https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.

gov/pmc/articles/PMC3824495/

Mondal, M. N. I., & Shitan, M. (2013, June). Factors affecting the HIV/AIDS epidemic: an ecological
analysis of global data. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3824495/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773846/

Qian, K., Morris-Natschke, S. L., & Lee, K.-H. (2009, March). HIV entry inhibitors and their potential in HIV
therapy. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773846/

https://www.who.int/philippines/news/detail/11-01-2019-new-law-important-boost-to-hiv-response-
in-the-philippines
New law important boost to HIV response in the Philippines.
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/philippines/news/detail/11-01-2019-new-law-
important-boost-to-hiv-response-in-the-philippines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303966/

Peterson, J. L., Rintamaki, L. S., Brashers, D. E., Goldsmith, D. J., & Neidig, J. L. (2012). The forms and

functions of peer social support for people living with HIV. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303966/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5697335/

Xu, J.-F., Ming, Z.-Q., Zhang, Y.-Q., Wang, P.-C., Jing, J., & Cheng, F. (2017, November 21). Family support,

discrimination, and quality of life among ART-treated HIV-infected patients: a two-year study in China.

Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5697335/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303966/

Peterson, J. L., Rintamaki, L. S., Brashers, D. E., Goldsmith, D. J., & Neidig, J. L. (2012). The forms and

functions of peer social support for people living with HIV. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303966/

NAULIT SIYA CJ
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122586/

Basavaraj, K. H., Navya, M. A., & Rashmi, R. (2010, July). Quality of life in HIV/AIDS. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122586/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1361287/

Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004, July). Psychological stress and the human immune system: a
meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1361287/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5012643/

Günthard, H. F., Saag, M. S., Benson, C. A., del Rio, C., Eron, J. J., Gallant, J. E., … Volberding, P. A. (2016,
July 12). Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2016
Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5012643/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5586984/

Oskouie, F., Kashefi, F., Rafii, F., & Gouya, M. M. (2017, July 25). Qualitative study of HIV related stigma
and discrimination: What women say in Iran. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5586984/

https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

Mcleod, S. (n.d.). Defense Mechanisms. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-

mechanisms.html

https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-019-4659-z

Ghiasvand, H., Waye, K.M., Noroozi, M. et al. Clinical determinants associated with quality of life

for people who live with HIV/AIDS: a Meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 19, 768 (2019).

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4659-z

https://canfar.com/awareness/hiv-aids-basics/history-of-hiv-aids/

In 1983 it is discovered that women can also be infected

(Canadian Foundation for Aids Research, n.d.).

History of HIV/AIDS. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://canfar.com/awareness/hiv-aids-basics/history-of-hiv-

aids/

https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html

HIV is a virus which attacks the immune system of the body,

specifically the CD4 cells which help the body fight infections

and diseases and if the virus is untreated then more cells will

be destroyed weakening the Immune System, making it unable to

fight viruses and bacteria leaving the body unprotected. ( Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.).

About HIV/AIDS. (2019, December 2). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html

https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html

This is the time that the infected experience severe illnesses

called opportunistic diseases. Some common symptoms of AIDS are

sweats, swollen lymph glands, chills, fevers, weight loss and

weakness (CDC.gov).

About HIV/AIDS. (2019, December 2). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html

https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
Since the start of the epidemic until the end of 2018, 32 million

people already died from AIDS and 74.9 million has been infected

with HIV. As of 2018, 37.9 million people were living with HIV

and 24 million people of those has been taking Anti-retroviral

therapies (Global HIV & AIDS statistics, n.d.)

Global HIV & AIDS statistics - 2019 fact sheet. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet

https://www.aidsdatahub.org/sites/default/files/publication/EB_HARP_June_AIDSreg2019.pdf

Region 3 ranked third on the greatest number of diagnosed cases

with a tally of 6,409 while Region 4A with 10,251 falls second to

NCR with 26,452 cases reported from 1984-June 2019 (HIV/AIDS& ART

Registry of the Philippines, 2019).

HIV/AIDS and ART Registry of the Philippines, (2019, June). Retrieved

from

https://www.aidsdatahub.org/sites/default/files/publication/EB_HARP_Ju

ne_AIDSreg2019.pdf

https://www.who.int/philippines/news/detail/11-01-2019-new-law-important-boost-to-hiv-response-
in-the-philippines
As stated on the laws, denial of life and health insurance, and

health services are now unlawful (Tanggol, 2019).

