4.2.4.2 Foundation Design.

Raft foundation, combined bases, and Pad Footing were used to transfer the loads to
the safe bearing strata.

Procedure for foundation design:

1. Obtained un-factored dead, live and wind loads from the analysis.

2. Size the base with the total un-factored loads and in this case, the allowable bearing
pressure was 450 kN/m2

3. Calculate the Ultimate bearing pressure.

4. Calculate the ULS bending moment and area of reinforcement. The bending moment
is to be taken at the face of the column.

5. Check Punching shear at 1.5d from the face of the columns and shear stress at 1.0d
from the face of the columns.

4.2.4.3 Column Design.

In this project, the columns forming part of the frame provides lateral stability to the
building and therefore they were designed as Unbraced. The axial load (N) and bending
moments along X-X axis (Mxx) and Y-Y axis (Myy) obtained on different load cases were
used to determine the amount reinforcement. At the end it has ensured that the
reinforcement provided is greater than the reinforcement required for the different load
cases.

Procedure for designing Columns:

1. Obtained N, Mx and My from analysis.

2. Classify column as either short or slender in accordance to clause 3.8.1.3 of BS

8110-Part 1-1997- lex/h and ley/b < 15 (braced) or 10 (unbraced)

3. Determine the effective design moment, M x’ and My’ as per clause 3.8.3 of BS 8110-
Part 1- 1997-
4. Calculate area of reinforcement (A sc) from column design chart in Part 3 of BS 8110-
1997.

5. Calculate link diameter and spacing as per clause 3.12.7.1 of BS 8110-Part 1-1997.

6. Check if reinforcement provided satisfy relevant clauses of section 3.12.4 of BS

8110-Part 1-1997.

4.2.4.4 Beam Design.

After the analysis is carried out, the maximum bending moments and shear forces are
obtained on the bending moment and shear force envelopes. The bending moments
and shear force are used to determine the longitudinal bars and link to be used in the
beam respectively.

Procedure for designing beams:

1. Determine the design moment (M) on the bending moment envelopes diagram.

2. Calculate K=M/fcubd2 ≤ 0.156.

3. Calculate lever arm z = d (0.5 + √ (0.25 – K/0.9) ≤ 0.95d.

4. Calculate, Asreq = M/0.95fyz

5. Calculate shear stress, v at a distance d from face of support: v =V/bd.

6. Calculate design concrete shear stress, vc as per Table 8 of BS 8110-Part 1-1997.

7. Calculate area of link. Asv as per Table 3.7 of BS 8110-Part 1-1997.

8. Check deflection as per clause 3.4.6, Table 3.9 and Table 3.10 of BS 8110-Part 1-
1997.

9. Check if reinforcement provided satisfy relevant clauses of section 3.12.4 of BS

8110-Part 1-1997.
4.2.4.5 Slab Design.

For cantilever panels the design moments were calculated using the following equation:

Mcantilever= w x l cant2 x 0.5

Where Mcantilever: Cantilever moment,

w : UDL load

lcant: Cantilever length

Procedure for designing slab:

1. Determine the design moment (M).

2. Calculate M/bd2

3. Calculate, Asreq from Table M/bd2 v/s 100As/bd

4. Calculate, Asmin= 0.13%bh

5. Check deflection as per clause 3.4.6, Table 3.9 and Table 3.10 of BS 8110-Part 1-
1997.

6. Check if reinforcement provided satisfy relevant clauses of section 3.12.4, 3.12.10.3,

3.12.11.2.6, 3.12.11.2.7, 3.12.11.2.8 and 3..12.11.9 of BS 8110-Part 1-1997.