Design of 33MVA Maa Substation PDF

“DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.
8 kV
MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY”
(REVISION 2)
A TECHNICAL REPORT
PRESENTED TO
THE PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY
BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

IN THE LICENSURE EXAMINATIONS FOR
PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
SUBMITTED BY:
JUAN DELA CRUZ.
REE xxxxxx
AUGUST 2016
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
August 15, 2016
THE BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION
P. Paredes St., Corner N. Reyes St., Sampaloc
Manila, Philippines
Dear Sirs:
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for my Professional Electrical

Engineer licensure application, it is my honor to submit and present
this technical report entitled: “DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8
kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY” (REVISION 2).
This is for your perusal and evaluation.
Very truly yours,
JUAN DELA CRUZ.

REE xxxxxx
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY ii

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY iii
PREFACE
Electric utilities nowadays are defined by their ability to provide

reliable electric power to its customers that is safe and affordable.
People are dependent in electricity which is one key in the economy
of a developing country such as the Philippines. Businessmen take
into consideration the existing power rate and power situation of a
particular area before they invest. Thus, securing the power
reliability and capacity of the country must be a priority of the
government to continue the growth of the economy.
Light's desire to fulfill its promise to deliver reliable electric power

and provide quality services has become its highest priority and
commitment. The company aims to become a world-class
electric distribution company while keeping in pace with the
constantly changing technology and customer demands. Utilizing the
latest equipment in its substation is one of the innovations done by
the company to ensure that customers will experience the least
number of power interruption.
This technical report contains the specifications and justification of

the major electrical equipment used, the coordination of the
overcurrent protection system and electrical calculations of the new
33 MVA 69/13.8 kV Maa Substation. The goal of this report is to
provide practical guide and reference for the design and
protection engineers of LIGHT as well as comprehensive and
analytical tool for future calculations of any substation applications.
I wish to thank my family and Joan Bab, for their constant support,
patience and understanding. Also, I wish to thank my bosses and
colleagues in LIGHT, especially to Engr. Reynold Felix, Engr.
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY iv

Ledio Peñafiel, Engr. Enriczar Tia and Engr. Jay Duluguin. I would like
to give sincere thanks to the PEE’s, especially to Cirilo Olmoguez,
Joseph Darren Claire Solicar, Denis Estrella, Richard Tidoy, Edward
Cantero, Jerome Ryan Deleonio, Galen Ray Alova, Jonathan Medalla
and Floyd Gamad for their encouragement, time and unwavering
support. Finally, to our Almighty God, for giving me good health and
determination to finish this technical report.
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY v

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER LETTER i
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ii
LETTER OF TER APPROVAL iii
PREFACE iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES xii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xvii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives of the Technical Report 4
1.3 Scope and Limitations 5
1.4 Significance of the Study 5
1.5 Conceptual Framework 7
CHAPTER 2: SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 8
2.1 The Role of a Substation in the Power System 8
2.2 Types of Distribution System 9
2.3 Energy Regulatory Commission 11
2.4 Performance Based Regulation 12
2.5 Philippine Distribution Code 12
2.6 Philippine Electrical Code 13
2.7 Distribution Planning 14
2.8 Load Forecasting 15
2.9 Transformer 15
2.10 Circuit Breaker 16
2.11 69 kV Bus Design 18
2.12 Protection System 18
2.13 Characteristics of the Relay 20
2.14 Overcurrent Relay 21
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY vi

2.15 Principles of Overcurrent Protection 22
2.16 ANSI Device Numbers 24
2.17 Arc Flash 25
2.18 Grounding System Design 26
2.19 Optimization of Conductor and Transformer 27
2.20 System Reliability 28
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 31
3.1 Research Locale 31
3.2 Data Collection 31
3.3 Demand Forecasting 32
3.4 Loading Analysis 33
3.5 Power System Modeling 33
3.6 Voltage Calculation 34
3.7 Short Circuit Calculation 35
3.8 Protection System Design 35
3.9 Assessment of Current Transformers 35
3.10 Overcurrent Relay Setting and Coordination 35
3.11 Optimization 36
3.12 Arc Flash 36
3.13 Grounding System Design 38
3.14 System Reliability 38
CHAPTER 4: CALCULATIONS 40
4.1 Demand Forecasting 40
4.2 Power System Modeling 89
4.3 Short Circuit Calculation 118
4.4 Power Transformer Specification 138
4.5 69 kV Circuit Breaker 149
4.6 69 kV Bus Sizing and Design 159
4.7 Overcurrent Protection 164
4.8 Evaluation of Current Transformer Size 167
4.9 Overcurrent Relay Settings and Coordination 178
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY vii

4.10 Coordination Plot 203
4.11 Safety Analysis Calculation 207
4.12 Reliability Assessment 221
4.13 Arc Flash Analysis 227
4.14 Voltage Calculation 236
4.15 Performance Incentive Scheme 245
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS 250
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings 250
5.2 Conclusions 252
5.3 Recommendations 254
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES 257
AFFIDAVIT OF SOLE AUTHORSHIP 261
AFFIDAVIT OF PEE 262
PEE 1 262
PEE 2 264
PEE 3 266
CURRICULUM VITAE 268
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY viii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Description Page
1.1 Conceptual Framework 7

2.1 Block Diagram of a Typical Distribution System 9
2.2 Radial Type of Distribution System 10
2.3 Loop Type Distribution System 11
2.4 Overcurrent Relay Diagram 21
2.5 Time-Current Characteristics of Overcurrent Relays 22
2.6 Category 1 Transformer-Through-Fault Withstand 23
Capability
3.1 Map of Maa Substation 31
3.2 Facade of Maa Substation 32
3.3 Personal Protective Equipment for Arc Flash 38
Protection
4.1.1 Line Graph of City South Substations Coincidental 41
Demand (MW)
4.1.2 Line Graph of 2015 to 2029 Forecasts using Single 47
Regression
4.1.3 Line Graph of 2015 to 2029 Forecasts using Double 51
Exponential Smoothing
4.1.4 Line Graph of 2015 to 2029 City South Substations 54
Demand Forecasts
4.1.5 Line Graph of Historical Substation Loading at 100% 55
Limit
4.1.6 Line Graph of Historical Substation Loading at 70% 57
Limit
4.1.7 Line Graph of Substation Loading Forecast at 70% 58
Limit without Project
4.1.8 Line Graph of Unserved Demand without Project 60
4.1.9 Line Graph of Unserved Energy without Project 61
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY ix

when Bangkal Substation is Shutdown
when Matina Substation is Shutdown
when Ecoland Substation is Shutdown
4.1.13 Line Graph of Substation Loading at Normal 68
Condition with Maa Substation
4.1.14 Line Graph of the Substation Loading at N-1 69
Condition with Maa Substation and with Bangkal
Substation Shutdown
4.1.15 Line Graph of the Substation Loading at N-1 70
Condition with Maa Substation and with Matina
Substation Shutdown
4.1.16 Line Graph of Substation Loading at N-1 71
Condition with Maa Substation and with Ecoland
Substation Shutdown
4.1.17 Interconnection of City South Substations Cluster 75
4.1.18 Line Graph of Annual Energy Sales due to 77
Unserved Demand
4.1.19 Line Graph of Annual Operating Cost brought 81
about by the New Substation
4.1.20 Line Graph of the Annual Cost in Php 83
4.1.21 Line Graph of the Annual Profit in Php 84
4.2.1 Single Line Diagram 89
4.2.2 69 kV Overhead Line Vertical Construction (VPI-1) 90
4.2.3 69 kV Overhead Line Vertical Construction (V-69) 91
4.2.4 13.8 kV Overhead Line Construction (CA1) 93
4.2.5 Positive Sequence Diagram 115
4.2.6 Negative Sequence Diagram 116
4.2.7 Zero Sequence Diagram 117
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY x

4.3.1 Fault points F1 and F2, and F3 118
4.3.2 Three-Phase Fault Sequence Diagram at F1 119
4.3.5 Line-to-Line Sequence Diagram at F1 123
4.3.8 Single-Line-to-Ground Sequence Diagram at F1 127
4.3.11 Double-Line-to-Ground Sequence Diagram at F1 133
4.4.1 Nameplate of Power Transformer for Maa Substation 146
4.5.1 Positive Sequence Resistance Network at 69 kV Bus 154
4.5.2 Positive Sequence Reactance Network at 69 kV Bus 155
4.5.3 Zero Sequence Resistance Network at 69 kV Bus 156
4.5.4 Zero Sequence Reactance Network at 69 kV Bus 157
4.5.5 Nameplate of the 69 kV Circuit Breaker for Maa 159
Substation
4.5.6 One Line Diagram showing Major Electrical 161
Equipment (69 kV Side)
4.6.1 Maa Substation 69 kV Bus and Steel Structure 164
4.8.1 Typical Excitation Curves for Multi-Ratio Class C 173
Current Transformers
4.9.1 Line-to-Line Fault at Wye Side of Dyn1 Power 188
Transformer
4.9.2 Coordination of Overcurrent Relays for a Delta-Wye 189
Transformer
4.9.3 Current Carrying Capacity of Copper Bus Bar for 191
Main Switchgear
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xi

4.9.4 Delta-Side Currents at Wye-Side SLG Fault 201
4.10.1 TCC Curves–50P/51P, Recloser and Fuse at 13.8 kV 204
Currents
4.10.2 TCC Curves–50N/51N, Recloser and Fuse at 13.8 kV 205
Currents
4.10.3 TCC Curves–50N/51N 69kV Currents 206
4.11.1 Soil Resistivity Test Result at Maa Substation 209
4.11.2 Approximate Split Factor 215
4.13.1 69kV Arc Flash Sticker 234
4.13.2 13.8kV Arc Flash Sticker 235
4.14.1 Impedance Diagram with Substations and 236
Feeder Loads
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xii

LIST OF TABLES
Table Description Page

1.1 City South Area Existing Substation Rating 3
1.2 City South Area Substation Historical Percent 3
3.12.1 Categories of PPE as described in NFPA 70E 37
4.1.1 City South Substations Coincidental Demand (MW) 40
4.1.2 Demand Data (MW) and Equivalent Y, Z2, and ZY 42
4.1.3 2008 to 2014 Demand Forecasts (MW) 43
4.1.4 2008 to 2014 Forecasts Error 44
4.1.5 2008 to 2014 Forecasts Error2, │Error│, and APE 45
4.1.6 Forecasts 2015 to 2029 using Single Regression 46
4.1.7 2008 to 2014 Smooth, Level, Trend and Fits Values 49
4.1.8 DES Errors of Fitted Values 49
4.1.9 Forecasts Errors of Energy Data Using Double 50
Exponential Methos
4.1.10 Forecasts 2015 to 2028 using Double Exponential 51
Smoothing
4.1.11 Summary of MSE, MAD and MAPE 52
4.1.12 2008 to 2014 Demand Data (in Percent) 52
4.1.13 2015 to 2029 City South Substations Demand 53
Percent Allocation
4.1.14 2015 to 2029 City South Substations Demand 54
Forecast
4.1.15 Historical Substation Loading at 100% Limit 55
4.1.16 Historical Substation Loading at 70% Limit 56
4.1.17 Substation Loading Forecast at 70% Limit without 58
Project
4.1.18 Unserved Demand without Project 59
4.1.19 Unserved Energy without Project 61
4.1.20 Unserved Demand without Project when Bangkal 63
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xiii

Substation is shutdown
4.1.21 Unserved Demand without Project when Matina 64
4.1.22 Unserved Demand without Project when Ecoland 66
4.1.23 Substation Loading at Normal Condition with Maa 67
Substation
4.1.24 Substation Loading at N-1 Condition with Maa 68
Substation and with Bangkal Substation Shutdown
Substation and with Matina Substation Shutdown
Substation and with Ecoland Substation Shutdown
4.1.27 2016 Systems Loss Profile of City South Cluster 72
with and without the Project
4.1.28 Systems Loss Contribution to Energy Sales Benefit 73
of the Project
4.1.29 Annual Energy Sales due to Unserved Demand 76
4.1.30 Cost Estimate for the Construction 33 MVA Maa 79
Substation
4.1.31 Annual Depreciation Cost 80
4.1.32 Annual Operating Cost brought about by the New 81
Substation
4.1.33 Summary of Annual Cost in Php 82
4.1.34 Summary of Annual Profit in Php 83
4.1.35 Present Value of Cost and Profit 84
4.1.36 Annual Operating Cash Flow in Php 86
4.1.37 Present Value of Cash Flows in Php 87
4.2.1 Summary of Base Values 95
4.2.2 NGCP Davao Substation 69 kV Bus Fault Current 95
Data
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xiv