New law important boost to HIV response in the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.who.int/philippines/news/detail/11-01-2019-new-law-important-boost-to-hiv-response-

in-the-philippines

http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/74664/E87762.pdf

World Health Organization (2005) where only 20.5% of parents

disclose their HIV status to their children mainly because of the

risk of being stigmatized.

Empelen P., (2005). What is the impact of HIV on families?

Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe

(Health Evidence Network report)

http://www.euro.who.int/Document/E87762.pdf,

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5697335/

Xu, et.al (2017) in their study “Family support, discrimination,

and quality of life among ART-treated HIV-infected patients: a

two-year study in China” is somehow like the results of the

respondent’s cases. According to Xu, the ratio of respondents who

did not feel discriminated by their own families was 87.2% at

baseline, 90.4% at 6 months, 90.0% at 12 months, and 94.5% at

24 months. 
Xu, J.-F., Ming, Z.-Q., Zhang, Y.-Q., Wang, P.-C., Jing, J., & Cheng, F. (2017, November 21). Family support,

discrimination, and quality of life among ART-treated HIV-infected patients: a two-year study in China.

Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5697335/

https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html

HIV is a virus which attacks the immune system of the body,

specifically the CD4 cells which help the body fight infections

and diseases and if the virus is untreated then more cells will

be destroyed weakening the Immune System, making it unable to

fight viruses and bacteria leaving the body unprotected. ( Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.).

About HIV/AIDS. (2019, December 2). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html

https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html

Here in the Philippines, there have been a total 68,401 number of

reported HIV cases (not including the unreported cases) since

1984 and already 3,459 died from it as of June 2019. Sixty-four

thousand of those reported cases are male and the remaining 4

thousand are female. Region 3 ranked third on the greatest number

of diagnosed cases with a tally of 6,409 while Region 4A with

10,251 falls second to NCR with 26,452 cases reported from 1984-

June 2019 (HIV/AIDS& ART Registry of the Philippines, 2019).

About HIV/AIDS. (2019, December 2). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html

https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/how-is-hiv-transmitted
However, HIV cannot be spread through, air, water, mosquitoes,

saliva, tears, shaking hands, drinking in the same fountains, and

other sexual activities which do not involve exchange of body

fluids (How is HIV transmitted, 2019).

Content Source: HIV.govDate last updated: June 24, 2019. (2019, June 24). How Is HIV Transmitted?

Retrieved from https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/how-is-hiv-transmitted

https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-social-issues/stigma-discrimination
HIV is a result of immorality and irresponsibility that needs to
be punished (HIV stigma and discrimination, 2019)
HIV Stigma and Discrimination. (2019, October 10). Retrieved from
https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-social-issues/stigma-discrimination

https://www.aidsmap.com/news/jun-2019/hiv-criminalisation-cases-recorded-72-countries-including-
49-last-four-years
In fact, HIV Criminalization has been rough on the past few years
for a total of 913 people living with HIV has been arrested,
investigated, acquitted or convicted mostly in Russia, Belarus
and USA (Aidsmap.com
Pebody, R. (2019, June 3). HIV criminalisation cases recorded in 72 countries, including 49 in the last four
years. Retrieved from https://www.aidsmap.com/news/jun-2019/hiv-criminalisation-cases-recorded-72-
countries-including-49-last-four-years

https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/policies/law/states/exposure.html
There are some laws in those countries about behaviors that can
potentially transmit HIV to another person, for example, an HIV
positive person is aware of the virus in him and did not disclose
it to his sexual partner, then he can be sued for the risk of HIV
transmission (Centers for Disease control and prevention, 2019).
HIV. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/policies/law/states/exposure.html

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2018/ra_11166_2018.html
Despite the discrimination, there are still laws that protect the
rights of the HIV positives specially in our country. Those are
the Republic Act no. 11166 or the Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy
Act of 2018 (Republic Act no 11166, n.d.)

