Phylum Mollusca: (L. Molluscus, Soft)

MOLLUSCS
Phylum Mollusca
(L. molluscus, soft)
Common name: Molluscs
Characteristics: Body usually covered by a shell. Most have a ventral muscular

foot for locomotion.
Class: Gastropoda (Gr. gaster, belly + pous, foot)
Architaenioglossa
Common names: Snails, whelks, limpets, conchs, sea slugs
Characteristics: Shell typically spiralled. Entire body can be withdrawn into

shell. Broad, flat ventral foot for locomotion. The head of most
bears two tentacles. Mantle cavity and anus located at anterior
end of body.
Order: Architaenioglossa (Gr. archi, first + taenia, ribbon +

glossa, tongue)
Common name: Land operculate snails
Land operculate snails
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Order: Architaenioglossa
Family: Liareidae
Taxonomic Name: Cytora hirsutissima (Powell, 1951)
Common Names: -
Synonyms: Murdochia hirsutissima (Climo 1973)
M&D Category: X
Conservancy Office: NL
Area Office: Kaitaia
Description: A small, golden-brown snail, with the shell whorls having rows of long,
dark-brown hair processes. The shell is 5.6 - 7 mm high, and 6 - 7 mm wide. The animal
is blind, having no eyes, and the long hairs on the shell may act as receptors (information
Shell width: 7 mm from Climo 1973; Powell 1979; Brook 1999c).
Type Locality: Great Island, South West coast, c. 213 m, under Streblus (name changed
from Paratrophis) and Brachyglottis (Powell 1951a).
Specimen Holdings: AMNZ (type), MONZ.
Distribution: Restricted to the type locality at c. 240 m elevation, west of the trig
station, north-western end of Great Island (Brook 1999c).
Habitat: Terrestrial, under stones and rotting wood, beneath broadleaf and kanuka/
broadleaf forest. In 1970 this species was ‘restricted to an area of about 2 m2, of rock
and rubble under a milk tree (Streblus sp.) living under a few large rocks covered by
the jointed fern (Arthopteris tenella), but not under bare rocks in close proximity’
(Climo 1973). By 1996 C.hirsutissima occupied an area of c. 200 m2, at the foot of a
boulder scree and extending onto an adjoining rocky terrace (F. Brook unpub. data).
Threats: None known at present. Not presumed extinct as indicated in Molloy &
Davis (1994). Potential risk of habitat modification through fire, exotic plant
introduction, herbivores or plant pathogens (Brook 1999c).
Work Undertaken to Date: Goats introduced to Great Island 1889. Goats eradicated
from Great Island in 1946 (Turbott 1948). Distribution surveyed in 1970 (Climo 1973),
and 1996 (F. Brook
unpub. data).
Priority Research,
Survey and
Monitoring: 1)
Complete the report on
landsnail fauna of Great
Island (Brook 1999c).
Management Needs:
1) Maintain island
security (Brook 1999c).
Contacts: Fred Brook.

Photo: Andrew Townsend. Permission: Harper Collins Publishers (NZ) Ltd.
Powell 1979, Plate 23, Fig. 4. See Plate 3, No. 20.
73
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Order: Basommatophora (Gr. basis, base + omma, eye + pherein,
to bear)
Family: Latiidae
Characteristics: A bioluminescent, freshwater, limpet-like genus.
Latiidae
Limpet-like gastropods
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Order: Basommatophora
Family: Latiidae
Taxonomic Name: Latia climoi Starobogatov, 1986
Common Names: -
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: I
Conservancy Office: WL
Area Office: Poneke
Description: A freshwater species, with a limpet-like, half-egg shaped shell. It has a

narrow top, which is nearly in line with the back edge of the shell, and displaced to the
left of centre. The shell is 5.5 - 10.1 mm long, 3.9 - 7.5 mm wide, and 1.8 - 3.6 mm high
(Starobogatov 1986).
Body length: 10.1 mm Type Locality: Hutt River, Wellington (Starobogatov 1986).
Specimen Holdings: -
Distribution: Hutt River,Wellington (Starobogatov 1986).
Habitat: Latia is a freshwater genus, generally found attached to stones and rocks,
mostly in running streams and rivers (Powell 1979).
Threats: Not known.
Work Undertaken to Date: -
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) Survey the Hutt River and other
possible sites in the Wellington region, to obtain an estimate of distribution and
abundance. Type specimen and paratypes are currently held offshore and need to be
returned to confirm identification.
Management Needs: -
Contacts: Kevin Collier.
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Order: Stylommatophora (Gr. stylos, pillar + omma, eye +
pherein, to bear)
Family: Bulimulidae
Common name: Large terrestrial snails
Genus: Placostylus
Common name: Flax snails
Placostylus
Flax snails
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Order: Stylommatophora
Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Basileostylus) bollonsi “West”
Common Names: King Island turrett snail (Foord 1990)
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: B
Description: A large snail with a tall spired shell, up to c. 90 mm high. The shell is
chalky white, with a red-coloured aperture, and brown periostracum (outermost
covering of shell) (Parrish et al. 1995; F. Brook pers. comm. 2000).
Type Locality: Not described.
Specimen Holdings: AMNZ.
Distribution: Restricted to West Island in the Three Kings Islands group, patchily
distributed across the upper western part of the island (Brook 1999a). Has been found
at c. 100 m elevation on the ridge crest at the south-eastern end of West Island, in a
terraced area; above c. 80 m on the steep south-west facing slope above the Elingamite
wreck site. It is estimated that there were at least 100 individuals in 1982 (Brook &
Laurenson 1992).
Shell height: 90 mm Habitat: Terrestrial, found in litter, and under groundcover plants and stones, under
broadleaf forest and flax (Phormium spp.)/broadleaf shrubland (Brook 1999a). The
snails are herbivorous feeding on the fallen leaves of broadleaf trees and shrubs (F.
Brook pers. comm. 2000). Live snails have been found under a 3 m high canopy of
pukanui, karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus) and Three Kings rangiora (Brachyglottis
arborescens), under carex sedges in areas with deep moist broadleaf litter, and in ponded
accumulations of broadleaf litter beneath a low mixed broadleaf canopy (Brook &
Laurenson 1992).
Sign of Presence: Empty shells. Oval eggs, buff in colour, up to 18 mm long (Brook &
Laurenson 1992).
Threats: None known at present. There is a potential risk of introduction of mammalian

predators, or loss of habitat through introduction of invasive exotic plants, mammalian
herbivores, or plant pathogens (Brook & Laurenson 1992; Brook 1999c).
Work Undertaken to Date: Brook and Laurenson (1992) and Brook (1999a) described
distribution and habitat. Shell morphology described by Brook and Laurenson (1992)
and Sherley (1996).
Priority Research, Survey and Monitoring: 1) Monitor status of subpopulation at