4.2.3 Summary of Source Impedances 97
4.2.4 Electrical Characteristics of Bare Aluminum 99
Conductor Steel Reinforced
4.2.5 Summary of Positive Sequence Impedances 112
4.2.6 Summary of Negative Sequence Impedances 113
4.2.7 Summary of Zero Sequence Impedances 114
4.3.1 Summary of Fault Currents 138
4.4.1 Kilovolt –Ampere Ratings,Self-Cooled (ONAN) 139
4.4.2 High Voltage Winding Insulation Levels of Three 140
Phase Transformers
4.4.3 Basic Standard Construction Features of Power 148
Transformers
4.5.1 Preferred Ratings for Outdoor Circuit Breakers 152
72.5 kV and Below
4.5.2 Preferred Dielectric Withstand Ratings and 152
External Insulation
4.6.1 Physical and Electrical Properties of Aluminum 162
Seamless Pipe
4.6.2 Outdoor Electrical Substation Clearances 163
4.6.3 Phase Spacing of Outdoor Air Switches 163
4.8.1 CU/XLPE/CTS/PVC 15 kV 133% Insulation Level 168
Wire Ampacity
4.8.2 Summary of Selected C.T. Ratio 169
4.8.3 Selected Current Transformer Taps with 178
Calculated Vk
4.9.1 Minimum Coordination Time Interval (CTI) 182
4.9.2 Calculated Phase Overcurrent Relay Settings 202
4.9.3 Calculated Neutral/Ground Overcurrent Relay 202
Settings
4.11.1 Maximum Fault Duties and the Interrupting 207
Ratings of Circuit Breakers
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xv

4.11.2 Summary of Computed Limits and Design Step 220
and Touch Voltage
4.12.1 Unplanned Power Outages for City South Cluster 221
Substations for 2008 – 2014
4.12.2 Annual Unplanned SAIFI, SAIDI and CAIDI for 224
City South Cluster Substations (2008-2014)
4.12.3 Evaluation Criteria for SAIFI under ERC PBR 225
Position Paper
4.12.4 Evaluation Criteria for CAIDI under ERC PBR 225
Position Paper
4.13.1 Factors for Equipment and Voltage Classes 230
4.13.2 Protective Clothing Characteristics 233
4.14.1 Substation Loading at Normal Condition with 237
Maa Substation
4.14.2 Average Loading per Feeder 238
4.14.3 2016 – 2029 Computed Voltages 245
4.15.1 Proposed Weighting for S-Components 249
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xvi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Maa substation is located in the city south area of Light’s

franchise. Based on its location, Maa substation will relieve and
deload adjacent substations located in the City South clusters of the
system; specifically Bangkal, Matina and Ecoland substations. This
project will provide additional capacity and flexibility in the city south
part of the system. The existing capacity would not sustain the loads
whenever either Bangkal, Matina or Ecoland substation is out for
emergency maintenance of which will result to customer interruption.
With this substation, it will make way for adjacent substations to be
shut down during preventive maintenance schedules.
The forecasted demand using the Double Exponential Smoothing

(DES) method was the basis in constructing the new substation
because it has a lower MAPE. It will have an initial cost of
P126,428,113 upon construction and will have an annual depreciation
cost of P3,148,787. The net present value of the project is
P164,742,773 and the benefit to cost ratio is expected to be 2.98.
Lastly, the estimated total profit for the first 10 years of its operation
is P895,864,651 and will have a rate of return of 19.53%.
This project will involve the construction of a new 33-MVA, 4-feeder,

69kV/13.8kV substation, with ring bus configuration ready at the
69kV side. This project will include land development of the 2,137 m2
lot, purchase and installation of 1 unit - 20/25/33-MVA, 69kV/13.8kV
three-phase power transformer, two units - 69kV power circuit
breaker, Fifty 0ne (51) units – 15 kV current transformer; and
miscellaneous materials. It will be supplied by the new 69 kV line
from the adjacent Ecoland Substation.
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xvii

The design of the substation aims to enhance substation reliability,
integrity of power system protection, safety of substation personnel,
equipment maintainability; and improvements in operating
procedures while remaining economical and cost efficient.
This technical report presented the specifications and justification of

the major electrical equipment to be used such as power transformer,
69 kV circuit breaker and current transformers; the coordination of
the overcurrent protection system, sizing and design of the 69 kV bus
and steel structure; and the results of the technical calculations. It
included short circuit calculations, overcurrent relay settings, arc
flash analysis, substation grounding design, voltage calculations and
load forecasting.
The 33-MVA Maa substation’s 13.8 kV bus had a short circuit current
calculated approximately as 9,683 A caused by single-line-to-ground
fault and 2,766.56 A for three-phase fault at 69 kV bus, both were
generated by Davao Line 1 source where it is connected. The resulting
fault currents for single-line-to-ground and three-phase have been
the basis of the rating of the other major electrical equipment such
as the circuit breaker.
On the other hand, the proposed protection system for the substation
satisfied the basic requirements in the protection design. The selected
CT ratios to be used by the protective devices were having equivalent
knee-point voltages way above from the calculated knee-point
voltages and adequate to sustain maximum short circuit currents
without CT saturation. The 13.8 kV feeders are protected by
overcurrent relays and its calculated settings were maintained to
coordinate with respect to upstream and downstream overcurrent
protective devices.
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xviii

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Distribution systems provide a very important role in the power
system since it is the main channel of sending the usable power to
the consumers. It is a complex system composed of different
equipment and devices that are linked together to deliver power to
customers. Since electricity is an essential commodity to the
economy, its absence for a short period of time creates discomfort in
everybody’s life. It gets worse if the unscheduled power interruption
is caused by equipment failures in the power system which takes
some time before it gets repaired and restored. Moreover, with the
increasing demand on the use of electricity, any failure in the
substation components is not acceptable to the customers as well as
to the utility owner.
Under the Philippine Distribution Code (PDC), the Distribution utilities
(DU) are mandated to provide reliable and quality power for the
customers. Thus, power distribution planners and designers are
challenged to increase system performance and continuously look for
ways to improve reliability.
It is the role of the distribution planners and designers to evaluate

and design a power system according to the DU planning guidelines,
regulatory standards and local electrical code. At the same time, they
need to balance the utility and customer requirement to operate a
safe, efficient and reliable electrical system. Therefore, to have an
optimized and economical system, all projects must be technically
justified and evaluated by the DU planners based on local code or
international standards before it is presented for approval to the
Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC).
DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY 1

The Light’s Maa substation is situated along Don Julian

Rodriguez Sr. Avenue in Davao City where an increasing number of
commercial establishments and trading businesses are located.
When the 33-MVA Ecoland substation underwent preventive
maintenance, the connected loads were carried and transferred to
adjacent substations such as the 25 MVA Matina and 12 MVA Bangkal.
But due to the business growth in the area, the adjacent substations
eventually became unable to accommodate the projected demand
growth in 2016. In order to address the capacity problem, the
Planning Department’s proposal for additional capacity of 33 MVA
Maa substation was implemented. This aimed to deload Ecoland,
Matina and Bangkal substations and provided additional capacity to
meet the growth of power demand in the city south areas of Davao
City.
In power system protection, it is significant and important that all

substation equipment is protected against overloads and short
circuits; and overcurrent relays are well coordinated. It was
evidently experienced at some of the substations of LIGHT
where nuisance tripping and miscoordination occurred due to the
increase in short circuit currents and some system reconfigurations.
From then on, with the knowledge gained from advanced power
system protection training, and exposure in handling protection
issues and problems; the protection engineers were able to solve and
provide solutions to the challenges. Comprehensive audit and review
on protection system and its coordination is done periodically based
on the company’s protection philosophy. Setting recommendations
and modifications are also given and implemented when required.

Table 1.1: City South Area Existing Substation Rating
Substation Rating
Bangkal 12 MVA
Matina 25 MVA
Ecoland 33 MVA
Table 1.1 presents the City South substations existing rating. The
loading of the existing substation will be evaluated if it can still carry
additional load in anticipation of the fast growth in the area.
Table 1.2: City South Area Substation Historical Percent Loading
Year Bangkal Matina Ecoland

2008 66.96% 48.21% 67.28%
2009 77.82% 43.84% 72.29%
2010 81.50% 49.92% 73.26%
2011 66.52% 59.50% 83.46%
2012 86.60% 57.99% 80.77%
2013 74.06% 52.60% 77.39%
2014 85.29% 57.03% 81.52%
Table 1.2 presents the City South substations historical percent

loading. In 2011, Bangkal substation has been loaded up to 108.84%
percent of its rated capacity allowing 8% overload which is against
the DU criteria of substation loading. Bangkal substation has been
operating in an overload condition starting 2011 due to the fast
growth in the area where commercial establishments are located.
Considering the condition of the substations in the city south area, it

is the responsibility of the power system planners to look into this
situation and conduct the necessary assessment of the existing and
future loads, its performance, reliability and safety of the substations.
Thus, it was proposed to construct an additional substation to be

connected in the city south area. The author would like to present
this technical report to design the 33MVA 69/13.8 kV Maa Substation
in Davao City.
1.2. Objectives of the Technical Report
The objectives of the technical report are the following:
a) To forecast the substation loading and analyze the capacity

requirement of new substation by looking at the historical
trends and future trends of the loading of the adjacent
substations.
b) To perform power system modeling.
c) To calculate the short circuit currents of the specified power
circuit breaker and recloser locations for both 69 kV & 13.8 kV
feeders of the new Maa substation.
d) To determine the specifications of the new power transformer
and 69 kV circuit breaker.
e) To create a 69 kV bus design ready for ring bus configuration.
f) Conduct overcurrent protection setting and coordination.
g) To evaluate the current transformers that will be used then by
the protective relays while considering the calculated short
circuit currents.
h) To conduct arc flash analysis in the 69 kV power circuit breaker.
i) To determine the appropriate grounding system design of the
substation.
j) To conduct voltage analysis and calculation in the 69 kV and
13.8 kV lines
k) Provide conclusions and recommendations.

1.3. Scope and Limitations
This technical report was limited to the following items:

a) Load forecasting of substation loads included in the City South
cluster of LPC and future trends of the loading of the adjacent
substations.
b) Fault level calculation at different voltage level (69 kV and 13.8
kV). The calculation for the short circuit currents considered
one 69kV power source at maximum power generation while
customer’s connected motors and generators are disregarded
in the computation as well as the effect of capacitor banks.
c) Specifications of the substation major electrical equipment such
as 33 MVA power transformer, 69 kV circuit breaker and current
transformers.
d) Sizing and design of 69kV bus and steel structure. The
considerations in designing the substation bus such as the
standard spacing and distances are summarized in this study.
e) Overcurrent protection setting and coordination. This includes
the evaluation and assessment of the current transformers to
be used using the calculated short circuit currents.
f) Arc flash analysis at the 69 kV power circuit breaker.
g) Grounding system design of the substation.
h) Voltage analysis and calculation in the 69 kV and 13.8 kV lines.
Load flow analysis, logic settings, voltage protection, transformer

mechanical protection, relay and equipment testing, surge
protection, battery system; and metering and control system are
beyond the scope of this technical report.
1.4. Significance of the Study

This technical report is intended to assist and impart relevant
information to design and protection engineers of new or existing

substations. The methods presented in this technical report serves

as a guide in presenting technical justifications needed for distribution
system project proposals. It presents basic knowledge and manual
calculation methodology use to perform power system studies for
distribution system application.
Furthermore, it will provide safety for personnel working inside the

substation, protection for the electrical equipment and continuity of
the service. Life safety should never be compromised. This is only
achieved when circuit breakers or switchgears are rated to carry and
interrupt maximum load currents, as well as sufficient to withstand
and interrupt maximum short circuit currents.
The equipment inside the substation must be well-protected and

quickly isolated to limit the damages caused by overcurrent or short
circuit. The reliability of the multi-million substation equipment
should be given high importance as this takes months to be acquired
and be replaced. In other words, equipment failure would mean a big
loss in the investment. Lastly, selectivity provides isolation of faulted
circuit while assuring maximum service continuity with minimum
system interruptions. The absence of limiting the extent and duration
of service interruption would mean “no energy sales” and loss of
opportunity to the electric businesses.