https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/3940
Aids Control and Prevention or the Republic Act no. 8504
(Republic Act no. 8504, n.d.).
Republic Act No. 8504: Department of Health website. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/3940

https://www.who.int/philippines/news/detail/11-01-2019-new-law-important-boost-to-hiv-response-
in-the-philippines
As stated on the laws, denial of life and health insurance, and
health services are now unlawful (Tanggol, 2019).
New law important boost to HIV response in the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.who.int/philippines/news/detail/11-01-2019-new-law-important-boost-to-hiv-response-

in-the-philippines

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3248273/
The person may be feared of being discredited or hated by the
society, making them conceal or hide their shortcomings that they
think they have. For most, concealment has been the easiest way
to avoid stigma (Erving Goffman’s face and stigmas theory, n.d.).
 Ahmedani, B. K. (2011). Mental Health Stigma: Society, Individuals, and the Profession. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3248273/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6980827/
She had sleepless nights before the examination and as

explained by Boadu (2016), stress highly affects the cd4 cells

counts of the body for lack of stress negatively affects the

immune system which causes the cd4 cells to decrease at a

significant rate considering that the HIV may attack stronger if

untreated for the body’s immune system is under stress.

Effendy, E., Amin, M. M., de Vega, L., & Utami, N. (2019, October 14). The Association between

CD-4 Level, Stress and Depression Symptoms among People Living with HIV/AIDS. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6980827/

About HIV/AIDS. (2019, December 2). Retrieved from

https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html

Ahmedani, B. K. (2011). Mental Health Stigma: Society, Individuals, and the Profession. Retrieved

from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3248273/

Basavaraj, K. H., Navya, M. A., & Rashmi, R. (2010, July). Quality of life in HIV/AIDS. Retrieved

from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122586/

How Is HIV Transmitted? (2019, June 24). Retrieved from https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-

basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/how-is-hiv-transmitted
Effendy, E., Amin, M. M., de Vega, L., & Utami, N. (2019, October 14). The Association between

CD-4 Level, Stress and Depression Symptoms among People Living with HIV/AIDS. Retrieved

from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6980827/

Global HIV & AIDS statistics - 2019 fact sheet. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet

Günthard, H. F., Saag, M. S., Benson, C. A., del Rio, C., Eron, J. J., Gallant, J. E., … Volberding, P.

A. (2016, July 12). Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in

Adults: 2016 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. Retrieved

from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5012643/

HIV/AIDS and ART Registry of the Philippines, (2019, June). Retrieved from

https://www.aidsdatahub.org/sites/default/files/publication/EB_HARP_June_AIDSreg2019.pdf

History of HIV/AIDS. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://canfar.com/awareness/hiv-aids-basics/history-of-

hiv-aids/

HIV. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/policies/law/states/exposure.html

HIV Stigma and Discrimination. (2019, October 10). Retrieved from

https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-social-issues/stigma-discrimination

Mcleod, S. (n.d.). Defense Mechanisms. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-

mechanisms.html

Mondal, M. N. I., & Shitan, M. (2013, June). Factors affecting the HIV/AIDS epidemic: an

ecological analysis of global data. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3824495/
New law important boost to HIV response in the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.who.int/philippines/news/detail/11-01-2019-new-law-important-boost-to-hiv-

response-in-the-philippines

Oskouie, F., Kashefi, F., Rafii, F., & Gouya, M. M. (2017, July 25). Qualitative study of HIV

related stigma and discrimination: What women say in Iran. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5586984/

Pebody, R. (2019, June 3). HIV criminalisation cases recorded in 72 countries, including 49 in the

last four years. Retrieved from https://www.aidsmap.com/news/jun-2019/hiv-criminalisation-

cases-recorded-72-countries-including-49-last-four-years

Peterson, J. L., Rintamaki, L. S., Brashers, D. E., Goldsmith, D. J., & Neidig, J. L. (2012). The

forms and functions of peer social support for people living with HIV. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303966/

Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2018/ra_11166_2018.html

Qian, K., Morris-Natschke, S. L., & Lee, K.-H. (2009, March). HIV entry inhibitors and their

potential in HIV therapy. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773846/

Republic Act No. 8504: Department of Health website. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/3940
Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004, July). Psychological stress and the human immune system:

a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1361287/

Xu, J.-F., Ming, Z.-Q., Zhang, Y.-Q., Wang, P.-C., Jing, J., & Cheng, F. (2017, November 21).

Family support, discrimination, and quality of life among ART-treated HIV-infected patients: a

two-year study in China. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5697335/