5-10 yearly intervals (Parrish et al. 1995; Brook 1999c).
Management Needs: 1) Maintain island security.
Contacts: Fred Brook, Richard Parrish,Andrea Booth.
81
Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Basileostylus) bollonsi arbutus Powell, 1948
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: B
covering of shell) (Parrish et al. 1995; F. Brook pers. comm. 2000). Powell (1948)
recorded shell measurements of 93.5 - 113.4 mm high, and 35 - 44 mm wide.
Type Locality: Three Kings Islands, Great Island, in a small hanging valley near the foot
of a boulder scree at about 213 m elevation, on the seaward slope of the western side
of the island, just south of Crater Head, in forest (Powell 1948, Climo 1973).
Specimen Holdings: -
Distribution: Restricted to the vicinity of the trig station on Great Island (Brook &
Laurenson 1992, fig 11). This population has increased in size since goats were
eradicated from Great Island in 1946. In 1945, 25 snails were counted (Powell 1948),
in 1970 there were c. 100 individuals (Climo 1973), and in 1991 c. 360 individuals over
an area of about 2.7 ha (Brook & Laurenson 1992). Records include on the south-
western seaward slope just south of Crater Head at about 213 m; several hundred yards
east of Hapuku Point at about 193 m (extinct) (Powell 1948); west of trig station at c.
240 m elevation 1982; ridge north-west of trig station at c. 260 m 1982 (Brook &
Laurenson 1992).
Shell height: 115 mm
Habitat: Terrestrial, found in litter, and under groundcover plants and stones, in broadleaf
and karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus) forest (Brook & Laurenson 1992). The snails
are herbivorous, feeding on the fallen leaves of broadleaf trees and shrubs (F. Brook
pers. comm. 2000). They are usually sparsely and randomly distributed in areas with
extensive stable broadleaf litter, where they can be found clustered in pockets on
steep slopes, and in areas where broadleaf plants are sparsely or patchily distributed.
Broadleaf plants and microhabitat availability, are likely to be the principle factors
determining distribution (Brook & Laurenson 1992).
Laurenson 1992).
Threats: None known at present. Historically Great Island was under intense cultivation
(Powell 1979). There is a potential risk of introduction of mammalian predators, or
loss of habitat through introduction of invasive exotic plants, mammalian herbivores,
or plant pathogens (Brook & Laurenson 1992; Brook 1999c).
from Great Island in 1946 (Turbott 1948). Distribution and ecology work undertaken
(Powell 1948; Climo 1973; Brook and Laurenson 1992). Shell morphology studied
(Brook & Laurenson 1992; Sherley 1996), and genetic variation compared (Triggs &
Sherley 1993).
82
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) Monitor status of subpopulation at
5 - 10 yearly intervals (Parrish et al. 1995; Brook 1999c).

See Plate 5, No. 1.
83
Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Basileostylus) bollonsi bollonsi Suter, 1908
Synonyms: Placostylus bollonsi, Basileostylus bollonsi (Powell 1979)
M&D Category: B
covering of shell) (F. Brook pers. comm. 2000). Powell (1979) recorded shell
measurements of 87 - 100 mm high, and 36 - 39 mm wide. The animal is black, and
irregularly and coarsely granular (Suter 1908).
Type Locality: Three Kings Islands, Great Island, S.E. landing slope below the provision
depot. Now extinct at that site (Powell 1948).
Distribution: East of isthmus on Great Island (Brook & Laurenson 1992, fig 10). This
population has increased in size since goats were eradicated in 1946. In 1945, 11
snails were counted (Powell 1948), in 1970 there were c. 30 individuals (Climo 1973),
and in 1991 c. 210 individuals covering an area of about 1.697 ha (Brook & Laurenson
1992). Records include: on Great Island at South East Bay and landing slope below the
Shell height: 100 mm provision depot (now extinct there), about 800 m north-east of the provision depot, at
about 152 m (Powell 1948, 1951a); 152 m in valley of South East landing; north side of
South East Bay at c.100 m elevation 1982 (Brook & Laurenson 1992). Powell (1948)
included P. bollonsi from North East Island in this subspecies (Brook & Laurenson
1992; Sherley 1996).
and kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) forest (Brook & Laurenson 1992; Brook 1999a). The
snails are herbivorous, feeding on the fallen leaves of broadleaf trees and shrubs (F.
Brook pers. comm. 2000). They are usually sparsely and randomly distributed in areas
with extensive stable broadleaf litter, where they can be found clustered in pockets on
Broadleaf plants and microhabitat availability are likely to be the principle factors
Laurenson 1992).
from Great Island in 1946 (Turbott 1948). Distribution and ecology studied (Powell
1948; Climo 1973; Brook & Laurenson 1992; Brook 1999a). Shell morphology studied
84
(Brook & Laurenson 1992; Sherley 1996), and genetic variation compared (Triggs &
Sherley 1993).
Priority Research, Survey and Monitoring: 1) Monitor status of subpopulation at


See Plate 5, No. 2.
85
Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Basileostylus) bollonsi caperatus Powell, 1948
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: B
covering of shell) (F. Brook pers. comm. 2000). Powell (1979) recorded shell
measurements of 84 - 97 mm high, and 33.5 - 36 mm wide (Powell 1979).
Type Locality: Great Island, North West landing slope in stunted ngaio scrub at c. 152
m (Powell 1948).
Distribution: Restricted to an area of c. 0.5 ha above North West Bay, west of the
isthmus on Great Island (Brook & Laurenson 1992, fig 10). This population has increased
in size since goats were eradicated from Great Island in 1946. In 1946 about 40 snails
were seen (Powell 1948), in 1970 there were more than 60 individuals (Climo 1973),
and in 1991 c. 130 individuals covering an area of about 0.5 ha (Brook & Laurenson
1992). Records include the North West landing slope c. 152 m, (Powell 1948, 1979) (c.
Shell height: 95 mm 375 m stated in Brook & Laurenson 1992); cliffs above North West Bay at c. 130 m
elevation (Brook & Laurenson 1992).
and kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) forest (Brook & Laurenson 1992). In 1946 this
population was restricted to ngaio (Myoporum laetum) shrubland (Powell 1948). The
snails are herbivorous, feeding on the fallen leaves of broadleaf trees and shrubs (F.
Brook pers. comm. 2000). They are usually sparsely and randomly distributed in areas
with extensive stable broadleaf litter, where they can be found clustered in pockets on
Broadleaf plants and microhabitat availability, are likely to be the principle factors
Laurenson 1992).
from Great Island in 1946 (Turbott 1948). Distribution and ecology studied (Powell
1948; Climo 1973; Brook & Laurenson 1992). Shell morphology studied (Brook &
Laurenson 1992; Sherley 1996), and genetic variation compared (Triggs & Sherley 1993).
86
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) Monitor status of subpopulation at

See Plate 5, No. 3.
87
Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Maoristylus) ambagiosus ambagiosus Suter,

1906
Common Names: -
Synonyms: Placostylus hongii ambagiosus, P. ambagiosus (Powell 1979)
M&D Category: A
Description: A large land snail with a tall spired shell, up to c. 80 mm. The shell is
chalky white with a salmon-orange aperture (shell opening), and chestnut-brown
periostracum (outermost covering of shell) (Powell 1979; F. Brook pers. comm. 2000).
Powell (1979) records shell measurements of 68.5 - 77.75 mm high and 32.5 - 34.65
mm wide.
Type Locality: Motuopao Island, Cape Maria van Diemen (Suter 1906; Powell 1979).
Specimen Holdings: MONZ (type),AMNZ.
Distribution: Restricted to Motuopao Island (Powell 1979).
Habitat: Terrestrial in flax (Phormium spp.)/broadleaf shrubland (F. Brook pers. comm.
2000). Powell (1979) recorded it from around the roots of flax bushes (Phormium
Shell height: 80 mm spp.), mainly on the southern slopes (Powell 1979).
Sign of Presence: Empty shells. Thin calcium shelled oval eggs, 6 mm long, laid in
depressions in the soil under 10 to 15 mm of humus and leaf litter. Communal nests
may comprise 20 to 30 eggs (Veitch 1991).
Threats: Kiore was the primary predator prior to its removal (Sherley & Parrish 1989).
Habitat modification and loss through invasion of introduced buffalo grass
(Stenotaphrum secundatum) (Sherley & Parrish 1989) is a concern.
Work Undertaken to Date: The effect of rat predation was studied by Sherley &
Parrish 1989, and kiore (Rattus exultans) were eradicated from Motuopao Island in
1992 (Parrish et al. 1995). Thirteen individuals have been found since kiore removal
(R. Parrish pers. comm. 2000).
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) Follow-up surveys urgently required