1.5. Conceptual Framework
Below is the conceptual framework of the technical report.
Figure 1.1: Conceptual Framework

CHAPTER 2 – SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 2
SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
This chapter presents the substation design considerations that will

provide support in the power system design of the 33-MVA 69/13.8
kV Maa Substation of LIGHT and Power Company (LPC).
2.1. The Role of a Substation in the Power System

An electric power substation is a composition of materials and
equipment in an electric power system through which useful electrical
energy is passed for transmission, distribution, transformation,
conversion or switching. It is made up of electrical components such
as power transformers, switchgears, instrument transformers, surge
protection equipment, relays, control wires, power bus, disconnect
switches and power cables. The energy that is used at our household
passes different substations at different voltage level. The main
reason for this is to reduce the line loss brought by the resistance of
the conductors.
Specifically, substations are used for the following reasons:

1. Interconnection of transmission lines, distribution lines and loads
to each other.
2. Transformation from one voltage level to another suitable for used.
3. Connection of power plants to the grid such as coal, geothermal,
hydro, wind and solar.
4. Switching for alternate connections to a customer.
5. Isolation of failed or overloaded lines and equipment.
The construction of new substations and the expansion of existing

facilities are common capacity and reliability projects in
electric utilities like LIGHT and Power Company. This is done to
improve
the performance of electric utilities which will determine the rate

increase to be charged to the customers.
2.2. Types of Distribution System

Two basic types of distribution system are discussed in the ABB Book,
chapter 20. In general, distribution systems can be divided into six
parts which are generation, transmission lines, distribution
substations, distribution or primary feeder, distribution transformer,
and consumers' service connections. Figure 2.1 is a block diagram of
a typical distribution system.
Figure 2.1: Block Diagram of a Typical Distribution System
The radial type of distribution system illustrated in figure 2.2 is the

most common and cheapest form of distribution system design. In
radial system, the distribution substation gets its bulk power from
one source through the sub-transmission lines, then its primary

feeders branch out up to its primary and secondary customers. This

type has a very low reliability because it is only dependent on one
major power source. A power disturbance or short circuit would
interrupt the entire line that should be repaired before it is being
restored.
Figure 2.2: Radial Type of Distribution System
Another type of distribution system as shown in figure 2.3 is the loop

system which is used to supply bulk loads in the power system where
the continuity of service is of great importance. The substations are
interconnected with sub-transmission lines forming a complete loop
going back to the source. This type has a very high reliability and has
very low power interruption duration. In loop system, every line
segment has breakers on both ends. If one of the line segments is
out, the breaker automatically isolates the faulted line thus
preventing the occurrence of unplanned power interruptions.

Figure 2.3: Loop Type Distribution System
2.3. Energy Regulatory Commission

Private distribution utilities (DU), such as LIGHT and Power
Company (LPC), are heavily regulated by the
government, specifically by the Energy Regulatory Commission
(ERC). This agency was created under Section 38 of the Republic Act
No. 9136, otherwise known as the EPIRA Law. It is mandated to
create necessary rules and regulations on how private electric
utilities manage their respective franchise area. The
agency also ensures the implementation of its rules to balance
the interest of the consumers and power industries.
Some of its major functions are to enforce Distribution Code,
monitoring and implementing performance standards; and review
and approves proposed CAPEX projects such as Maa Substation if
found reasonable. Therefore, the electric utility must be able to
present technical and economical justifications of any additional
assets that will be constructed within their franchise area. This is one
of the challenges of the planners and designers of the power system

to consider the balance between the design and construction costs

when submitting project proposals to ERC.
2.4. Performance-Based Regulation

All Private Distribution Utilities have been mandated by the Energy
Regulatory Commission (ERC) to enter the Performance Based
Regulation (PBR). PBR sets a maximum price cap, to recover efficient
expenditure only and provide appropriate return to investors. In this
scheme, built-in incentives are provided to further improve the
operational expenses (OPEX) and capital expenses (CAPEX), as well
as network and service performance levels.
Under PBR, the proposed projects, especially the major CAPEX, are
submitted to regulators for evaluation and approval if found efficient.
It should be emphasized that not all projects submitted were
approved due to lack of justifications and possible large increase in
the electricity rates.
2.5. Philippine Distribution Code
The Philippine Distribution Code (PDC) provides the basic rules,

procedures, requirements; and standards that govern the operation,
maintenance, and development of the electric distribution systems in
the Philippines. It serves as a guide for planners and designers of
utilities to meet the prescribe considerations required to have an
acceptable design. Power quality, efficiency and reliability of the
distribution system is defined in performance standards for the
distribution and supply of electricity.
It requires DU to submit to ERC their target service levels to measure

the performance of the utilities. One major target included in this
report is the total duration in the restoration of service after a power

interruption caused by a fault. Other measures that are being

monitored are power quality standards, system loss; and reliability
indices such as SAIFI, SAIDI and MAIFI.
PDC adopts the safety standards stated in the Philippine Electrical

Code (PEC). The safety requirement for electrical installations,
operations, and maintenance is stipulated under the Philippine
Electrical Code (PEC) Parts 1 and 2.
PDC also requires DU to conduct distribution planning studies to

ensure the safety and reliability of the distribution system. Some of
these technical studies include system loss, reliability, impact, short
circuit and voltage drop studies. The short circuit study is performed
to evaluate new facilities connected, sizing of protective devices; and
settings of protection relays. On the other hand, the voltage drop
study is performed to determine the voltage level at the connection
points based on the forecasted demand of the existing system and
any planned expansion, reinforcement, or development.
There are certain requirements such as historical and forecast data,

estimated and registered equipment data; and one line diagram that
the DU must prepare and submit to the ERC before the conduct of
the studies mentioned above.
2.6. Philippine Electrical Code (PEC)
PEC is the national electrical code of the Philippines. The main

purpose of the code is to set safety standards for the protection of
individuals and properties from hazards arising from the use of
electricity. It is a guide and contains minimum requirements

necessary for safety in which all electrical practitioners must be

familiar and required to comply.
Chapter II - article 2.40.9 of PEC 2009 (page 188) specifically

provides details on overcurrent protection over 600 volts nominal.
The code emphasizes that the overcurrent protection of feeder and
branch circuit shall use circuit breakers with current transformers
and overcurrent relays. The design includes short circuit studies
and time current coordination analysis of the protective devices and
the equipment damage curves.
For every electric power system, design and protection engineers

are mandated to conduct overcurrent protection and coordination
study and review. It is the responsibility of every engineer to
understand the value of the study and that the requirements of the
code must be satisfied.
2.7. Distribution Planning

Distribution planning is the process of identifying the current needs
and development in the distribution system. The purpose is to provide
orderly and economic expansion of facilities to meet the distribution
utility's future demand and the acquisition of assets necessary to
provide continuous electricity supply to customers considering the
safety and performance standards required by the electrical code and
regulators.
Basic steps of distribution planning are as follows: identify the

problem, setting of goals, identifying the alternatives, evaluating
alternatives, and deciding upon approving the alternative.

2.8. Load Forecasting
Simple Regression is one of the most common tools in forecasting

and the most basic type of regression. The simple regression or least
square analysis is a process whereby the model is developed by
producing the minimum sum of the squared error values (Black,
2001). It uses only one independent variable, and it describes the
relationship between the independent variable and dependent
variable as a straight line. Reference:(https://www0.gsb.columbia.
edu/premba/analytical/s7/s7_6.cfm).
Another model commonly used by the utility is the double exponential

smoothing (DES). The basic idea behind DES is to introduce a term
to take into account the possibility of a series exhibiting some form
of trend. This slope component is itself updated via exponential
smoothing. Reference: (http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/ Exponential
_smoothing).
2.9. Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy

between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force across a
conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. The most
common application of transformers is to increase or decrease the
voltages of alternating current used for electric power applications.
A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a

varying magnetic flux in the transformer core and a varying magnetic
field on the transformer's secondary winding. This varying magnetic
field at the secondary winding induces a varying voltage in the
secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction. Making use
of Faraday's Law in addition with high magnetic permeability core

properties, transformers can be designed to efficiently

change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within power
networks.
The transformer is said to be the heart of the substation. Thus it is

very important to protect this equipment from all types of
disturbances in the system to avoid power outage. Utilities invest
almost 10% of the total project costs for protection equipment such
as relays, instrument transformers, control cables and battery banks.
These equipment should always be maintained regularly to secure
the reliability, stability and security of the system.
2.10. Circuit breaker

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated
electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage
caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt
current flow after protective relays detect faults conditions. Unlike
a fuse which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit
breaker can be reset to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers
are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an
individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to
protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition. Once a fault is

detected, the circuit breaker contacts must open to interrupt the
circuit. A mechanically-stored energy contained within the breaker is
used to separate the contacts. Small circuit breakers may be
manually operated while larger units have solenoids to trip the
mechanism; and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.

When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be

contained, cooled and extinguished in a controlled way so that the
gap between the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the
circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating
gas or oil as the medium.
Medium-voltage (MV) circuit breakers rated between 1 and 72 kV

may be assembled into metal-enclosed switchgear line ups for indoor
use, or may be individual components installed outdoors in
a substation. The characteristics of MV breakers are given by
international standards such as IEC 62271. Medium-voltage circuit
breakers nearly always use separate current sensors and protective
relays, instead of relying on built-in thermal or magnetic overcurrent
sensors.
Medium-voltage circuit breakers can be classified by the medium

used to extinguish the arc:
a. Vacuum circuit breakers
These breakers interrupt the current by creating and

extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container or bottle. These
are generally applied for voltages up to about 40,500 V which
corresponds roughly to the medium-voltage range of power
systems. Vacuum circuit breakers tend to have longer life
expectancies when overhauled than air circuit breakers.
b. Air circuit breakers

The trip characteristics of these type are often fully adjustable
including configurable trip thresholds and delays. Usually
electronically controlled, though some models
are microprocessor controlled via an integral electronic trip

unit. Often used for main power distribution in large industrial

plant, where the breakers are arranged in draw-out enclosures
for ease of maintenance.
c. SF6 circuit breakers

These breakers extinguish the arc in a chamber filled
with sulfur hexafluoride gas which is considered to be a toxic
gas after the breaker is energized. Safety of the personnel
should be given primary importance when using these breakers
because of the danger on inhalation of the toxic gas when a
leak happens.
2.11. 69 kV Bus Design

The 69 kV bus design for Maa substation is ready for a ring bus
configuration. The standard spacing, clearance and height were
followed in order to secure the safety of the personnel and the public.
The loop system was also considered during the design where the
existing capacity can accommodate current up to 2000 A.
2.12. Protection System

Protective relaying is applied to power system equipment for the
following reasons:
a. To isolate faulted line or equipment from the rest of the system
to continue the operation of the un-faulted line or equipment.
b. To limit the damage to the faulted equipment inside the
substation.
c. To minimize the possibility of fire in the faulted equipment.
d. To ensure the safety of the personnel.
e. To minimize the risk of damage of adjacent high-voltage
apparatus in nearby substations.

