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   the height of the opening (J)

   the area of the opening ( J)

6.5.7. When calculating the full power of wind F , the height z that’s used in calculating the factor k is
the place at the height required for calculating the full wind power at this place away from the land
surface.

6.7. Wind Pressure Distribution

1.6.7. General


1.1.6.7. The external wind pressure  is the factor that indicates the distribution of pressure or
withdrawal of wind on the external surfaces of the building and it’s the factor that’s used in
calculating the wind pressure on unit area according to (1-7)

2.1.6.7. The external wind pressure should be indicated during calculating the effect of wind on the
structure of the building as one unit or its parts, also during calculating the effect of wind on windows
and fronts, etc…

3.1.6.7. The values of wind pressure factor depends on the geometrical structure of the building and
its dimensions.


4.1.6.7. The internal wind pressure factor  is the factor that is used in indicating the wind pressure
distribution on the internal ceiling of the building and it’s the factor that should be indicated to
calculate its effect on the buildings’ internal and external walls, resurfacing and windows, but we
can’t calculate the effect of wind on the building as a whole unit (Diagram 1.7).

2.6.7. Rectangular Buildings


The values  from the (Diagram 2.7a)  for the rectangular buildings and   is taken from the Table 4.7.
and Diagram 2.7a.

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Vertical Sector

Horizontal Sector
Diagram (2.7a) The factor of external wind pressure distribution of buildings with rectangular front   

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Diagram (2.7b) the factor of internal wind pressure distribution of buildings with rectangular front   

Table (4.7) the factor of internal wind pressure   of the buildings with rectangular fronts.

The places of openings*

1. Most of the openings front meeting the wind
2. Most of the openings are in the back
3. Most of the openings are in the fronts parallel to the wind direction

+ 0.7
- 0.5
- 0.7
 

4. Openings distributed on the 4 views ± 0.3

5. Most of the openings are in the front meeting the wind direction and the back view - 0.2

*The openings include doors and windows

3.6.7. Buildings with rectangular fronts and inclining ceilings


The value of  of the buildings’ ceilings with rectangular fronts and inclining ceilings from the

(Diagrams: 3.7, 4.7, 5.7) but for the value of  inside the building it’s taken from the Table (4.7).

4.6.7. Ceiling of one floor buildings with several inclinations

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
The value of  is taken from the (Diagram 6.7) but for value of   from inside the building is taken from
the (Table 5.7).

Table (5.7) internal wind pressure   for buildings with several inclinations

1. 
Places of Openings*
Most of the openings are facing the wind direction + 0.8
  

2.  Most of the openings are on the back side  – 0.3

3.  Most of the openings are in the fronts parallel to the wind direction  – 0.3
4.  Openings distributed on the 4 views ± 0.3

*Openings include windows and doors.

Vertical Sector
(a) External wind pressure factor   distribution on walls and ceilings.

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(b) The value of External wind pressure factor   on ceilings facing wind

Diagram (3.7) the distribution of external wind pressure factor   on buildings both sides inclination

Vertical Sector
Diagram (4.7) the distribution of external wind pressure factor
ceilings
 on buildings with upside inclination

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Vertical Sector
Diagram (5.7) the distribution of external wind pressure factor on buildings with downside inclination
ceilings


(a) Two sided inclined ceilings

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(b) Upside inclination ceilings

(b) Downside inclination ceilings

** Diagram (6.7) the distribution of external wind pressure factor  on buildings with several inclination

5.6.7. Walls and plates for commercials

In cases of walls and plates for commercials, etc.. the total wind force is calculated from the equation

(3.7) and the value of total wind force  is taken from (Diagram 7.7) and this force is taken in
consideration during the designing the building.

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(a) Total wind force factor   on walls and plates for commercials based on the ground

(b) Total wind force factor   on walls and plates for commercials based away from the ground

Diagram (7.7) Total wind force factor   on walls and plates for commercials

6.6.7. Chimneys, minarets, Lighthouses, and circular buildings

The factor of total wind force   is calculated for chimneys, minarets, lighthouses and circular buildings
from Table (6.7), and the value of external wind pressure factor   is taken from the Table (7.7) and the
Diagram (8.7).