Management Needs: 1) Maintain effective animal pest monitoring programme and

contingency plan to prevent arrival and establishment of exotic snail predators on
Motuopao.
2) Investigate the appropriateness of improving snail habitat on Motuopao by planting

of broadleaf shrub species (Sherley & Parrish 1989; Brook 1999c).
Contacts: Fred Brook, Richard Parrish, Andrea Booth.

See Plate 5, No. 4.
88
Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Maoristylus) ambagiosus annectens Powell, 1938
Common Names: -
Synonyms: Placostylus ambagiosus hancoxi (Powell 1979), P. hongii

ambagiosus (Powell 1938)
M&D Category: A
Description: A flax snail with a dark chocolate shell, and a very narrow white line just
below the junction of the whorls. The peristome (edge of shell opening) is orange, and
the inside of the aperture (shell opening) brownish-red. The shell is 79 - 94 mm high,
and 34.5 - 40 mm wide (Powell 1979).
Type Locality: Unuwhao, 274 m, on track between Spirits Bay and Tom Bowling Bay,
under leaf mould in coastal rain forest, about 1.6 km from coast (Powell 1938).
Distribution: A series of small, disjunct populations at Unuwhao, Matirarau Bay,

Ngaruariki Stream,Te Huka, Poroiki,Taumataroa, Haupatoto and Maukins Nook have all
been attributed to this subspecies (Powell 1979; Parrish et al. 1995). Records include,
Unuwhao, 274 m, between Spirits Bay and the Huka, towards Tom Bowling Bay along
the ridges; south-east of Unuwhao, on two ridges running down to Parengarenga
Shell height: 94 mm
Harbour; at low levels near the mouth of the Huka Stream (Powell 1979); at Te Paki
Farm Park in the far north of the North Island (Sherley 1994b). Shells have been found
in sub-Recent sand-dunes along the full length of Tom Bowling Bay, Waikuku Beach,
Spirits Bay, and Cape Maria van Diemen (Powell 1938).
Habitat: Terrestrial in litter and under groundcover plants in forest and shrubland
(Powell 1938; F. Brook pers. comm. 2000).
Threats: All of the populations are very small and threatened by habitat modification
and loss, from damage by pigs, cattle, and horses, and predation by introduced species
such as pigs, rodents, thrushes, and probably possums and hedgehogs (Brook 1999c).
Shell collecting may also have been a factor in this species decline in the past (Veitch
1991).
Work Undertaken to Date: Translocated to Te Paki Farm Park, October 1990 (62
adult 15 juvenile) (Sherley 1994b), uncertain as to success or otherwise. The effects of
rat predation have been studied by Sherley and Parrish (1989). Triggs and Sherley
(1993) have compared genetic variation using allozyme electrophoresis. Monitoring
has been carried out (Parrish et al. 1995), and is still continuing. Fenced enclosures
built at Te Huka and Haupatoto Bush. Rodent control work proceeding (R. Parrish
pers. comm. 2000).
89
Priority Research, Survey and Monitoring: 1) Survey populations to determine
distribution and abundance (Brook 1999c).
2) Continue to research rodent control regimes, to determine whether continual or

pulse baiting is most effective for control.
3) Research pig control to determine whether poisoning or hunting is the most effective
method of control.
4) Perform population viability analysis to determine the minimum population size

required to survive in areas with controlled rodent populations present. (Parrish et al.
1995).
Management Needs: 1) Maintain existing predator control measures and exclosure

fences at the translocated Te Huka population (Brook 1999c).

See Plate 5, No. 5.
90
Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Maoristylus) ambagiosus consobrinus Powell,

1938
Common Names: -
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: A
Description: A flax snail with a reddish brown shell and a relatively small aperture
(shell opening) (Veitch 1991). The shell is 70.5 - 86 mm high, and 30.5 - 37 mm wide
(Powell 1979).
Type Locality: In Recent loose sand-dunes on the north-eastern side of the extreme
north-western Cape Maria van Diemen mainland (Powell 1947).
Distribution: Restricted to Cape Maria van Diemen headland (Powell 1979).
Habitat: Terrestrial in flax (Phormium spp.)/broadleaf shrubland on lower slopes of

headland (F. Brook pers. comm. 2000).
Shell height: 86 mm
Threats: Cape Maria van Diemen has a very small population threatened by continuing
predation (rats) and periodic habitat disturbance (Brook 1999c). Habitat modification
by the invasion of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) is a possible threat. Shell
collecting may also have been a factor in this species’ decline (Veitch 1991).
Work Undertaken to Date: The effects of rat predation have been studied by Sherley
and Parrish (1989). Triggs and Sherley (1993) have compared genetic variation using
allozyme electrophoresis.
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) Research rodent control regimes,

to determine whether continual or pulse baiting is most effective for control.

1995).
Management Needs: 1) Evaluate existing conservation management measures and

determine requirements and priorities (Brook 1999c).
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Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Maoristylus) ambagiosus keenorum Powell, 1947
Common Names: -
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: A
Description: A flax snail with a dark chocolate shell (Veitch 1991). The aperture
(shell opening) is a deep red-brown within, and light ochraceous-salmon on reflected
edge of the peristome (edge of shell opening). The shell is 70.25 - 84 mm high, and 28
- 35 mm wide (Powell 1947).
Type Locality: Maungapiko, Kapowairua, eastern end of Spirits Bay at 15 - 45 m, eastern

side (Powell 1947).
Distribution: Restricted to Maungapiko Hill, with colonies at the eastern end of Spirits
Bay at 15 - 45 m, and one on the western slopes (Powell 1979). Both colonies still exist
Shell height: 84 mm
Habitat: Terrestrial in flax (Phormium spp.)/broadleaf shrubland and remnant broadleaf

forest groves (F. Brook pers. comm. 2000).
Threats: An extensive scrub fire in 1946 severely affected the population, destroying
hundreds of snails (Veitch 1991). The Maungapiko, Spirits Bay, population is dependent
on continued habitat protection and predator control (Brook 1999c). Shell collecting
may also have been a factor in this species decline (Veitch 1991).
allozyme electrophoresis. Regular rat poisonings have been undertaken (Veitch 1991).
Monitoring has been carried out (Parrish et al. 1995). Fence constructed around the
western colony in 1989 (R. Parrish pers. comm. 2000).
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) Research rodent control regimes

to determine whether continual or pulse baiting is most effective for control.

required to survive in areas with controlled rodent populations present (Parrish et al.
1995).