Faults can occur in any component in the electrical system and it can
be caused by bad weather, equipment failure, vegetation contact and
public contact. All of these causes create disturbance to the system,
thus protective systems are applied to sense short circuit conditions
and clear faults without false tripping which limits the interruption to
the faulted line or equipment only.
There are different types of faults that can be experienced on

distribution systems. The types of faults that occur are the three-
phase, single-line-to-ground, line-to-line and double-line-to-ground
fault. The single-line-to-ground fault is the type that occurs the most
which accounts for 70% - 80% of all fault incidence. On the other
hand, the three phase fault is the rarest which only account for 5%
of all fault incidence.
Calculations of the system fault currents are done through the use of
symmetrical components method. Symmetrical components are a
mathematical tool used to calculate the effects of balanced and
unbalanced fault conditions on three-phase distribution system. The
tools for computing can be manually done, but for large power system
such as for LIGHT and Power Company, it uses a software (ETAP
14.0) to model the three-phase power system impedance
characteristics, and calculate short circuit currents.
The results are used in determining the specifications and ratings of

the protective devices such as circuit breakers and relays. For radial
network, the maximum available fault current is located at the
substation bus and fault currents decreases with the distance from
the substation source due to the effects of the impedance. Fault
current values does not differ for minimum and maximum generation

conditions on a distribution system since most of the system

impedance is in the transformer and lines.
The overcurrent protective devices, the total impedance, the

component short-circuit current ratings and other characteristics of
the circuit to be protected shall be selected and coordinated to
permit the circuit protective devices used to clear a fault without
extensive damage to the electrical components of the circuit. This
fault shall be assumed to be either between two or more of the
circuit conductors or between any circuit conductor and the
grounding conductor or enclosing metal raceway.
2.13 Characteristics of the Relay

A relay must satisfy the following characteristic such as sensitivity,
selectivity, reliability and speed. Sensitivity refers to the ability of the
relay to operate under the actual condition that produces the least
operating tendency. Time-overcurrent relays must be able to operate
under the minimum fault current condition expected.
Selectivity refers to the ability of the relay to differentiate between

those conditions for which immediate action is required and those for
which no action or time-delayed operation are required. This is
important in order to prevent nuisance or false tripping in the system.
The relay must be able to recognize faults on their own protected
equipment and ignore all faults outside their protective zone. Relays
should be selective for a given fault condition in order to interrupt
service to the fewest customer possible.
Speed refers to the ability of the relay to operate in the required time
period. Speed is important in clearing a fault since it has a direct
effect on the damage done by the short circuit current to the

protected equipment. The relay must act quickly to isolate the

affected equipment to prevent causing further damage.
Lastly, reliability is the ability of the relay system to perform correctly.

It denotes the certainty of correct operation together with the
assurance against incorrect operation from all extraneous causes.
2.14. Overcurrent Relay

Overcurrent relay is the simplest type of protective relay. It is used
where low cost design is of importance. It is designed to operate
when more than a predetermined amount of current flows into a
particular portion of the power system.
Figure 2.4: Overcurrent Relay Diagram

The two basic forms of overcurrent relays are as follows:
a. Instantaneous Type – this relay is designed to operate with no

intentional time delay when the current exceeds the relay
setting.
b. Time Delay Type - this relay has an operating characteristic
such that its operating time varies inversely as the current
flowing in the relay. The three most commonly used time-
overcurrent characteristic curves are inverse, very inverse, and
extremely inverse.
Figure 2.5: Time - Current Characteristic Curves of Overcurrent

Relays
2.15. Principles of Overcurrent Protection
The maximum current that the power transformer and conductor can
carry and withstand is defined by their I2t characteristic. Maximum
currents maybe described as overload and short circuit current where
the equipment reaches its damage point. The overcurrent relay in a
predetermined setting must be able to protect and cut-off the

overcurrent in a time shorter than that of I2t characteristic of the

equipment.
In the case of the power transformer, the damage curve is defined

by I2t principle, although this will vary depending on their capacity.
American National Standard Institute (ANSI C57.109-1993- IEEE
Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformer Through-Fault-Current
Duration, page 2), categorized the I2t in terms of their configuration
(single phase and three phase) and kilo-Volt Ampere (kVA) rating.
The damage curve as shown in Figure 2.6, for example, contains
both thermal and mechanical curves where full-load current (FLA),
infrequent and frequent faults are usually detected and struck.
Figure 2.6: Category 1 Transformer-Through-Fault Withstand

Capability
The formula I2t = K defined by ANSI C57.109 as:

I = symmetrical short circuit currents in Amperes
t = time of short circuit in seconds

K = constant determined at maximum I with t=2 seconds
The conductor or cable applies I2t = K characteristic but they do

differ only in their constant K, material used, cross-sectional area
and the operating temperature.
2.16. ANSI Device Numbers

The following ANSI device numbers are commonly used in the
distribution utility:
21 - Distance
25 - Synchronism-check
27 – Under voltage
50P - Phase Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
50N - Neutral Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
50G - Ground Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
51P - Phase Time Overcurrent Relay
51N - Neutral Time Overcurrent Relay
51G - Ground Time Overcurrent Relay
52 - AC Power Circuit Breaker
59 - Overvoltage
64 - Apparatus ground
67 - AC directional overcurrent
68 - Blocking
69 - Permissive
74 - Alarm
79 - AC reclosing
81 - Frequency
86 - Lock out
87 – Differential

2.17. Arc Flash

An arc flash is the light and heat produced from an electric
arc supplied with sufficient electrical energy to cause substantial
damage, harm, fire or injury. Electrical arcs experience negative
incremental resistance which causes the electrical resistance to
decrease as the arc temperature increases. Therefore, as the arc
develops and gets hotter the resistance drops, drawing more and
more current until some part of the system melts, trips, or
evaporates, providing enough distance to break the circuit and
extinguish the arc.
One of the most common causes of arc-flash injuries happens when

switching on electrical circuits and tripped circuit-breakers. A tripped
circuit-breaker often indicates a fault has occurred somewhere down
the line from the panel. The fault must usually be isolated before
switching the power on, or an arc flash can easily be generated. Small
arcs usually form in switches when the contacts first touch and can
provide a place for an arc flash to develop. If the voltage is high
enough and the wires leading to the fault are large enough to allow
a substantial amount of current, an arc flash can form within the
panel when the breaker is turned on.
Circuit breakers are often the primary defense against current

runaway especially if there are no secondary fuses, so if an arc flash
develops in a breaker there may be nothing to stop a flash from going
out of control. Once an arc flash begins in a breaker, it can quickly
migrate from a single circuit to the busbars of the panel itself,
allowing very high energies to flow. Precautions must usually be used
when switching circuit breakers, such as standing off to the side while
switching to keep the body out of the way, wearing protective clothing
or turning off equipment, circuits and panels downline prior to

switching. Very large switchgear is often able to handle very high

energies that is the reason why many places require the use of full
protective equipment before switching on one.
Three key factors determine the intensity of an arc flash on

personnel. These factors are the quantity of fault current available in
a system, the time until an arc flash fault is cleared, and the distance
an individual is from a fault arc. Various design and equipment
configuration choices can be made to affect these factors and in turn
reduce the arc flash hazard.
2.18. Grounding System Design

Grounding system is circuitry which connects parts of the electric
circuit with the ground, thus defining the electric potential of the
conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of
earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic
compatibility of the power supply. It affects the magnitude and
distribution of short circuit currents through the system and the
effects it creates on equipment and people in the proximity of the
circuit. If a fault within an electrical device connects a live supply
conductor to an exposed conductive surface, anyone touching it while
electrically connected to the earth will complete a circuit back to the
earthed supply conductor and receive an electric shock.
A safe grounding design has two major objectives. First is to provide

means to carry electric currents into the earth under normal and fault
conditions without exceeding any operating and equipment limits or
adversely affecting continuity of service. The second is to assure that
a person in the vicinity of grounded facilities is not exposed to the
danger of critical electric shock.

People often assume that any grounded object can be safely touched.
A low substation ground resistance is not a guarantee of safety. There
is no simple relation between the resistance of the ground system as
a whole and the maximum shock current to which a person might be
exposed. Therefore, a substation of relatively low ground resistance
may be dangerous while another substation with very high resistance
may be safe or can be made safe by careful design.
For instance, if a substation is supplied from an overhead line with no

shield or neutral wire, a low grid resistance is important. Most or all
of the total ground fault current enters the earth causing an often
steep rise of the local ground potential. If a shield wire, neutral wire,
gas-insulated bus, or underground cable feeder is used, a part of the
fault current returns through this metallic path directly to the source.
Since this metallic link provides a low impedance parallel path to the
return circuit, the rise of local ground potential is ultimately of lesser
magnitude.
In either case, the effect of that portion of fault current that enters
the earth within the substation area should be further analyzed. If
the geometry, location of ground electrodes, local soil characteristics,
and other factors contribute to an excessive potential gradient at the
earth’s surface, the grounding system may be inadequate despite its
capacity to carry the fault current in magnitudes and durations
permitted by protective relays.
2.19. Optimization of Conductor and Transformer

Economic conductor sizing in radial distribution system plays a very
important role. Radial distribution system is constructed with so
many overhead conductors and power transformers. They are the
building blocks of the distribution system. Therefore, selection of

conductor size and transformers is vital to economical operation of

the power system with efficient voltage-drop performance. The
method for determining economic-loading of conductors and
transformers is explained in the Planning Distribution Reference
Book.
Consequences when moving power to the customer:

• Voltage drop occurs
• Losses in power are incurred, creating a cost
• The equipment and labor for line create a cost
• Maintaining the line in service creates a cost
The optimal conductor selection is to select a type of conductor so as

to minimize the sum of depreciation on capital investment and energy
loss while satisfying the maximum current carrying capacity and
minimum voltage levels.
The optimal transformer selection is done in the same manner with

the conductor but with additional present value (PV) of the load loss
and no-load related costs. Thus, planners need to evaluate all costs
on a Present Worth basis over the unit’s lifetime (Willis, 2004).
2.20. System Reliability

Reliability has to do with total electric interruptions and complete loss
of voltage. Reliability does not cover sags, swells, impulses or
harmonics. Reliability indices typically consider such aspects as the
number of customers; the connected load; the duration of the
interruption measured in seconds, minutes, hours, or days; the
amount of power (kVA) interrupted; and the frequency of
interruptions.

Power reliability can be defined as the degree to which the

performance of the elements in a bulk system results in electricity
being delivered to customers within accepted standards and in the
amount desired. The degree of reliability may be measured by the
frequency, duration and magnitude of adverse effects on the electric
supply.
There are many indices for measuring reliability. The three most
common are referred to as SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI, defined in IEEE
Standard 1366). System Average Interruption Frequency Index
(SAIFI) is the average frequency of sustained interruptions per
customer over a predefined area. It is the total number of customer
interruptions divided by the total number of customers served.
System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) is commonly

referred to as customer minutes of interruption or customer hours
and is designed to provide information as to the average time the
customers are interrupted. It is the sum of the restoration time for
each interruption event times the number of interrupted customers
for each interruption event divided by the total number of customers.
Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) is the average

time needed to restore service to the average customer per sustained
interruption. It is the sum of customer interruption durations divided
by the total number of customer interruptions.
A reliability index that considers momentary interruptions is MAIFI,

or momentary average interruption frequency index. MAIFI is the
total number of customer momentary interruptions divided by the
total number of customers served. Momentary interruptions are

defined in IEEE Std. 1366 as those that result from each single
operation of an interrupting device such as a recloser.

CHAPTER 3 - METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology used in this technical report.
3.1. Research Locale

The substation being studied is situated at Don Julian Rodriguez Sr.
Avenue, Maa, Davao City where the Maa Substation is located. It is
near the heart of the city as shown in figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1: Map of Maa Substation
Source: Google Map
3.2. Data Collection

Historical substation loading data, one line diagram, available short
circuit currents; and sub-transmission and distribution lines data
were gathered from the database of the utility and NGCP for short
circuit calculation and coordination studies.

Figure 3.2: Facade of Maa Substation
3.3. Demand Forecasting

One of the important tasks of a distribution utility is to accurately
forecast the future demand requirement of its substations. The total
energy estimated at Davao Line 1 breaker where the substation being
constructed will be connected was forecasted to 10 years (planning
horizon of substation transformer). The total energy forecasted was
then allocated to Bangkal, Matina and Ecoland substations. Allocation
factor was computed using the actual substations energy data. Then
the peak demand was calculated by dividing the total number of
hours in a year (8760 hours) and the average load factors per
substation.
Simple regression (SR) was used in the forecasting. The 5% > MAPE
criteria was used based on the Electric Cooperatives Distribution
Utility Planning Manual.