Table (6.7) total wind force   effect on chimneys, minarets, lighthouses, circular buildings and similar
buildings

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h/d
Horizontal View 
1 7 25
Square Shape (wind is perpendicular on the side) 1.30 1.4 2.0

Square Shape ( wind in the same direction of tendon) 1 1.1 1.5

Hexagon or Octagon Shape 1 1.2 1.4

Circular shape:
. Smooth surface without protrusions (d’/d = 0.0)  0.5 0.6 0.7
. Surface with percentage of protrusions (d’/d = 0.02)  0.7 0.8 0.9
. Surface with protrusions (d’/d = 0.08)  0.8  1.0 1.2

Where:

d' : depth of protrusion

d : dimension or diameter of the horizontal sector

h : height

Table (7.7) External wind pressure   effect on chimneys, minarets, lighthouses, circular buildings and
similar buildings

h/d = 1
External wind Pressure Factor
h/d = 7
  
h/d = 25
Φ 

+ 1.0 + 1.0 + 1.0 0

+ 0.8
+ 0.1
+ 0.8
+ 0.1
+ 0.8
+ 0.1
1530°° 
 
- 0.7
- 1.2
- 0.8
- 1.7
- 0.9
- 1.9
4560°° 
 
- 1.6
- 1.7
- 2.2
- 2.2
- 2.5
- 2.6
7590°° 
 
- 1.2 - 1.7 - 1.9 105 °  
- 0.7 - 0.8 - 0.9 120 °  
- 0.5 - 0.6 - 0.7 135°  

-- 0.4 -- 0.5 -- 0.6  

0.4
- 0.4
0.5
- 0.5
0.6
- 0.6
150
165
180°
°  
 

The values in Table (7.7) is used as follow:

1. Semi-smooth external surface such as normal concrete surface or regular buildings

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2. The value
 <   

Where

d : diameter in meter

q : main wind pressure kn/  


Internal wind Pressure factor:

a. Chimneys: chimney works with its full power  =  0.1  

b. Closed Chimney  =  0.8  

c. Minarets  = ± 0.3  

Diagram (8.7) external wind pressure factor distribution   on Chimneys, minarets, Lighthouses, and
circular buildings

7.6.7. Surfaces with nodes

External wind pressure factor   on surfaces with nodes are calculated based on Table (8.7) or the
Diagram (a.9.7)

Table (8.7) External wind pressure factor   on surfaces with nodes

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State Height away from (a)  Front (b)  Middle (c)  Back
sea-level quarter ( quarter
facing
wind)
Surface above the 0.1 - 0.9 - 0.8 - 0.5
building 0.2 ( - 0.9 , Zero ) - 0.9 - 0.5
0.3 ( - 0.3 , 0.15 ) - 1.0 - 0.5
0.4 0.40 - 1.1 - 0.5
0.5 0.675 - 1.2 - 0.5
0.6 0.95 - 1.3 - 0.5

Surface on the 0.1 0.15 - 0.8 - 0.5

floor 0.2 0.30 - 0.9 - 0.5
0.3 0.45 - 1.0 - 0.5
0.4 0.60 - 1.10 - 0.5
0.5 0.75 - 1.20 - 0.5
0.6 0.9 - 1.30 - 0.5

8.6.7. Domes Surfaces

External wind pressure   is calculated at the domes’ surfaces using Table (8.7) and the diagram (b.9.7)
as follow:

The upper half of the dome’s surface and the side quarters with the lower half of the dome symmetry
the wind pressure by half (b)

The front quarters facing the wind direction and also the back with the lower half of the dome
symmetry the front quarter (a) and the back quarter (c) consequently

(a) Surfaces with nodes

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(b) Ceilings with domes
Diagram (9.7) distribution of external wind pressure   on ceilings with nodes and domes.

9.6.7. Umbrellas surfaces

The value of the wind power  on the umbrellas surfaces is taken from Table (9.7)

The full wind power in the direction of withdrawal or pressure perpendicular to the surface and the
center of its effect is clarified in the Diagram (10.7)

Table (9.7) total wind power   on the umbrellas surfaces

Horizontal surface inclination (

Degrees )
   a/d

zero – 10 ± 0.90 0.35

20 ± 1.10 0.45
30 ± 1.30 0.50

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(a) Umbrella shaped ceilings with one side inclination

(b) Umbrella shaped ceilings with two sides’ inclination

Wind powers are taken either taken together or each individually in the direction most affecting the
building

Diagram (10.7) clarifies the effect center of total wind power on the umbrella shaped ceilings

10.6.7. Gamalon Towers

1.10.6.7. The whole wind power    and its effect on towers are calculated from Table (10.7) by
considering the used area for calculating the whole wind power is the area of the constructed
buildings facing wind.