fences (Brook 1999c).
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Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Maoristylus) ambagiosus lesleyae Powell, 1947
Common Names: -
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: A
Description: A flax snail with a dark warm brown shell, reddish-brown within the
aperture (shell opening) (Veitch 1991). The shell is 72 - 83 mm high, and 31 - 36 mm
wide (Powell 1979).
Type Locality: Tapotupotu Bay, just east of Cape Reinga, subfossil, weathering out of
consolidated dunes along the sea-front (Powell 1947).
Specimen Holdings: AMNZ (type).
Distribution: Originally described from a prehistoric fossil population at Tapotupotu

Bay (Powell 1979), but expanded to include extant populations at Darkies Ridge in the
upper northern catchment of Tapotupotu Stream, near Cape Reinga (Veitch 1991); and
at Te Paki trig (Sherley & Parrish 1989).
Shell height: 83 mm Habitat: Terrestrial in litter and under groundcover plants, beneath broadleaf forest
and shrubland (F. Brook pers. comm. 2000).
Threats: Habitat modification and loss, from damage by pigs, cattle, and horses, and
predation by introduced species such as pigs, rodents, thrushes, and probably possums
and hedgehogs (Brook 1999c) is a problem. Shell collecting may also have been a
factor in this species decline (Veitch 1991).
allozyme electrophoresis.
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) Research rodent control regimes to

determine whether continual or pulse baiting is most effective for control.
method of control.

1995).
Management Needs: -

See Plate 5, No. 6.
93
Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Maoristylus) ambagiosus michiei Powell, 1951
Common Names: -
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: B
Description: A flax snail with a chestnut brown shell, orange peristome (edge of shell
opening), and bluish grey within the aperture (shell opening). The shell is 70 - 74.5
mm high, and 31 - 32.5 mm wide (Powell 1979).
Type Locality: Kerr Point herbfield, North Cape block, under the matted aprons of
stunted flax (Phormium spp.) near the eastern margin of the herbfield, and only along
the coastal ridge (Powell 1951b).
Distribution: Restricted to herbfield along the cliff edge at Surville Cliffs, North Cape
headland (F. Brook pers. comm. 2000).
Shell height: 74.5 mm Habitat: Occurs in broadleaf forest and shrubland (Brook 1999c) in litter, and has
been associated with Hebe speciosa brevifolia, Cassina amoena, and Leucopogon
richei (Powell 1951b). Most snails are found beneath hangehange (Geniostoma
ligustrifolium) and skirts of the sedge Moreolotia affinis (R. Parrish pers. comm. 2000).
They have also been found in the litter under the matted aprons of stunted flax
(Phormium spp.), along the coastal ridge of Kerr Point herbfield, which occurs on a
hard pan (Veitch 1991).
Threats: The Surville Cliffs population is small and subjected to moderate predation.
Habitat modification and loss, from damage by pigs, cattle, and horses, and predation
by introduced species such as pigs, rodents, thrushes, and probably possums and
hedgehogs (Brook 1999c) is a problem. The presence of a road acts as a trap for
dispersing snails, which get caught out in daytime and die of desiccation. Shell collecting
may also have been a factor in this species’ decline (Veitch 1991).
and Parrish (1989). Triggs and Sherley have compared genetic variation using allozyme
electrophoresis (Parrish et al. 1995). Extensive monitoring has been done. An electric
fence is currently being constructed across the neck of North Cape headland to
eliminate cattle, horses, possums, and pigs (R. Parrish pers. comm. 2000).
Priority Research, Survey and Monitoring: 1) Research rodent control regimes to

method of control.
94
1995).
Management Needs: 1) Maintain fenced exclusion of cattle and horses from North
Cape headland.
2) Undertake effective pig control at North Cape headland.
3) Undertake effective rodent control at snail population sites (Brook 1999c).
95
Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Maoristylus) ambagiosus pandora Powell, 1951
Common Names: -
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: A
Description: A flax snail with a very dark reddish brown shell, an ochraceous-salmon
rounded lip, and deep reddish within the aperture (shell opening). The shell is 61.5 -
71 mm high, and 29 - 31 mm wide (Powell 1979).
Type Locality: Cliff face, 1.2 km west of Pandora, Spirits Bay, on rocky scree under
cover of Muehlenbeckia and Phormium (flax), in a small forest remnant containing
Corynocarpus (karaka) (Powell 1979).
Distribution: Restricted to the type locality, a cliff face, 1.2 km west of Pandora, Spirits
Bay, Northland (Powell 1979). Translocated to Motutakapu Island in the early 1980s
Shell height: 71 mm (Parrish et al. 1995). A subfossil has been found on the first coastal dune 1.6 km west
of Kapowairua, Spirits Bay (Powell 1951b).
Habitat: Terrestrial in litter and under stones and groundcover plants (F. Brook pers.
comm. 2000), in a small remnant of karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus) and tawapou
Threats: The Pandora population is dependent on continued habitat protection and

predator control (Brook 1999c). Habitat modification and loss, from damage by pigs,
cattle, and horses, and predation by introduced species such as pigs, rodents, thrushes,
and probably possums and hedgehogs (Brook 1999c) is a problem. Habitat modification
due to invasion of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) also poses a threat. Shell
collecting may also have been a factor in this species decline (Veitch 1991).
Work Undertaken to Date: Translocated to Motutakapu Island in the early 1980s

(Parrish et al. 1995), only low numbers present when last checked (R. Parrish pers.
comm. 2000). The effects of rat predation have been studied by Sherley and Parrish
(1989). Triggs and Sherley (1993) have compared genetic variation using allozyme
electrophoresis. The Pandora colony is fenced and rodent free. Plantings have been
done, but more are required (R. Parrish pers. comm. 2000).


1995).
96
fences (Brook 1999c).
2) Enhance habitat through the planting of suitable species, possibly hangehange

(Geniostoma ligustrifolium), Coprosma macrocarpa, C. grandifolia and kohekohe
(Dysoxylum spectabile) (Veitch 1991).
97
Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Maoristylus) ambagiosus paraspiritus Powell,

1951
Common Names: -
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: B
Description: A flax snail with a dark warm-brown shell, reddish-brown within the
aperture (shell opening). The shell is 70.5 - 72.25 mm high, and 30.5 - 32 mm wide
(Powell 1979).
Type Locality: On steep seaward face of small rounded headland, about 1.6 km south
of Cape Maria van Diemen. Under flax, small karaka and other stunted coastal scrub
(Powell 1951b).
Distribution: Has been found on a steep seaward face of small rounded headland,
about 1.6 km south of Cape Maria van Diemen (Sherley & Parrish 1989);Te Paki Farm
Shell height: 72.25 mm Park in the far north of the North Island (Sherley 1994b); western slope of the lighthouse
ridge, Cape Reinga (Powell 1979). Contemporary populations occur on the headland
south-east of Cape Maria van Diemen, and there is a translocated population near
Maungatiketike Point (Brook 1999c).
Habitat: Terrestrial in flax (Phormium spp.)/broadleaf shrubland (F. Brook pers. comm.
2000; R. Parrish pers. comm. 2000). At Cape Reinga they were found in a small patch
of scrub (Powell 1979).
Threats: Mice now appear to be the major threat to this colony (R. Parrish pers. comm.
2000). Habitat modification through the introduction of buffalo grass (Stenotaphrum
secundatum) is a problem (Sherley & Parrish 1989). Rats are presumed to prey upon
these snails and pigs are potential predators (Sherley & Parrish 1989), along with
thrushes, possums and hedgehogs (Brook 1999c). The headland south-east of Cape
Maria van Diemen is dependent on continued predator control (Brook 1999c).
Work Undertaken to Date: Between 1990 and 1995, successful local translocations
have been undertaken (Parrish et al. 1995). Translocated to two sites in May 1990
(Sherley 1994b). The effects of rat predation have been studied by Sherley and Parrish
(1989). Triggs and Sherley (1993) have compared genetic variation using allozyme
electrophoresis. Monitoring at Cape Maria van Diemen has been carried out since
1988 (Parrish et al. 1995). Monitoring still continuing. Plantings done in the late 1980s
and early 1990s (R. Parrish pers. comm. 2000).