3.4. Loading Analysis

Substation loading during the normal condition and N-1 contingency
was analyzed. The criteria being use in the report is the utility
planning criteria.
The planning criteria for Normal and N-1 Loading of overhead lines
must be equal or less than 100% of line capacity. Likewise,
Transformers must be loaded less than or equal to its 100% of its
maximum rating. If substation transformers is loaded more than
90%, then it is categorized in critical loading and will be considered
for upgrading of substation or capacity addition where the load center
is located.
Performance based regulation (PBR) requires DU to optimized the

loading of the equipment. The loading for substation transformer
should reach more than 70% in 10 years so it will be not optimized.
This also triggers the upgrading or addition of new capacity if found
load growth is sufficient.
3.5. Power System Modeling

The DU one line diagram is the basis of power system modeling. It
contains electrical information of electrical equipment such as power
transformers, instrument transformers, power circuit breakers,
voltage ratings; and configurations. Per unit method was used in this
study. It is the conversion of the system electrical values as a fraction
of the defined base values. It is advantageous to use per unit method
to simplify calculations when dealing with different voltage levels as
the per unit values do not change.
The base values were selected and other values were calculated.
Typical base power use is 100 MVA and for base voltage, the nominal

voltage rating of the system was chosen. The base currents and base
impedance were calculated. Afterwards, sequence impedances of
source, sub-transmission and distribution line, transformer and
feeders were calculated and converted to new base values. Carson’s
equation was used to determine the zero sequence impedance of the
overhead lines. After converting all impedances to its new bases, the
sequence impedance diagram was drawn.
3.6. Voltage Calculation

Voltage calculation provides information on level of voltages at
different points in the power system. It measures the quality of the
voltages with respect to its loads. Voltage drops as the system
demand grows or if an additional spot loads are added to the system.
Also, a constant frequency, balanced loading, steady-state operation
was assumed to simplify the calculations.
The PDC and PBR required DU to comply the voltage standard. For
69 kV system, voltage must be ±5 % of the nominal voltage.
However, for 13.8 kV system, the voltage must be ±10 % of the
nominal voltage.
The ladder iterative technique was used in this analysis. The single
phase loads of 2016 to 2025 were calculated and converted to per
unit. The loads of nearby substations that are connected to the same
source were lumped to their respective tapping point in the 69 kV
line. The longest feeder was modelled separately using the exact
lumped method. The farthest end and other feeder loads of the
substation were lumped at the 13.8 kV bus of the Maa substation.

3.7. Short Circuit Calculation

Fault calculations provide data on voltages and currents of the
electrical system during fault conditions. The information were used
by the planning and design engineer in selecting circuit breakers,
current transformers and protection relays coordination. Breaker
kAIC ratings were verified using the criteria on Electric Cooperative
Distribution Utility Planning Manual (2009), page 16, where it stated
that short circuit duty of all protective devices must be at least 110%
of maximum.
3.8. Protection System Design

The protection system of the new 33 MVA, 69kV/13.8 kV Maa
substation was conceptualized based on Davao Light’s practices and
protection philosophy. Protection single-line and schematic diagrams
were presented indicating the protective relays, current transformers
ratio, circuit breakers and the protected equipment.
3.9. Assessment of Current Transformers

The knee-point voltage of the current transformers (CTs) was
assessed during the short circuit conditions and CT’s ratio was
properly selected. The idea is to avoid CT saturation that will result
to mal-operation of protective relays due to incorrect CT secondary
current.
3.10. Overcurrent Relay Setting and Coordination

The maximum short circuit currents were used in the relay setting
calculation and coordination. In addition, the 69kV source relay
settings were obtained to coordinate with the calculated overcurrent
relay settings. It is then plotted using the ETAP software. The
computed overcurrent relay settings will minimize substation
equipment damage; and interrupt overloads and short circuits as

quickly as possible. The power transformer should not be subjected

to insulation damage and protected against thermal and mechanical
damage as well as for conductors.
Moreover, when proper coordination was correctly implemented, the

overcurrent protective devices provide selectivity. Only the relay
closest to the short circuit, overloaded line or equipment would
operate and be cleared first followed by the upstream relay. This will
allow continuity of power for customers whose lines were unaffected
by short circuit.
3.11. Optimization
The data of conductors were gathered and prepared. Using the
conductor resistance, determine the losses caused by 8760 hours of
load, at the input load factor, with variable peak load transmitted
1km along each conductor. Also compute the power delivered at the
conductor’s thermal limit. Compute the Present Value (PV) of the
losses.
Fixed cost for each conductor is computed as initial construction cost.

The PV of Annual Maintenance is also computed. The total Life Cycle
Cost of conductor is the sum of PV of Losses at certain Peak Load,
Fixed cost, and of Annual Maintenance. The results is tabulated and
plotted. The transformer economic loading is also computed in the
same manner.
3.12. Arc Flash

IEEE Standard 1584-2002 contains calculation methods developed
through testing by several sources to determine boundary distances
for unprotected personnel and the incident energy at the working
distance for qualified personnel working on energized equipment. The

incident energy level can be used to determine the proper PPE

required for personnel.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is necessary in all facilities and

industries that involves the use of power. Certain categories of PPE
are provided depending on the amount of energy available. This is
very important to insure the safety of all personnel during an
occurrence of an arc. Cal/cm2 are the units of incident energy that
the PPE can withstand. Note that a hard hat with full-face shield and
the appropriate gloves are required also.
Table 3.12.1: Categories of PPE as described in NFPA 70E

Figure 3.3: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

for Arc Flash Protection
3.13. Grounding System Design

The main purpose for this calculation is to design the appropriate
grounding grid to be used in the substation. There are a lot of things
considered in the design such as the soil resistivity, conductor sizing,
touch and step potential criteria, current division factor, ground
potential rise and design mesh voltage. These are all essential to
secure that the grounding design is safe for the equipment and all
the personnel.
3.14. System Reliability

Reliability assessment here is focused on the city south cluster of the
substations where reliability indices on unplanned SAIFI, SAIDI, and
CAIDI are compared based on established average of historical years
and the corresponding standard deviation values.

The formula used in this technical report is shown below:
SAIFI = Total Number of Customer Interruptions per year

Total Number of Customers Served
SAIDI =  Customer Interruption Durations in hours per year
CAIDI = SAIDI in hours per interruption
SAIFI

CHAPTER 4 – ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS
CHAPTER 4
ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS
In this chapter, the detailed calculations in forecasting, system
modeling, short circuit calculation, power transformer specification,
69 kV circuit breaker justification, assessment of current
transformers; and overcurrent protection setting and coordination of
the 33 MVA 69kV/13.8 kV Maa substation are discussed, described,
illustrated, and presented in tabular and graphical forms.
4.1. DEMAND FORECASTING

Demand forecasts are the essential parameters that determines the
adequacy of the capacity of a substation. The growth in the demand
of the area of a substation is use as basis for capacity addition or
upgrading critically loaded substations. It is therefore important that
demand forecast should be accurate as possible.
4.1.1. Demand Data

City south substations demand are tabulated in table 4.1.1.
Table 4.1.1: City South Substations Coincidental Demand (MW)
Demand (MW)
Year
Bangkal Matina Ecoland Davao Line 1
2008 7.633 11.450 21.091 40.175
2009 8.872 10.411 22.664 41.947
2010 9.291 11.855 22.967 44.113
2011 7.583 14.131 26.164 47.877
2012 9.872 13.773 25.321 48.966
2013 8.442 12.492 24.262 45.197
2014 9.724 13.545 25.556 48.825

Figure 4.1.1: Line Graph of City South Substations

Coincidental Demand (MW)
4.1.2. Forecasting Model

The simple regression (SR) and double exponential smoothing
(DES) were used to forecast the total energy consumption of
Davao Line 1.
4.1.3. Method
Demand data for the past 7 years was prepared. The simple
regression forecast method and double exponential smoothing
were used to determine the fitted values for the initialization of
data set. Then, the forecast technique with the lowest MAPE was
used to forecast the test data set and determine the forecast
errors. The errors were evaluated using Mean Square Error (MSE),
Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and Mean Absolute Percentage
Error (MAPE).

4.1.4. Demand Projection Calculation

4.1.4.1. Simple Regression (SR)
Reference of the formula is from “Business Statistics” by Ken
Black, 3rd edition, chapter, 12, page 459.
Formula:
Forecast = B0 + (B1 x Z)
ΣY − (B1 x ΣZ)
B0 =
n
SSZY
B1 =
SSZZ
ΣZxΣY
SSZY = ΣZY −
n
(ΣZ)2
SSZZ = ΣZ2 −
n
where: B0 = the sample intercept

B1 = the sample slope
n = number of sample periods
Z = sample time period
Y = energy data in MWh
A. Setting of Z, Y, Z2, and ZY

Table 4.1.2: Demand Data (MW) and Equivalent Y, Z2, and ZY
Data
Year Z Y Z2 ZY
(MW)
2008 40.175 1 40.175 1 40.175
2009 41.947 2 41.947 4 83.894
2010 44.113 3 44.113 9 132.339
2011 47.877 4 47.877 16 191.509
2012 48.966 5 48.966 25 244.832
2013 45.197 6 45.197 36 271.183
2014 48.825 7 48.825 49 341.776
Total 28 317.101 140 1,305.708

Z2014 = 7
Y2014 = 317.701
Z22014 = 72 = 49
ZY2014 = 7 x 48.825 = 341.776
B. Solving sample intercept and slope
SSZY = Σ ZY – [(Σ Z x Σ Y) / n]
SSZY = 1,305.708 – [(28 x 317.101) / 7]
SSZY = 37.304
SSZZ = ΣZ2 – [(ΣZ)2 / n]

SSZZ = 140 – [(28)2 / 7] = 28
B1 = SSZY / SSZZ
B1 = 37.304 / 28
B1 = 1.332
ΣY − (B1 x ΣZ)
B0 =
n
317.101 − (1.332 x 28)
B0 =
7
B0 = 39.971
C. Forecasts of 2008-2014 Demand Data

Table 4.1.3: 2008 to 2014 Demand Forecasts (MW)
Year Data (MW) Z Forecast
2008 40.175 1 41.303
2009 41.947 2 42.636
2010 44.113 3 43.968
2011 47.877 4 45.300
2012 48.966 5 46.632
2013 45.197 6 47.965
2014 48.825 7 49.297

Forecast 2014 = B0 + (B1 x Z)

Forecast 2014 = 39.971 + (1.332 x 7)
Forecast 2014 = 49.297
D. Determine Forecast Errors:

Reference of the formula is from “Business Statistics” by Ken
Black, 3rd edition, chapter 15, page 602-605.
Formula:
Error = Y – Forecast
MSE (Mean Square Error) = Σ Error2 / n
MAD (Mean Absolute Deviation) = Σ│Error│ / n
MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) = Σ APE / n
where: Error = error of the forecasts
MSE = the average of the squared errors
MAD = the average of the absolute values of the errors
MAPE = the average of the absolute values of the
percentage errors
n = number of forecasts
│Error│ = absolute value of Error
APE = absolute percentage error
= │Y –Forecast│ / Y
D.1. Calculation of Error

Table 4.1.4: 2008 to 2014 Forecasts Error
Year Data (MW) Y Forecast Error

2008 40.175 40.175 41.303 -1.128
2009 41.947 41.947 42.636 -0.689
2010 44.113 44.113 43.968 0.145
2011 47.877 47.877 45.300 2.577
2012 48.966 48.966 46.632 2.334
2013 45.197 45.197 47.965 -2.768
2014 48.825 48.825 49.297 -0.472

Error 2014 = Y – Forecast

Error 2014 = 48.825 – 49.297
Error 2014 = -0.472
D.2. Calculation of Error2, │Error│, and APE
Error2 2014 = (-0.472)2 = 0.223

│Error│2014 = │-0.472│ = 0.472
APE 2014 = │-0.472/48.825│
APE 2014 = 0.97%
Table 4.1.5: 2008 to 2014 Forecasts Error2, │Error│, and APE
Year Y Error2 Error APE

2008 40.175 1.273 1.128 2.81%
2009 41.947 0.474 0.689 1.64%
2010 44.113 0.021 0.145 0.33%
2011 47.877 6.642 2.577 5.38%
2012 48.966 5.447 2.334 4.77%
2013 45.197 7.660 2.768 6.12%
2014 48.825 0.223 0.472 0.97%
317.701 21.740 10.113 22.02%
E. MSE, MAD, and MAPE Calculation:

MSE = Σ Error2 / n
MSE = 21.740 / 7
MSE = 3.106
MAD = Σ│Error│/ n
MAD = 10.113 / 7
MAD = 1.445
MAPE = Σ APE / n

MAPE = 22.02% / 7
MAPE = 3.15%
Note, MAPE should not exceed 5% based on Electric
Cooperatives Distribution Utility Planning Manual (2009),
chapter 2, page 13.
F. Forecasting 2015-2029 Demand Data

Forecast 2015 = B0 + (B1 x Z)
Forecast 2015 = 39.971 + (1.332 x 8)
Forecast 2015 = 50.629
In the same manner, the energy forecasts of 2015 to 2024 were

also computed. Table 4.1.6 summarizes the results of the
forecasts using the linear regression method.
Table 4.1.6: Forecasts 2015 to 2029 using Single Regression
Year Z Forecast (MW)