Table (10.7) wind power   and its effect on towers

Shape of the
tower from a Square Triangle
Horizontal view

The shape/ ∗  
Corners or organs
with flat sides
Circular
Corners or organs
with flat sides
Circular

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Zero 4.00 2.40 3.60 2.00

0.1 3.50 2.20 3.20 1.80
0.2 3.00 1.85 2.70 1.60
0.3 2.60 1.65 2.35 1.45
0.4 2.30 1.5 2.05 1.35
0.5 2.05 1.45 1.90 1.35
0.6 1.90 1.45 1.80 1.40
0.7 1.85 1.50 1.80 1.45
0.8 1.85 1.60 1.80 1.60
0.9 1.90 1.80 1.90 1.80
1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

* Where e is the ratio between the areas of constructing organs facing the tower to the total area facing
the tower.

2.10.6.7. If in a horizontal view the shape of the tower is triangular the designed wind power is taken

perpendicular to the area exposed to wind from the front view of the tower.
3.10.6.7. If in a horizontal view the shape of the tower is square, designed wind power is taken in two
cases:

a. perpendicular to the front of the building

b. in the diametrical direction multiplied by wind power   in (0.75e + 1) where its value shouldn’t
exceed 1.20

11.6.7. Gamalon Framing

Full wind power on frames is calculated from Table (11.7)

Table (11.7) windpower  on frames

Circular
Shape / e  Organs with flat sides 1 <   1 ≥  
Zero 2.00
6 1.20
 
6 0.80
 

0.10 1.90 1.20 0.80

0.20 1.80 1.20 0.90
0.30 1.70 1.20 1.10
0.40 1.70 1.50 1.10
0.50 1.60 1.50 1.10
0.70 1.60 1.50 1.40
1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

Where:

e : the ratio of area of structural organs falling in the fame perpendicular to the wind direction to the
whole area

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d : diameter in meter

q: wind pressure at the requested height kn/    

Annex (7.A)

Structural Factor   

A1. Structural factor is the factor that takes in consideration the effect of wind during a non-consequent
wind pressure peak on the building with the effect of buildings vibration during turbulence.

A2. The value of structural factor is considered 1.00 in the following cases:

1. Building and facilities with height less than 60 meters

2. Net shape towers (Gamalon towers)

3. Buildings and facilities their heights are lowered four times with less after its horizontal fall.


A3. For cases not mentioned in (4.1.7) and in (A2) and in structural factor  for general facilities shapes
illustrated in the diagram (a.7) its calculated according to the following equation:

(A-1)  =  ++√+   ≥ 1  

Where:

g is the peak factor indicated the ratio between the maximum value for the variable part of the time
registry to the measurement of inclination and its value is indicated according to (a.4)

  Turbulence intensity at height zr and its value is indicated according to (a.5)

  Background factor that takes in consideration the lack of total engagement between building
surfaces and its value is indicated according to (6.a)
 Resonance response factor takes in consideration the turbulence effect on the vibration during
resonance and its value is indicated according to (7.a)

4.a the peak factor g is calculated according to the following equation:

(A-2)  =  2In(TƲ)   ()

.  

(A.2a)  = n   +   

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Where:

T : time length with value 3600 Seconds

ν : Up-Crossing Frequency ( hertz)

In : Main natural logarithm ( e = 2.718 )

n : Natural frequency origin (hertz) and its calculated with dynamical origin analysis, and its value can
be estimated in the primary calculation of normal buildings using:

(A.2b)  =  h  

h: Building’s height (meter) 


5.a Turbulence intensity  is calculated at the height   using:

(A.3)  = (  )  

Where:

 : height and roughness of land (meter) taken from Table (3.7)


zr: height away from land surface ( meter ), diagram (a.7)

6.a Background factor   is calculated using:

(A.4) B = +.      

()

(A-4a)
  
 = 0.6()
70. = 05In(
 ( ) ) 


Where:

()  Turbulence length scale (meter)

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