used in radiation therapy for cancer patients
the constant value:

3.0x108 m/s – speed of light

Maxwell also finds out that light is composed of

electromagnetic waves. That light produces electric and
magnetic field at the same time in perpendicular
orientation.
EM WAVE WAVELENGTH FREQUENCY
2 COMPONENTS OF EM WAVE RADIOWAVE More than 1m 1Hz – 1GHz
1. Electric field 2. Magnetic field MICROWAVE 1m-1mm 1GHz – 0.1 THz
INFRARED 1mm-0.7μm 0.1 THz – 1014 HZ
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
VISIBLE LIGHT 0.7μm – 400 nm 4-7 1014 HZ
RADIO WAVES serves as the carriers of information in radio ULTRAVIOLET 400 nm- 10 nm 1014 HZ - 1017 HZ
communication as well as in television. XRAY 10 nm – 0.1 nm 1017 HZ – 1019 HZ
GAMMA Less than 10 pm Above 1019 HZ
MICROWAVES- shorter wavelength radio waves produced
using oscilliator cavities or special vacuum tubes called
magnetron or klystrons.

INFRARED radiation always present because all bodies

produces infrared radiation. Used for thermal scanning

VISIBLE LIGHT: We are able to see things around us

ULTRAVIOLET: Due to its higher energy, UV component of

EM spectrum from the sun that can cause sunburn, or
much worse, skin cancer. Used for food processing to kill
bacteria High wavelength = Lower frequency = Lower energy
X-RAY: At the time of accidental discover by Wilhelm
Low wavelength = Higher frequency = Higher energy
Roentgen, nobody can explain its true nature so they just
identified it as X-ray, where X signifies unknown.
Used to give an image of our bones
 1 TYPES OF MIRRORS
f=
λ
c=f λ Plane mirror: flat (planar) reflective surface. For light rays
striking a plane mirror, the angle of reflection equals the
c angle of incidence. Reversing image known as left-right
λ=
f
inversion I
F = Frequency: number of waves in a given time
Concave Mirror: converging mirror curved inward in the
C = Speed of light: 3.0x108 m/s
λ = Wavelength middle. (
NATURE OF LIGHT Convex Mirror: diverging mirror )
ISAAC NEWTON CHRISTIAN HUYGENS Principal axis: a line passing through the center of the
sphere and attaching to the mirror in the exact center of
Light is composed of Light generates waves
the mirror.
particles - corpsucles
Vertex: point on the mirror's surface where the principal
ALBERT EINSTEIN: Light is made up of energy packets
axis meets the mirror
called quanta (now known as photons) - that is the
particle of light. And based on my quantum theory of light, Focal point: Midway between the vertex and the center of
the light itself has a particle and a wave nature. curvature

LIGHT has a dual nature – that is a particle and a wave. Radius of curvature: point in the center of the sphere
Light is a particle when it interacts with matter, and it is a from which the mirror was sliced
wave when spreading.

REFLECTION: bouncing of light when it encounters a barrier

Law of Reflection = " the angle of incidence (incoming ray)

equals the angle of reflection (outgoing ray)"
for FLAT, PLANE surfaces only.

Specular reflection: Diffused reflection:

Allows us to see ourselves Allows us to see everything
Smooth or gloss surface. Rough or matt surface. IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF CURVED MIRRORS

MIRRORS: A reflective surface, typically of glass coated

with a metal amalgam, that reflects a clear image.
 LOCATION Front of mirror Back of mirror
ORIENTATION Upright Inverted
Front of mirror: the image formed by the mirror is in front. SIZE Diminished Unmagnified Enlarged
TYPE Real Virtual
Back of mirror – the image formed by the mirror is at the
back.

Upright image – The image formed has the same orientation as

the object

Inverted image – Image is rotated 180O with respect to the

image, with the top becoming bottom and the bottom becoming
top.

Magnification – the fraction by which an image is larger or

smaller than the object. Case 3: The object is at C. The image is real, inverted, and
Unmagnified image – the image is the same size as the object. unmagnified. It is found at C.

Magnified image – the image formed is larger than the object.

Diminished – the image is smaller than the object.

Real – the image is formed in the front of the mirror.

Virtual – the image is formed at the back of the mirror

Case 4: The object is at a point anywhere between the

focus F and C. The image is real, inverted, and enlarged. It
RAY DIAGRAMS FOR CONCAVE MIRRORS
is found farther away than C.
Case 1: The object is at infinity (the distance of an object is
considered as infinite if it is located 10 to 12 times the
distance of focal length). The image produced is real,
inverted, and diminished. The image is at the focus F.

Case 5: The object is at focus F. The image is at infinity

where we can’t put on a screen, therefore we cannot see
it. Because of that, we can also say that there is no image.

Case 2: The object is farther than the curvature C. The

image is real, inverted and diminished. It can be found
between C and F.
Case 6: The object is anywhere between F and the vertex V.
The image is virtual, upright and enlarged.

RAY DIAGRAMS FOR CONVEX MIRRORS

the image formed in convex is virtual image. It is above the

principal axis so it is upright. Also, it is obviously smaller
than the object so it is diminished. For a convex mirror, it
doesn’t matter how close the object is placed in front of
the mirror: the image is always diminished. It just varies
how much smaller the virtual object to the real object.
Image is at the back of mirror

izezenzen

Wagnyonantoprinttalinonakyo

OERSTED Link between electricity and magnetism

AMPERE Magnetic field in Current carrying wire
FARADAY Electromagnetic induction/#ofcoilschuchu
MAXWELL EM waves
NEWTON Light is particle shing
HUYGENS Light is wave woosh
YOUNG Double split experiment supots Huygens wave ftw
HERTZ photoelectric
EINSTEIN Light is particle + wave = quanta/photon