2015 8 50.629
2016 9 51.962
2017 10 53.294
2018 11 54.626
2019 12 55.959
2020 13 57.291
2021 14 58.623
2022 15 59.955
2023 16 61.288
2024 17 62.620
2025 18 63.952
2026 19 65.285
2027 20 66.617
2028 21 67.949
2029 22 69.282

Figure 4.1.2: Line Graph of 2015 to 2029 Forecasts

using Single Regression
4.1.4.2. Double Exponential Smoothing
Setting Initial value formula:

Source:http://it.minitab.com/support/documentation/Answers/Doub
leExpSmoothTrendLevel.pdf (Minitab Technical Support Document,
page 2)
Smooth t1 = (α x actual) + ((1- α) x (B0 + B1))
Level t1 = Smooth t1
Trend t1 =( β x (Level t1 – B0) )+ ((1-β) x B1)
Forecast Formula:
Source:http://cms3.minitab.co.kr/board/minitab_data/5.%20
StatisicsAllTopics.pdf (Statistics, page 230)
Ft = Level t-1 + p1 x Trend t-1
Smooth t2 = (α x actual) + ((1- α) x (Level t1 + Trend t1))
Level t2 = Smooth t2

Trend t2 = (β x (Smootht2- Smootht1)) + ((1-β) x Trend t1)
Fits t2 = Level t-1 + Trend t-1
where:
Ft = forecast value at time t
p = time period
B0 = 39.971 (derived in method 1)
B1 = 1.332 (derived in method 1)
Level t = Level at time t
Trend t = Trend at time t
Smooth t = same as Trend t
Fits = Fitted Value or one-step ahead forecast
α = alpha is weight for the level, use=0.5
β = weight for the trend, use = 0.1
A. Calculation of Initial Values in Table 4.1.7:

Smootht1 = α x actual + (1- α) x (B0 + B1)
= (0.5 x 40.175) + ((1- 0.5) x (39.971 + 1.332))
Smootht1 = 40.739
Levelt1 = Smootht1 = 40.739
Trendt1 = (β x (Level t1 – B0)) + ((1- β) x B1)
= (0.1 x (40.739 – 39.971)) + (1- 0.1) x 1.332
= 1.276
B. Solving Fitted (Fits) value in table 4.1.7:

Smootht2 = α x actual + (1- α) x (Levelt1 + Trendt1)
Smootht2 = (0.5 x 41.947) + ((1- 0.5) x 40.739 + 1.276))
Smootht2 = 41.981
Levelt2 = Smootht2 = 41.981
Trendt2 = β x (Smootht2- Smootht1) + (1- β) x Trendt1
= (0.1 x (41.981 – 40.739)) + ((1- 0.1) x 1.276)

= 1.272
Fitst2 = Forecastt2= Levelt-1 + Trendt-1
= 40.739 + 1.276 = 349,681
Table 4.1.7: 2008 to 2014 Smooth, Level, Trend, and Fits values
Year Data Z Smooth Level Trend Forecast
(MW) (Fits)
2008 40.175 1 40.739 40.739 1.276
2009 41.947 2 41.981 41.981 1.272 42.015
2010 44.113 3 43.683 43.683 1.315 43.253
2011 47.877 4 46.438 46.438 1.459 44.999
2012 48.966 5 48.432 48.432 1.513 47.897
2013 45.197 6 47.571 47.571 1.275 49.945
2014 48.825 7 48.836 48.836 1.274 48.846
C. Calculating Errors in table 4.1.8:

Solving, Error (2014) = Y –Forecast = 440,012 – 478 = -38
Table 4.1.8: DES Errors of Fitted values

Year Data Z Fits Error Error2 |Error| APE
(MW)
2008 40.175 1
2009 41.947 2 42.015 -0.0168 0.005 0.068 0.16%
2010 44.113 3 43.253 0.860 0.0739 0.860 1.95%
2011 47.877 4 44.999 2.879 8.286 2.879 6.01%
2012 48.966 5 47.897 1.069 1.143 1.069 2.18%
2013 45.197 6 49.945 -4.748 22.540 4.748 10.5%
2014 48.825 7 48.846 -0.021 0.0005 0.021 0.04%
TOTAL -0.030 32.713 9.644 20.8%

D. Solving MSE, MAD, and MAPE:

MSE (Mean Square Error) = Σ Error2 / n
= 32.713/7 = 4.673
MAD (Mean Absolute Deviation) = Σ│Error│/ n
= 9.644/7 = 1.378
MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) = Σ APE / n
= 20.8% / 7 = 2.98%
Table 4.1.9: Forecast errors of Energy Data using

Double Exponential Method
FORECAST ERRORS
Test #  β MSE (MW) MAD (MW) MAPE
1 0.5 0.1 4.673 1.378 2.98%
2 0.5 0.2 5.041 1.413 3.06%
3 0.4 0.2 4.685 1.476 3.18%
4 0.4 0.1 4.378 1.431 3.08%
5 0.6 0.1 4.939 1.416 3.06%
6 0.6 0.2 5.354 1.458 3.16%
7 0.3 0.2 4.277 1.490 3.20%
8 0.3 0.1 4.045 1.447 3.11%
9 0.2 0.1 3.680 1.423 3.05%
10 0.2 0.2 3.826 1.457 3.12%
E. Forecasting 2015-2029 Demand Data

Forecast 2015 = Level t-1 + p x Trend t-1
Forecast 2015 = 48.836 + (1 x 1.274)

Forecast 2015 = 50.11
In the same manner, the energy forecasts of 2015 to 2024 were

also computed. Table 4.1.6 summarizes the results of the
forecasts using the linear regression method.

Table 4.1.10: Forecasts 2015 to 2028 using

Double Exponential Smoothing
Period Forecast
Year
(p) (MW)
2015 1 50.110
2016 2 51.385
2017 3 52.659
2018 4 53.933
2019 5 55.208
2020 6 56.482
2021 7 57.757
2022 8 59.031
2023 9 60.305
2024 10 61.580
2025 11 62.854
2026 12 64.129
2027 13 65.403
2028 14 66.677
2029 15 67.952
Figure 4.1.3: Line Graph of 2015 to 2029 Forecasts using

Double Exponential Smoothing

F. Summary of MSE, MAD, and MAPE

Table 4.1.11: Summary of MSE, MAD, and MAPE
Method MSE MAD MAPE
Simple Regression 3.106 1.445 3.15%
(SR)
Double Exponential 4.673 1.378 2.98%
Smoothing (DES)
Based on the comparison of errors in table 4.1.10, the Double

Smoothing (DES) method provides lower MAPE, thus, DES forecast
result was used in this technical report.
4.1.5. Allocation of Energy Forecasts Result

Table 4.1.1 provides the historical demand in percent of Davao
Line 1. Using the data in table 4.1.1, the percent allocation in table
4.1.11 was derived.
Table 4.1.12: 2008 to 2014 Demand Data (in Percent)
Year Bangkal Matina Ecoland Davao Line 1

2008 19.00% 28.50% 52.50% 100.00%
2009 21.15% 24.82% 54.03% 100.00%
2010 21.06% 26.87% 52.06% 100.00%
2011 15.84% 29.51% 54.65% 100.00%
2012 20.16% 28.13% 51.71% 100.00%
2013 18.68% 27.64% 53.68% 100.00%
2014 19.92% 27.74% 52.34% 100.00%
Computation of percent allocation:

Bangkal Substation = [(19.92*7) + (18.68*6) + (20.16*5) +
(15.84*4) + (21.06*3) + (21.15*2) + (19.00*1)] / (7 + 6 + 5
+ 4 + 3 + 2 + 1)
Bangkal Substation = 19.29%

Matina Substation = [(27.74*7) + (27.64*6) + (28.13*5) +

(29.51*4) + (26.87*3) + (24.82*2) + (28.50*1)] / (7 + 6 + 5
+ 4 + 3 + 2 + 1)
Matina Substation = 27.77%
Ecoland Substation = [(52.34*7) + (53.68*6) + (51.75*5) +

(54.65*4) + (52.06*3) + (54.03*2) + (52.50*1)] / (7 + 6 + 5
+ 4 + 3 + 2 + 1)
Ecoland Substation = 52.94%
Table 4.1.13: 2015 to 2029 City South Substations

Demand Percent Allocation
Year Bangkal Matina Ecoland Davao Line 1

2015 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2016 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2017 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2018 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2019 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2020 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2021 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2022 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2023 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2024 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2025 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2026 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2027 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2028 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
2029 19.29% 27.77% 52.94% 100.00%
Using the forecast results, we can now tabulate the energy

forecast per substation using the allocation in table 4.1.12. A

result of the allocation of projected energy consumption is

presented in the table 4.1.113.
Table 4.1.14: 2015 to 2029 City South Substations

Demand Forecast
Figure 4.1.4: Line Graph of 2015 to 2029 City South

Substations Demand Forecast

4.1.6. Substation loading capacity before the project

Considering a power factor of 0.95 and 100% loading of Bangkal,
Matina and Ecoland Substations with rated capacities of 12 MVA,
25 MVA and 33 MVA respectively, the corresponding annual
substation loading was computed. Table 4.1.14 shows the
scenario at 100% loading limit of each substation while Table
4.1.15 shows the scenario with the 70% loading limit applied.
Table 4.1.15: Historical Substation Loading at 100% Limit
Figure 4.1.5: Line Graph of Historical Substation

Loading at 100% Limit

Substation capacity rating @ 100% Loading Limit = Rated MVA

Capacity x 0.95 power factor x 100%
Substation capacity rating of Bangkal Substation = 12 x 0.95
= 11.40 MW
Substation capacity rating of Matina Substation = 25 x 0.95
= 23.75 MW
Substation capacity rating of Ecoland Substation = 33 x 0.95
= 31.35MW
Substation Loading of Bangkal Substation in 2014

= Demand2014 /Capacity Rating at 100% Loading Limit
= 9.724 / 11.40 = 85.29%
Substation Loading of Matina Substation in 2014
= 13.545 / 23.75 = 57.03%
Substation Loading of Ecoland Substation in 2014
= 25.556 / 31.35 = 81.52%
Table 4.2.16: Historical Substation Loading at 70% Limit

Figure 4.2.6: Line Graph of Historical Substation

Loading at 70% Limit
It can be shown from the tables above that the 12 MVA Bangkal
Substation and 33 MVA Ecoland Substation are already in a
overloaded in terms of loading since 2009 if the 70% loading limit
applied. Although the 25 MVA Matina Substation is still capable of
accommodating slight load transfers within the city south cluster.
4.1.7. Demand Projections without the Maa Substation Project

Substation loading scenario was further extended to depict the
demand projections for the next 15 years without the project.
Formula:
Substation Loading of Bangkal Substation in 2029
= 13.108 / 7.98 = 164.26%
Substation Loading of Matina Substation in 2029


= 18.869 / 16.63 = 113.50%

Substation Loading of Ecoland Substation in 2029
= 35.975 / 21.95 = 163.93%
Table 4.1.17: Substation Loading Forecast at

70% Limit without Project
Figure 4.1.7: Line Graph of Substation Loading Forecast at

70% Limit without Project

4.1.8. Unserved Demand and Energy

Unserved demand in this study is the load and corresponding
demand which cannot be accommodated by the transformation
capacity of the substation cluster brought about by the limitations
in loading. This data will be used further to justify the construction
of the new Maa substation
Formula:
Unserved Demand (kW) = Annual Forecasted Demand - Capacity
Rating at 70% Loading Limit
Total Unserved Demand = Unserved demand for the cluster
= Unserved demand for Bangkal Substation
+ Unserved demand for Matina Substation
+ Unserved demand for Ecoland Substation
Table 4.1.18: Unserved Demand without Project

Figure 4.1.8: Line Graph of Unserved Demand without Project
Unserved Demand2025 for Bangkal = 12.125 – 7.98 = 4.14 MW

Unserved Demand2025 for Matina = 17.453 – 16.63 = 0.83 MW
Unserved Demand2025 for Ecoland = 33.277 – 21.95 = 11.33 MW
Total Unserved Demand2029 = 4.14MW + 0.83 MW + 11.33 MW

= 16.3 MW
Unserved Energy2025 for Bangkal = 4.14 MW * 8760 hours *0.55

= 19,968.28 MWh
Unserved Energy2025 for Matina = 0.83 MW * 8760 hours * 0.55
= 3,990.03 MWh
Unserved Energy2025 for Ecoland = 11.33 MW * 8760 hours*0.55
= 54,595.26 MWh
Total Unserved Energy2025 = 19,968.28 MWh + 3,990.03 MWh

+ 54,595.26 MWh
= 78,553.57 MWh

Table 4.1.19: Unserved Energy without Project
Figure 4.1.9: Line Graph of Unserved Energy without Project
From Table 4.1.19, it can initially be noted that the 33MVA size of
the new Maa Substation power transformer is within the 70%
loading reached in the 10 years planning horizon (16.30 MW

demand by 2025) with Bangkal, Matina and Ecoland Substations

in normal operating conditions. For this, the N-1 Contingency
study is therefore done.
4.1.9. Contingency Scenarios under the N-1 Single Outage

criterion
The single outage contingency or N-1 redundancy criterion is an
accepted practice to ensure reliability and continuity of service
such that when one component of a distribution network fails to
operate, the adjacent component(s) will be able to cater to the
deficiency. This is provided for under Section 3.6 Reliability
Assessment of ERC Resolution 17, Series of 2011.
In this study, three contingency scenarios are run: the first is when
Bangkal Substation goes out due to failure or maintenance, second
is when Matina Substation goes out due to failure or maintenance
and lastly when Ecoland Substation goes out with the same reason
as above.