98
1995).
Management Needs: 1) Maintain existing predator control measures (Brook 1999c).

Restock poison stations every 3 months. Remove pigs found foraging close to the site.
2) Plant shrub species which are used by snails as a food source (Sherley & Parrish
1989).
99
Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Maoristylus) ambagiosus watti Powell, 1947
Common Names: -
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: A
Description: A flax snail with a very dark chocolate-brown shell, and an obscurely
malleated, or indistinctly spirally ridged, surface (Powell 1979). The aperture (shell
opening) is orange to brown within, tinged with deep red-brown near the outer edge,
and light ochraceous salmon on the reflected edge of the peristome (edge of shell
opening) (Powell 1947). The shell is 76 - 86 mm high and 34 - 39 mm wide (Powell
1979).
Type Locality: Mid-way between Waikuku Beach and North Cape lighthouse, at 3 -
8 m above sea-level and from 7 - 55 m back from boulder strewn beach (Powell 1947),
under cover of coastal forest on cliffs (Powell 1979). The type locality has since been
destroyed by fire (Powell 1951b).
Distribution: Restricted to North Cape headland, along the southern side between
Shell height: 86 mm Whiriwhiri Stream and Titirangi Point (Powell 1951b; Sherley & Parrish 1989; F. Brook
pers. comm. 2000).
Habitat: Terrestrial in litter and under groundcover plants in broadleaf forest remnants
and flax (Phormium spp.)/broadleaf shrubland (F. Brook pers. comm. 2000).
Threats: The North Cape headland has small fragmented populations threatened by
high levels of habitat disturbance and predation (Brook 1999a). Habitat modification
and loss from damage by pigs, and predation by introduced species such as pigs, rodents,
thrushes, and probably possums and hedgehogs (Brook 1999a). Shell collecting may
also have been a factor in this species’ decline (Veitch 1991).
allozyme electrophoresis. Electric fence currently being constructed across the neck
of North Cape headland to eliminate cattle, horses, possums, and pigs (R. Parrish pers.
comm. 2000).
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) Research rodent control regimes to

method of control.
100
required to survive in areas with controlled rodent populations present.(Parrish et al.
1995).
Management Needs: 1) Maintain fenced exclusion of cattle and horses from North
Cape headland.
2) Undertake effective pig control at North Cape headland.
3) Undertake effective rodent control at snail population sites (Brook 1999a).
101
Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Maoristylus) ambagiosus whareana Powell, 1951
Common Names: -
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: A
Description: A flax snail with a dark chocolate shell and a narrow white line just
below the junction of the whorls. The peristome (edge of shell opening) is orange, and
the interior of the aperture (shell opening) is a dark red-brown. The shell is 79.5 - 83
mm high, and 35 - 36.5 mm wide (Powell 1951b, 1979).
Type Locality: Found in the North Cape area at Whareana, between Waikuku Beach
and Parengarenga Heads, in steep valley to the north of Whareana Stream, in mixed
forest (Powell 1979).
Distribution: Restricted to the type locality in steep valley to the north of Whareana
Stream, between Waikuku Beach and Parengarenga Heads (Powell 1979). Sixty nine
individuals have been found since 1989 (R. Parrish pers. comm. 2000).
Shell height: 83 mm
Habitat: Terrestrial, in litter and under groundcover plants in broadleaf forest (F. Brook
pers. comm. 2000). It appears to have a preference for forests containing karaka
(Corynocarpus laevigatus), taraire (Beilschmiedia tarairi), puriri (Vitex lucens) (Veitch
1991), kohekohe (Dysoxylum spectabile) (Powell 1951b), and occasionally pohutukawa
(Metrosideros excelsa) (Veitch 1991).
Threats: Whareana has a very small population threatened by habitat deterioration

and predation. Habitat modification and loss, from damage by pigs, cattle, and horses,
and predation by introduced species such as pigs, rodents, thrushes, and probably
possums and hedgehogs (Brook 1999a) is a problem. Shell collecting may also have
been a factor in this species’ decline (Veitch 1991).
Work Undertaken to Date: Thirteen adults, and five juvenile snails were translocated
to Te Paki Farm Park in October 1990, and released in 50 by 100 m enclosures (Sherley
1994b). The effects of rat predation have been studied by Sherley and Parrish (1989).
Triggs and Sherley (1993) have compared genetic variation using allozyme
electrophoresis.

method of control.
102
1995).
Management Needs: 1) Evaluate existing conservation management measures and

determine requirements and priorities (Brook 1999a).

See Plate 5, No. 7.
103
Family: Bulimulidae
Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Maoristylus) hongii (Lesson, 1830)
Common Names: Pupu harakeke, Hongi’s turret snail (Foord 1990)
Synonyms: Bulimus shongii, B. novoseelandicus (albino form), B. hongii

(amended), B. bovinus, Maoristylus hongii, Placostylus
novoseelandicus, P. bovinus, P. shongii (information from
Powell 1938, 1979)
M&D Category: C
Conservancy Office: NL, AU
Area Office: Kerikeri, Whangarei, Great Barrier, Auckland
Description: A large snail with a tall-spired shell, up to c. 85 mm high. The shell is

chalky white with a red to cream aperture, and brown periostracum (outermost covering
of shell) (Hayward & Brook 1981; F. Brook pers. comm. 2000). Powell (1979) records
shell measurements of 62 - 85 mm high, and 27 - 37 mm wide. The animal is dark slate-
grey (Parrish et al. 1995)
Type Locality: At the cascade of Keri Keri, Bay of Islands, under the trees bordering
the river of that name (Powell 1938).
Specimen Holdings: AMNZ, MONZ.
Distribution: Historic records from mainland Northland between Whangaroa and