A. Unserved Demand When Bangkal Substation is Shutdown
Table 4.1.20: Unserved Demand without Project when

Bangkal Substation is Shutdown

when Bangkal Substation is Shutdown

From Table 4.1.20 above,

Total Unserved Demand = Total Unserved Demand (with Bangkal,
Matina and Ecoland) + Capacity of Bangkal
Total Unserved Demand2029 = (5.128 MW + 2.244 MW +
14.030MW) + 7.98 MW
Total Unserved Demand2029 = 29.382 MW
B. Unserved Demand when Matina Substation is Shutdown

From Table 4.1.21 below,
Matina and Ecoland) + Capacity of Matina

14.030MW) + 16.63 MW

Matina Substation is Shutdown


when Matina Substation is Shutdown
From Table 4.1.21, in running the N-1 contingency scenario with

Matina Substation not in operation, the unserved load at year 2017
will reach 22.734 MW which is already within the 70% loading
criteria of the new 33MVA transformer capacity for Maa
Substation.
C. Unserved Demand when Ecoland Substation is Shutdown
From Table 4.1.22 below,

Matina and Ecoland) + Capacity of Ecoland
14.030MW) + 21.95 MW


Ecoland Substation is Shutdown

when Ecoland Substation is Shutdown

From Table 4.1.22, in running the N-1 contingency scenario with

Ecoland Substation not in operation, the unserved load at year
2021 will reach 33.152 MW which is already within the 100%
capacity of the new 33MVA transformer capacity for Maa
Substation.
4.1.10. Substation Loading Scenarios with 33MVA Maa

Substation
With the construction of the new 33MVA Maa Substation in 2016,
simulations on the substation loading was done for the city south
cluster. Scenarios were run on normal operating mode with all
three substations in service and during N-1 Single outage
contingency condition.
A. Substation Loading at Normal Condition with Maa

Substation
Table 4.1.23: Substation Loading at Normal Condition
With Maa Substation

Figure 4.1.13: Line Graph of Substation Loading at Normal

Condition With Maa Substation
B. Substation Loading at N-1 Contingency Condition with Maa

Substation and with Bangkal Substation on Shutdown
Table 4.1.24: Substation Loading at N-1 Condition with
Maa Substation and with Bangkal Substation Shutdown

Figure 4.1.14: Line Graph of the Substation Loading at N-1 Condition

with Maa Substation and with Bangkal Substation Shutdown
C. Substation Loading at N-1 Contingency Condition with Maa

Substation and with Matina Substation on Shutdown
Maa Substation and with Matina Substation on Shutdown


with Maa Substation and with Matina Substation on Shutdown
It can be noted from this scenario that in the city south cluster
when Matina Substation is out due to failure or during
maintenance shutdown, Maa Substation will reach the established
full loading criteria (70% of rated FA2 capacity) by 2017.

D. Substation Loading at N-1 Contingency Condition with

Maa Substation and with Ecoland Substation on Shutdown

Maa Substation and with Ecoland Substation on Shutdown

with Maa Substation and with Ecoland Substation on Shutdown

4.1.11. Systems Loss and its Contribution to Energy Sales

The calculations made in this section depict how the entry of the
project in 2016 will benefit the city south cluster in terms of
systems loss savings and its translation to energy sales. Table
4.1.27 below shows the systems loss profile with and without the
project. These data are simulated results using ETAP.
Table 4.1.27: 2016 Systems Loss Profile of City South Cluster

with and without the Project
Total loss savings contribution with project = 556 kW– 469 kW

= 87 kW
Transformer loss:
No load (Core) loss = 19.65 kW (From Test Report)
It can be assumed that,

Losses due to load from transformer and lines = 87 - 19.65
= 67.35 kW
Using these assumptions and taking into account the substation

loading of Maa Substation with Bangkal, Matina and Ecoland
substations in service, the systems loss contribution of the project
is projected and translated to energy sales benefit from 2016-
2029.

From the table below, the projections on losses assume a fixed

transformer no load loss component and a load loss component
(from transformer and lines) which vary with the substation
loading growth. Load factor for Maa Substation is assumed to be
0.55.
Table 4.1.28: Systems Loss Contribution to

Energy Sales Benefit of the Project
Formula:
LossYEAR = LossPREVIOUS YEAR – ((LossPREVIOUS YEAR - No load loss) x load
growth (%))
Energy Sales benefitYEAR = Loss x 24 hours x 365 days x load
growth

Sample computations:
For 2016,
Loss2016 = 87 – ((87 - 19.65) x 0.2636) = 69.25
Energy Sales benefit2016 = 69.25 x 24 x 365 x 0.55
= 333,630 kWh
Considering the utility's distribution charge of Php 1.73/kWh,
Energy Sales benefit2016 = 366,630 x 1.73 = Php 634,269.90

Figure 4.1.17 : Interconnection of City South Substations Cluster

4.1.12. Financial and Economic Analysis

The foregoing computations focus on the tools for decision making
regarding the capital investment for this project. In this section,
the methods on net present value (NPV), internal rate of return,
and benefit to cost ratio are employed.
4.1.12.1. Annual Data on Cost and Profit (Years 2016-2025)

In order to give way for the financial decision making process,
annuity data on cost and profit within the planning horizon of 10
years, from 2016 to 2025, are identified. For purposes of
simplicity, it is assumed here that all cost and profit are paid at
the end of the year on the year.
A. Annual Energy Sales due to Unserved Demand

The annual energy growth was then used in projecting the annual
energy sales by multiplying the forecasted energy by the utility's
distribution charge which is assumed at P1.73 per kWh. Table
4.1.28 below outlines the energy sales projection from 2016-
2025.
Table 4.1.29: Annual Energy Sales due to Unserved Demand

Figure 4.1.18: Line Graph of the Annual Energy Sales

due to Unserved Demand
Sample Computation:
Annual Energy Sales2017 (in Php) = Unserved Energy (MWh)
* 1000
B. Energy Sales due to Unserved Load during Annual

Preventive Maintenance Shutdown of Bangkal, Matina and
Ecoland Substations
Full load consideration of 12 MVA Bangkal Substation at 70%

capacity and 0.95 power factor = 7,980 kW
Full load consideration of 25 MVA Matina Substation at 70%

Full load consideration of 33 MVA Ecoland Substation at 70%


When Bangkal Substation is shutdown for 1 day on annual

preventive maintenance schedule,
Cost of unserved load = peak demand x load factor x 24 hours x
distribution charge
= 7,980kW x 0.55 x 24 hrs x P1.73 = P 182,231.28
When Matina Substation is shutdown for 1 day on annual

distribution charge
= 16,630kW x 0.55 x 24 hrs x P1.73 = P 379,762.68
When Ecoland Substation is shutdown for 1 day on annual

distribution charge
= 21,950kW x 0.55 x 24 hrs x P1.73 = P 501,250.20
Total cost of unserved load during annual servicing of Bangkal,

Matina and Ecoland Substation
= P 182,231.28 + P 379,762.68 + P 501,250.20
= P 1,063,244.16

C. Project Cost of 33 MVA Maa Substation
Table 4.1.30: Cost Estimate for the Construction of

33 MVA Maa Substation
Total cost for the construction of the new Maa Substation is

P126,428,113 and timing is on the energization date which is
2016.
D. Annual Depreciation Cost

Depreciation expense is computed using the simple straight line
method. The asset life used for each category is based on the
position paper issued by the Energy Regulatory Commission on
August 9, 2006 - Asset Valuation Policy Guidelines for Privately
Owned Distribution Utilities

Table 4.1.31: Annual Depreciation Cost
Formula:
Straight Line Depreciation = Asset Cost / Asset Life in Years
Reference: Accounting Tools at http://accountingtools.com/
straight-line-depreciation
Sample Computations:
Depreciation Cost SITE DEVELOPMENT = 12,254,400 / 40 = P 306,360
Depreciation Cost POWER TRANSFORMER = 17,200,000 / 30

= P 573,333

E. Operating Cost
Table 4.1.32: Annual Operating Cost brought

about by the New Substation
Figure 4.1.19: Line Graph of the Annual Operating Cost

brought about by the New Substation

Sample computations for Year 2017:

Cost A2017 = Php 0.05 x Maa Substation Energy Sales2016
= 0.05 x 23,293,017 = P 1,471,654
Cost B2017 = Cost B2016 x (1 + 0.045)
= 45,000 x (1 + 0.045) = P 47,025
Cost C2017 = Cost C2016 x (1 + 0.05)
= 85,000 x (1 + 0.05) = P 89,250
Total Operating Cost2017 = Cost A2017 + Cost B2017 + Cost C2017

= P1,471,654 + P47,025 + P89,250
= P 1,518,679
F. Summary of Annual Cost and Profit

Table 4.1.33: Summary of Annual Cost in Php

Figure 4.1.20: Line Graph of the Annual Cost in Php
Table 4.1.34: Summary of Annual Profit in Php

Figure 4.1.21: Line Graph of the Annual Profit in Php
4.1.12.2. Benefit to Cost Ratio

Formula:
Benefit to Cost Ratio = Present Value of PROFIT
/ Present Value of COST
Table 4.1.35: Present Value of Cost and Profit

PV of COST = 126,428,113 + 3,891,462 (1+0.12)-1 + 3,119,224

(1+0.12)-2 + 2,909,347 ((1+0.12)-3 +...+ 1,702,174
(1+0.12)-10
PV of COST = P 151,587,097
PV of PROFIT = 42,085,230 (1+0.12)-1 + 52,559,648 (1+0.12)-2

+ 63,095,715 (1+0.12)-3 +...+ 137,257,674 (1+0.12)-10
PV of PROFIT = P 451,473,848
Benefit to Cost Ratio = 451,473,848 / 151,587,097

Benefit to Cost Ratio = 2.98
4.1.12.3. Net Present Value
Formula:
NPV = Initial Cash Outlay + FV1 (1+K)-1 + FV2 (1+K)-2 +
FV3 (1+K)-3 +...+ FVn (1+K)-n
where
NPV = Net Present Value
FV1 = Operating Cash Flow at Period 1
FVn = Operating Cash Flow at Period n
K = interest rate of return
= assumed at 12%
Initial Cash Outlay = Project Cost
Reference: Cost and Management Accounting, 6th edition by Colin

Drury, page 396

It should be noted in the equation that the future values (FV) are
the operating cash flow as a result of the project as defined in the
equations below.
Operating Cash FlowYEAR = Net ProfitYEAR + Depreciation

ExpenseYEAR
Net profitYEAR = Operating ProfitYEAR - Corporate TaxYEAR
Operating ProfitYEAR = Total ProfitYEAR - Total CostYEAR
Table 4.1.36: Annual Operating Cash Flow in Php
Sample Computation for Year 2016

Operating Profit2016 = 42,085,320 – 4,358,438 = P 37,726,882
Net Profit2016 = 37,726,882 – 13,204,409 = P 24,522,474
Operating Cash Flow2016 = 24,522,474 + 3,148,787
= P 27,671,261
In computing for the Operating Cash Flow, depreciation expense

is added back since this is treated as non-cash expense.