Whangarei Heads, as well as the Poor Knights, Chicken, Mokohinau and Great Barrier
Islands. Sites where populations are believed to be extinct include; Mokau headland
Shell height: 85 mm
and south end of Mokau beach,Whangaruru;Whangamumu; at the cascade of Kerikeri,
Bay of Islands; Kororareka;Akau Bay; bleached shells near Russell;Whangaroa; bleached
shells in consolidated dune Tauranga Bay, Whangaroa; northern end of Mimiwhangata
Beach, Paparahi, south of Helena Bay on headland; island off Rockells Bay; Whananaki;
bleached specimens from dunes at Matapouri Bay; Goat Island, about 2 miles south of
Ngunguru;Whangarei Heads; Smugglers Bay, Reotahi and Parua Bay,Whangarei Heads;
Aorangi; Great Barrier Island on old pa site midway around Tryphena Bay; Maori Bay;
headland at northern end of Schooner Bay; Fanal Island, Mokohinau group. Suter lists
Kaitaia and Mangonui, but Powell unable to locate specimens from these localities;
Lady Alice Island; Ngahau Bay (information from Powell 1938, 1979; Brook 1999a; Brook
& Goulstone 1999; Brook & McArdle 1999).
Current populations found at island off Purerua Peninsula (= unnamed island near
Cape Wiwiki (Parrish et al. 1995)) >100 individuals 1999 (R. Parrish pers. comm. 2000);
Orokawa Peninsula, >100 individuals estimated 1999 (R. Parrish pers. comm. 2000);
Whangaruru North Head, hundreds of individuals 1995;Tauranga Kawau; Peach Cove,
Bream Head, hundreds of individuals 1995; Motuhoropapa Island, Noises Islands; Poor
Knights Islands at Tawhiti Rahi Island, Motu Kapiti Island, Stacks A, B, C, D, Aorangi
Island, Aorangaia Island, Archway Island, and Ngaio Rock, thousands of individuals
1995; Coppermine Island, Chicken Islands (Brook 1999c); Te Ruatahi Island, less than
10 individuals 1995; Gut Rock (0.25 ha), off the eastern side of Fanal Island, Mokohinau
Islands, at least 120 individuals but not more than 200 (Brook & McFadden 1998).
Population estimates have been taken from Parrish et al. (1995) unless otherwise stated.
104
The populations at Fanal Island (Browne 1980) and Motuhoropapa Island (Brook &
McFadden 1998) are believed to be introduced.
Habitat: Found in coastal broadleaf forest and shrubland (Brook 1999b), and have
never been located more than 1 km inland. On a small island near Cape Wiwiki the
snails are found in an area of flax (Phormium spp.) and broadleaf shrubs, and were
absent or rare in adjacent tawapou (Pouteria costata) dominated forest (Parrish et al.
1995), but have spread into the forest since the removal of rodents and possums (R.
Parrish pers. comm. 2000). The snails are herbivores, feeding on the leaves of broadleaf
trees and shrubs. Adults are terrestrial, but juveniles can be arboreal (F. Brook pers.
comm. 2000).
Sign of Presence: Empty shells. Approximately oval, buff eggs, laid in ‘nests’ in the
ground. The ‘nests’ are depressions in the soil, 10 - 20 mm wide and of a similar depth,
usually covered by leaf litter (Penniket 1981).
Threats: Modification or loss of habitat from land clearance and damage by stock, and
predation by rodents, pigs, and probably possums and hedgehogs, are the major threats.
Many mainland and at least four island subpopulations have already gone extinct (Brook
1999c). Kiore probably eradicated these snails from Lady Alice Island (Brook 1999a),
and rats might have caused the extinction of the Fanal Island population. The Helena
Bay population was eradicated in the space of 2 months following the introduction of
domestic pigs (Penniket 1981), and a population near Whangaruru went extinct after
the covering forest was felled (A.W.B. Powell pers. comm. cited in Penniket 1981). Of
the extant populations, those at Tauranga Kawau are the most threatened (Brook 1999c).
Work Undertaken to Date: Pigs eradicated from Aorangi in 1936. Norway rats
eradicated on Motuhoropapa Island, and ship rats and possums have been eradicated
from the unnamed island near Cape Wiwiki. Monitoring of the site at Whangaruru has
been carried out since 1988 (Parrish et al. 1995). Genetic variation compared by Triggs
and Sherley (1993) using allozyme electrophoresis. One hundred snails liberated on
Motuhurakia (= Motuhoropapa?) Islet, Noises Islands Group, in 1934 (Powell 1938).
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) Carry out genetic analysis to

determine taxonomic status of subpopulations (Brook 1999c). The Gut Rock population
may be genetically distinct. It has a small shell size and is exclusively cream coloured
in the aperture (shell opening), other populations also have this colouring, but not
exclusively (Brook & McFadden 1998).
2) Continue research on rodent control regimes to determine whether continual or

pulse baiting is most effective for control. Research pig control to determine whether
poisoning or hunting is the most effective method of control. Perform population
viability analysis to determine the minimum population size required to survive in
areas with controlled rodent populations present. (Parrish et al. 1995).
3) Resurvey distribution and abundance on Coppermine Island (Brook 1999c).
Management Needs: 1) Undertake effective animal pest control at selected sites.
2) Maintain habitat at selected sites.

See Plate 5, No. 8.
105
106
Family: Rhytididae
Characteristics: Thin-shelled land snails
Genus: Delos
Delos
Terrestrial snails
107
108
Family: Rhytididae
Taxonomic Name: Delos regia Climo, 1973
Common Names: -
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: I
Description: A small snail with the shell up to 4.2 mm in diameter, and spiralled but
lacking spiral sculpture (Climo 1973; Powell 1979). The shell is either uniformly
yellowish-straw coloured, or with irregularly spaced, radial brown streaks (Climo 1973).
Shell width: 4.2 mm Type Locality: Upper reaches, unnamed stream near Tasman Stream, Great Island, in
kanuka forest (Climo 1973).
Distribution: Restricted to South West Island (Brook 1999a) and Great Island (Climo
1973) in the Three Kings Islands Group. On Great Island it has been found in the
upper Tasman Stream valley (Powell 1979); top edge of Brachyglottis terrace, below
Castaway Valley camp; kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) forest below Castaway Valley camp;
upper slopes of track from Castaway Valley camp to loghouse; upper reaches, unnamed
stream near Tasman Stream; broadleaf forest, near Tecomanthe
vine, Tasman Valley (Climo 1973).
Habitat: Terrestrial under stones, rotten wood and groundcover

vegetation in kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) and broadleaf forest
(F. Brook pers. comm. 2000). Climo (1973) recorded it as
abundant under stones in remnant broadleaf forest, except at
the type locality where it occurs in deep kanuka (Kunzea
ericoides) litter under logs of that tree.
Sign of Presence: Empty shells.
Threats: None known at present. Potential risk of modification

through fire, introduction of exotic invasive plants, mammals
Permission SIR Publishing. Climo 1973, p 610, Fig. 10 C, D. or plant pathogens (Brook 1999c).
Work Undertaken to Date: Goats introduced to Great Island 1889. Goats

eradicated from Great Island in 1946 (Turbott 1948). Distribution and
abundance surveyed in 1996 and 1999 (F. Brook unpub. data).
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) Complete the report on

landsnail fauna of Great Island (Brook 1999c).
Management Needs: 1) Maintain island security (Brook 1999c).

See Plate 4, No. 1.
Photo: Andrew Townsend.
109
Family: Rhytididae
Taxonomic Name: Delos striata Climo, 1973
Common Names: -
Synonyms: -
M&D Category: I
Description: A small snail with a uniformly yellowish-straw shell, occasionally with

faint, slightly darker, radial smudges (Climo 1973). The shell is very flattened, 4 mm
wide and 1.5 mm high (Climo 1973; Powell 1979), loosely coiled, with strong radial rib
Shell width: 4 mm lines (Powell 1979).
Type Locality: Placostylus bollonsi colony in a remnant broadleaf grove, Great Island,
Three Kings Island Group (Climo 1973).
Distribution: Great Island, in the Three Kings Islands Group. Restricted to the western
part of the island, between Tasman Valley and the type locality (Climo 1973; F. Brook
unpub. data). Has been recorded from: site of Placostylus bollonsi arbutus colony; c.
200 m below Tecomanthe vine in Tasman Valley (Climo 1973); western
end of Great Island, in Tasman Valley and vicinity of trig; west of trig station
at north-western end of Great Island, c. 240 m; c. 30 m north-east of
Pennantia tree, above North West Bay (Brook 1999c).
Habitat: Terrestrial in leaf litter, under stones, and in rotten wood beneath
kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) and broadleaf forest (Climo 1973; Powell 1979;
F. Brook pers. comm. 2000).
Threats: No threats known at present. Potential risk of modification

through fire, introduction of exotic invasive plants, mammals or plant
pathogens (Brook 1999c). Climo (1973) suggested that depredation of
vegetation through early agricultural activities, and later by goats, has
restricted D. striata.
Work Undertaken to Date: Goats introduced to Great Island 1889. Goats

eradicated from Great Island in 1946 (Turbott 1948). Distribution and
abundance surveyed in 1996 and 1999 (F. Brook unpub. data).
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) Complete the report

on landsnail fauna of Great Island (Brook 1999c).
Management Needs: 1) Maintain island security (Brook 1999c).

See Plate 4, No. 2, No. 3.
Photos: Andrew Townsend.
110
Genus:
Delouagapia
111
Terrestrial snails Delouagapia
112
Family: Rhytididae
Taxonomic Name: Delouagapia cordelia (Hutton, 1883)
Common Names: -
Synonyms: Gerontia cordelia (Powell 1952), Delos (Delouagapia)

cordelia (Powell 1979)
M&D Category: I
Area Office: Kaitaia, Kerikeri, Whangarei
Description: A snail with a flattish, circular shell, sculptured with crowded axial growth
lines. The top of the shell has meandering, radial, reddish-brown streaks upon a yellowish
background. On the base the streaks tend to link up as a network, leaving oval patches
of ground colour. The shell is 7 - 8 mm wide, and 3.75 - 4.5 mm high (Powell 1979).
The animal is slate-grey, except for the sole which is white. The surface being reticulate
Shell width: 8 mm
veined, and scarcely warty (Powell 1952).
Type Locality: Titirangi, near Auckland (Powell 1952,1979).
Distribution: Northern and eastern Northland from Cape Maria van Diemen and
North Cape south to the Tangihua Range (Powell 1952, 1979; Brook & Goulstone 1999;
F. Brook unpub. data). Originally described from Titirangi, near Auckland, but no other
records from there, so probably an incorrect location (F. Brook pers. comm. 2000).
Locality records include: Maungakaramea near Whangarei; the northern headland block
at Whangaruru; Kapo Wairua; Spirits Bay (Powell 1952); Kerr Point (Powell 1979).
Habitat: Terrestrial in litter and under groundcover plants, arboreal within

Collospermum and Astelia epiphytes (Powell 1952, 1979; F. Brook pers. comm. 2000).
Threats: Distribution previously reduced as a result of forest clearance.

Probably preyed on by rats and mice, but remains common to abundant locally
(F. Brook pers. comm. 2000).
Work Undertaken to Date: Taxonomic studies by Powell (1952), Climo

(1977), and Goulstone and Brook (1999). Distribution records in Powell
(1952, 1979), Brook (1999e), and Brook and Goulstone (1999).
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) None required at present.
Management Needs: 1) None required at present.

See Plate 4, No. 4.
Permission: Harper Collins Publishers (NZ) Ltd.

Powell 1979, Plate 65, Figs. 12, 13.
113
114
Genus: Paryphanta
Common name: Kauri snails
Paryphanta
Kauri snails
115
116
Family: Rhytididae
Taxonomic Name: Paryphanta busbyi busbyi (Gray, 1840)
Common Names: Kauri snail, pupurangi, whistling snail (Judd 1990), pupu
whakarongo taua (Scott & Emberson 1999)
Synonyms: Helix busbyii (Gray 1840), Nanina busbyi (Climo 1977)
M&D Category: C
Conservancy Office: NL, AU, BP
Area Office: Kaitaia, Kerikeri, Whangarei, Warkworth, Auckland,Tauranga
Description: A large snail with a thick, shining dark green shell, bluish within the
aperture (shell opening). The shell is 60 - 79 mm wide, and 33 - 44 mm high (Powell
1979). The animal is slate grey, extends a long way out of the shell when travelling and
has a prominent “skirt” to the foot (Parrish et al. 1995).
Shell width: 79 mm
Type Locality: New Zealand (Gray 1840).
Specimen Holdings: NHML (type),AMNZ, MONZ.
Distribution: Widely distributed in Northland between Kaitaia and the Brynderwyn

Range with outlier populations at Hen (Taranga) Island, and Woodcocks, near Warkworth
(Powell 1979; Parrish et al. 1995). There are also introduced populations at Little Huia,
Waitakere Ranges; Waiuku, Awhitu Peninsula (B. Hayward pers. comm. in Parrish et al.
1995), and Kaimai Ranges (P. Mayhill pers. comm. cited in Parrish et al. 1995). The
natural distribution probably had its southern limit at Warkworth (Chris Green pers.
comm. 1999). Snails are still present at all of the mentioned sites.
Habitat: Terrestrial in litter and under logs and groundcover plants, beneath native
forest and shrubland. Also present in Pinus radiata plantations, rank exotic grassland
adjacent to forests and shrublands, and areas of scrub dominated by introduced species
including wild ginger (Hedychium spp.) (information from Ohms 1948; Balance 1986;
Parrish et al. 1995; Coad 1998). They probably feed primarily on earthworms, insect
larvae and insects. They also feed on Rhytida snails, and are cannibalistic (Parrish et al.
1995). They are inactive in dry conditions, preferring cool wet conditions (Coad 1998).
Sign of Presence: Empty shells. Four to six limy-shelled, oval

eggs, laid in depressions in the soil under a thick covering of
leaf litter (Veitch 1991). The eggs are 12-12.5 mm long, and
9.5 - 10 mm wide (Powell 1979).
Threats: This species is still widely distributed and can be

locally common, but the population has been subjected to
fragmentation due to land clearance and habitat modification
(Brook 1999c). Most of the existing subpopulations are heavily
preyed on by introduced mammals (Brook 1999c). Wild pigs
ravage the colonies and destroy the habitat, eggs, and snails of
all sizes, whilst rats and birds eat smaller snails (Veitch 1991; K.
Walker pers. comm. 2000). Possums and hedgehogs are also
predators of this snail (Coad 1998).
Permission: Manaaki Whenua Press. Meads 1990a, p. 72.
117
Work Undertaken to Date: Ecological studies have been undertaken by Ohms (1948),
Ballance (1986), Montefiore (1995), and Coad (1998).
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) Monitor for changes in abundance

and predation at selected sites throughout Northland (Brook 1999c).
2) Research rodent control regimes and pig poisoning regimes (Parrish et al. 1995).
Management Needs: 1) Maintain habitat at selected sites (C. Green pers. comm. 1999).
2) Undertake effective predator control at selected sites.
Contacts: Richard Parrish, Fred Brook.

See Plate 4, No. 5.
118
Family: Rhytididae
Taxonomic Name: Paryphanta busbyi watti Powell, 1946
Common Names: Kauri snail, pupu whakarongo taua (Scott & Emberson 1999)
Synonyms: Paryphanta watti (Powell 1946)
M&D Category: A
Description: A large snail with a tawny olive to warm black shell, never greenish. The
shell is 53 - 62 mm wide, and 22 - 23.5 mm high (Powell 1979). The animal is slate grey,
extends a long way out of the shell when travelling and has a prominent “skirt” to the
foot (Parrish et al. 1995).
Type Locality: Unuwhao 259-274 m, between Spirits Bay and Tom Bowling Bay (Powell
Shell width: 62 mm
1979).
Distribution: Prehistoric distribution extending from Cape Maria van Diemen to Tom
Bowling Bay. Extant populations are restricted to the vicinity of Unuwhao (between
Spirits Bay and Tom Bowling Bay), Kahuronaki (south of Spirits Bay), and Te Paki trig
(Powell 1979; Millener 1981; Parrish et al. 1995; Stringer & Montefiore 1997). Recorded
sites include: Unuwhao 259-274 m, between Spirits Bay and Tom Bowling Bay (Powell
1979); Kahuronaki between Te Paki and the Kapo Wairua Rd (Powell 1946); Radar
Bush; Pandora Rd; Unuwhao, south side of summit; Muriwhenua (Goulstone et al. 1993);
The Pinnacle;Tarure Hill (Parrish et al. 1995); and one sighting near Taumataroa Flat (G.
Carlin pers. comm. cited in Parrish et al. 1995). Fossil shells occur in post-Pleistocene
consolidated dunes at Cape Maria van Diemen (Powell 1979). The extant population
around Te Paki trig occupies an area of c. 10.5 km2 and comprises c. 5500 individuals;
the population around Kohuronaki occupies an area of c. 5 km2 and c. 5000 individuals;
and the population around Unuwhao is of unknown size and extent (Stringer &
Montefiore 1997).
Habitat: Terrestrial in litter and under groundcover plants on forest and shrubland.
Presently restricted to hill country above 100 m (Stringer &
Montefiore 1997), but extended down to the coast before
human settlement (Powell 1946; Millener 1981; Brook 1999e).
They probably feed primarily on earthworms, insect larvae and
insects. They also feed on Rhytida snails, and are cannibalistic
(Parrish et al. 1995).
Sign of Presence: Empty shells. Four to six limy-shelled, oval

eggs, laid in depressions in the soil under a thick covering of
leaf litter (Veitch 1991). The eggs are 14 mm long, and 11 mm
wide (Powell 1979).
Threats: Habitat modification through damage caused by pigs,

cattle, horses, and predation by introduced mammals such as
Permission: Manaaki Whenua Press. Meads 1990a, p. 72.
pigs, rats and probably possums (Brook 1999c). Goulstone et
119
al. (1993) noted that predation by rats and pigs was severe. The distribution has been
markedly reduced over the last few centuries as a result of land clearance (Brook 1999c),
such as the large scale clearance of kauri (Agathis australis) forests. The Unuwhao
population is evidently presently highly threatened by habitat deterioration and
predation by pigs (Stringer & Montefiore cited in Brook 1999c).
Work Undertaken to Date: Te Paki Farm park purchase and reservation (Parrish et al.
1995). Two sites have been fenced to protect both Paryphanta busbyi watti and
Placostylus ambagiosus lesleyae (R. Parrish pers. comm. 2000).
Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring:1) Further survey of Unuwhao locality

to determine the distribution and abundance (Brook 1999c).
2) Research rodent control regimes and pig poisoning regimes (Parrish et al. 1995).
Management Needs: 1) Remeasure snail monitoring plots to determine if there has

been a decline (K. Walker pers. comm. 2000).
2) Maintain habitat and undertake effective animal pest control at selected sites.
Contacts: Richard Parrish, Fred Brook, Ian Stringer.

See Plate 4, No. 6.
120

Phylum Mollusca: (L. Molluscus, Soft)

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MOLLUSCS

Common name: Molluscs

Characteristics: Body usually covered by a shell. Most have a ventral muscular

Class: Gastropoda (Gr. gaster, belly + pous, foot)

Characteristics: Shell typically spiralled. Entire body can be withdrawn into

Order: Architaenioglossa (Gr. archi, first + taenia, ribbon +

Common name: Land operculate snails

Land operculate snails

Taxonomic Name: Cytora hirsutissima (Powell, 1951)

Synonyms: Murdochia hirsutissima (Climo 1973)

Area Office: Kaitaia

Specimen Holdings: AMNZ (type), MONZ.

Contacts: Fred Brook.

Characteristics: A bioluminescent, freshwater, limpet-like genus.

Taxonomic Name: Latia climoi Starobogatov, 1986

Area Office: Poneke

Description: A freshwater species, with a limpet-like, half-egg shaped shell. It has a

Distribution: Hutt River,Wellington (Starobogatov 1986).

Threats: Not known.

Work Undertaken to Date: -

Contacts: Kevin Collier.

Common name: Large terrestrial snails

Common name: Flax snails

Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Basileostylus) bollonsi “West”

Common Names: King Island turrett snail (Foord 1990)

Area Office: Kaitaia

Type Locality: Not described.

Specimen Holdings: AMNZ.

Threats: None known at present. There is a potential risk of introduction of mammalian

Priority Research, Survey and Monitoring: 1) Monitor status of subpopulation at

Management Needs: 1) Maintain island security.

Contacts: Fred Brook, Richard Parrish,Andrea Booth.

Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Basileostylus) bollonsi arbutus Powell, 1948

Common Names: King Island turrett snail (Foord 1990)

Area Office: Kaitaia

Management Needs: 1) Maintain island security.

Contacts: Fred Brook, Richard Parrish,Andrea Booth.

Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Basileostylus) bollonsi bollonsi Suter, 1908

Common Names: King Island turrett snail (Foord 1990)

Synonyms: Placostylus bollonsi, Basileostylus bollonsi (Powell 1979)

Area Office: Kaitaia

Specimen Holdings: AMNZ.

Priority Research, Survey and Monitoring: 1) Monitor status of subpopulation at

Management Needs: 1) Maintain island security.

Contacts: Fred Brook, Richard Parrish,Andrea Booth.

Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Basileostylus) bollonsi caperatus Powell, 1948

Common Names: King Island turrett snail (Foord 1990)

Area Office: Kaitaia

Specimen Holdings: AMNZ (type), MONZ.

Management Needs: 1) Maintain island security.

Contacts: Fred Brook, Richard Parrish,Andrea Booth.

Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Maoristylus) ambagiosus ambagiosus Suter,

Synonyms: Placostylus hongii ambagiosus, P. ambagiosus (Powell 1979)

Area Office: Kaitaia

Specimen Holdings: MONZ (type),AMNZ.

Distribution: Restricted to Motuopao Island (Powell 1979).

Priority Research, Survey, and Monitoring: 1) Follow-up surveys urgently required

Management Needs: 1) Maintain effective animal pest monitoring programme and

2) Investigate the appropriateness of improving snail habitat on Motuopao by planting

Contacts: Fred Brook, Richard Parrish, Andrea Booth.

Taxonomic Name: Placostylus (Maoristylus) ambagiosus annectens Powell, 1938

Synonyms: Placostylus ambagiosus hancoxi (Powell 1979), P. hongii