Calculating for the Net Present Value (Table 4.1.36)
NPV = -164,742,773+ 27,671,261 (1+0.12)-1 +

34,278,705 (1+0.12)-2 +....+ 87,723,104 (1+0.12)-10
NPV = P 164,742,773
Table 4.1.37: Present Value of Cash Flows in Php
4.1.12.4 Internal Rate of Return

The internal rate of return is the rate at which the net present
value of all cash flows from a project is equal zero
Formula:
0 = Initial Cash Outlay + FV1 (1+K)-1 + FV2 (1+K)-2 + FV3 (1+K)-3
+...+ FVn (1+K)-n
where


FVn = Operating Cash Flow at Period n
K = Internal Rate of Return
Initial Cash Outlay = Project Cost
Reference: Cost and Management Accounting, 6th edition by Colin
Drury, page 399
Solving for Internal Rate of Return by iteration
0 = -126,428,113 + 27,671,261(1+K)-1 + 34,278,705(1+K)-2

+....+ 87,723,104 (1+K)-10
K = 19.53%
IRR = 19.53%

4.2. Power System Modeling
4.2.1. Power System One Line Diagram

The system one line diagram of Maa substation is presented in
Figure 4.2.1.
Figure 4.2.1: Single Line Diagram

4.2.2. Raw Data of Equipment and Conductors

A. Power Transformer T1:
33 MVA, 67/13.8 kV,
8.12% IZ, Dyn1
B. NGCP Davao Substation – Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line 1)

Vertical Construction, Single Circuit (VPI-1)
Source: LPC 69 kV construction standard
795 MCM ACSR, 10.15 km, 3/8” OHGW for neutral,
Figure 4.2.2: 69 kV Overhead Line Vertical Construction

(VPI-1)

D12=D23=7 ft D13=14 ft
D1N = √(7.83)2 + (5)2 D2N = √(14.83)2 + (5)2

D1N = 9.29 ft D2N = 15.65 ft
D3N = √(21.83)2 + (5)2

D3N = 22.395 ft
C. Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line 2)

Vertical Construction, Single Circuit (V-69)
Figure 4.2.3: 69 kV Overhead Line Vertical Construction

(V-69)

D12=D23=7 ft D13=14 ft
D1N = √(8.43)2 + (5)2 D2N = √(15.43)2 + (5)2

D1N = 9.80 ft D2N = 16.22 ft
D3N = √(22.43)2 + (5)2

D3N = 22.98 ft
D. Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line 3) - Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line

4)
Vertical Construction, Single Circuit (VPI-1)
D12=D23=7 ft D13=14 ft
D1N = √(7.83)2 + (5)2 D2N = √(14.83)2 + (5)2

D1N = 9.29 ft D2N = 15.65 ft
D3N = √(21.83)2 + (5)2

D3N = 22.395 ft
E. Maa 13.8 kV Feeder 1 (Line 5), Feeder 2 (Line 6),

Feeder 3 (Line 7) and Feeder 4 (Line 8).
CA1 Standard Construction with 10 ft
crossarm Source: LPC 13.8 kV Standard
Construction 336.4 MCM ACSR, 4/0 ACSR for
neutral
D12=3.35 ft D23=2.92 ft D13=6.27 ft
D1N = √(4.75)2 + (2.83)2 D2N = √(4.75)2 + (6.18)2

D1N = 5.53 ft D2N = 7.79 ft

D3N = √(4.75)2 + (9.1)2

D3N = 10.27 ft
Figure 4.2.4: 13.8 kV Overhead Line Construction (CA1)
F. Maa 13.8 kV Feeder 3 Breaker - Recloser

CA1 Standard Construction with 10 ft crossarm
Source: LPC 13.8 kV Standard Construction
336.4 MCM ACSR, 4/0 ACSR for neutral, 1.76
km D12=3.35 ft D23=2.92 ft D13=6.27
ft
D1N = √(4.75)2 + (2.83)2 D2N = √(4.75)2 + (6.18)2
D1N = 5.53 ft D2N = 7.79 ft
D3N = √(4.75)2 + (9.1)2

D3N = 10.27 ft

G. Maa 13.8 kV Feeder 3 Breaker – Nearest Lateral Fuse

CA1 Standard Construction with 10 ft crossarm
Source: LPC 13.8 kV Standard Construction
336.4 MCM ACSR, 4/0 ACSR for neutral, 2.03 km
D12=3.35 ft D23=2.92 ft D13=6.27 ft
D1N = √(4.75)2 + (2.83)2 D2N = √(4.75)2 + (6.18)2

D1N = 5.53 ft D2N = 7.79 ft
D3N = √(4.75)2 + (9.1)2

D3N = 10.27 ft
4.2.3. Bases for Per Unit Computations

Reference: IEEE Standard 399-1997 Chapter 4, page 72-73
Formula:
per-unit volts = actual volts / base volts
per-unit amperes = actual amperes / base amperes
per-unit ohms = actual ohms/base ohms
base amperes = base kVA / √3 base kV
base ohms = (base kV)2 / base MVA
per-unit Z2 = per-unit Z1 x [(base kV1)2 / (base kV2)2]
x (base kVA2 / base kVA1)
A. Selecting base values:

Sbase-3φ = 100 MVA
B. For 69 kV System:
Vbase-LL = 69 kV
Zbase = kV2base-LL / Sbase-3φ
Zbase = 692 / 100 = 47.61 ohms
Ibase = Sbase-3φ x 1000 / (√3 x kVbase-LL)
Ibase = 100 x 1000 / (√3 x 69) = 836.76 A

C. For 13.8 kV System:

Vbase-LL = 13.8 kV
Zbase = 13.82 / 100 = 1.9044 ohms
Ibase = Sbase-3φ x 1000 / (√3 x kVbase-LL)
Ibase = 100 x 1000 / (√3 x 13.8) = 4,183.82 A
D. Summary of Bases:
Table 4.2.1: Summary of Base Values
Base Values
Bus Power Voltage Impedance Current

(MVA) (kV) (Ohm) (A)
69 kV 100 69 47.61 836.76
13.8 kV 100 13.8 1.9 4,183.82
4.2.4. Source Impedance Conversion
Data in table 4.2.2 was retrieved from NGCP.
Table 4.2.2: NGCP Davao Substation 69 kV Bus Fault Current Data

Reference: Symmetrical Components for Power Systems

Engineering, chapter 5, page 89-95.
Formula:
V
I3−P = I1F = (IBase)
Z1F
where V=10, thus;

IBase
Z1 =
I3−P
X
tan Ɵ =
R
V
IL−L = √3I1F = √3 ( )(IBase )
Z 1F +Z2F
where: V=10, thus;
√3 (IBase )
Z2 = ( ) − Z1
IL−L
V
ISLG = 3I1F = 3 ( )I
Z1 + Z2 + Z0 Base
where: V=10, thus;
3(IBase )
Z0 = ( ) − Z1 − Z2
ISLG
A. Positive Sequence Impedance (Z1):

5.51779
tan Ɵ =
0.76336
Ɵ = 82.12o
IBase 836.76
Z1 = =
I3−P 7151.7
Z1 = 0.117  82.12o p.u.
Z1 = 0.01604 + j 0.11589

B. Negative Sequence Impedance (Z2):
5.5334
tan Ɵ =
0.77066
Ɵ = 82.07o
√3 (IBase ) √3(836.76)
Z2 = ( ) − Z1 = ( ) − 0.117
IL−L 6193.55
Z2 = 0.117  82.07o p.u.
Z2 = 0.01614 + j 0.11588
C. Zero Sequence Impedance (Z0):

2.50253
tan Ɵ =
0.20872
Ɵ = 85.23o
3(IBase ) 3(836.76)
Z0 = ( ) − Z1 − Z2 = ( ) − 0.117 − 0.117
ISLG 8745.6
Z0 = 0.053  85.23o p.u.

Z0 = 0.00440 + j 0.05282
D. Summary of Source Impedances:
Table 4.2.3: Summary of Source Impedances
System Impedances in Per Unit (p.u.)
Source Z1 Z2 Z0
NGCP 0.01604 + 0.01614 + 0.00440 +

j0.11589 j0.11588 j0.05282
4.2.5. Transformer Impedance Conversion

Rated MVA = 33 MVA
Rated Voltage = 67 kV
Impedance (%) = 8.12%

(Reference: Elements of Power System Analysis, Chapter 1,

page 34)
Formula:
Per-unit Znew = per-unit Zgiven x (Vbase-LL given / Vbase new)2
x (Sbase-3φ new/ Sbase-3φ given)
Per-unit Zgiven = Zgiven / Zbase
ZT1 = (8.12/100) x (67 / 69)2 x (100 / 33)
ZT1 = j0.232 p.u.
ZT1 = XT1 = j0.232 p.u.
Note, resistive component of the transformer is neglected.
4.2.6. Overhead Lines impedance conversion
A. Positive / Negative Sequence Impedance

Formula:
(Reference: The Electric Power Engineering Handbook by L.L.
Grigsby, chapter 6, page 6-17)
Z1 = Z2 = Ri + jXi; ohm/mi
Xi = 2fL
GMD
L = 2 x 10−7 ln GMRij
i
GMD 1000m 1.609 km

Xi = 2 (60) (2 x 10−7 ln GMRij)( )( )
i 1km 1 mi
GMDij ohm
Z1 = Z2 = R1 + j 0.12132 ln ;
GMRi mi
Z1
Z1 (p. u. ) = Z2 (p. u. ) =
ZBase
where:
R1 = conductor resistance per length, ohm/mi
GMRi = Geometric Mean Radius, ft
GMDij = Geometric Mean Distance, ft
= (D12 x D23 x D13)1/3

(Source of formula: Elements of power system analysis,

Chapter 3, pages 60-62)
From ABB T&D Reference Book, pp50:

Table 4.2.4: Electrical Characteristics of Bare Aluminum
Conductor Steel Reinforced
A.1. Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line 1)

795MCM ACSR, Drake
Ri = 0.1288 ohm/mi @ 60 Hz, 50 deg C
GMRi = 0.0375 ft
GMDij = (7x7x14)1/3
GMDij = 8.819 ft
Distance = 10.15 km
GMDij
Z1 = Z2 = R1 + j 0.12132 ln
GMRi
8.819
= 0.1288 + j 0.12132 ln
0.0375
ohm
= 0.1288 + j 0.6624
mi
ohm 1 mi
= (0.1288 + j 0.6624) ( )
mi 1.609 km

ohm
= (0.080 + j 0.4117) (10.15 km)
km
1 p.u.
= (0.812 + j 4.17876)ohm ( )
47.61 ohm
Z1 = Z2 = 0.01705 + j0.08777 p. u.
A.2. Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line 2)

795MCM ACSR, Drake
Ri = 0.1288 ohm/mi @ 60 Hz, 50 deg C
GMRi = 0.0375 ft
GMDij = (7x7x14)1/3
GMDij = 8.819 ft
Distance = 1.92 km
GMDij
Z1 = Z2 = R1 + j 0.12132 ln
GMRi
8.819
Z1 = Z2 = 0.1288 + j 0.12132 ln
0.0375
ohm
Z1 = Z2 = 0.1288 + j 0.06624
mi
ohm 1 mi
Z1 = Z2 = (0.1288 + j 0.06624) ( )
mi 1.609 km
ohm
Z1 = Z2 = (0.080 + j 0.4117) (1.92 km)
km
1 p. u.
Z1 = Z2 = (0.15360 + j 0.79046)ohm ( )
47.61 ohm
Z1 = Z2 = 0.00322 + j0.01659 p. u.
A.3. Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line 3) and (Line 4)

795MCM ACSR, Drake
Ri = 0.1288 ohm/mi @ 60 Hz, 50 deg C
GMRi = 0.0375 ft
GMDij = (7x7x14)1/3
GMDij = 8.819 ft

GMDij
Z1 = Z2 = R1 + j 0.12132 ln
GMRi
8.819
Z1 = Z2 = 0.1288 + j 0.12132 ln
0.0375
ohm
Z1 = Z2 = 0.1288 + j 0.06624
mi
ohm 1 mi
Z1 = Z2 = (0.1288 + j 0.06624) ( )
mi 1.609 km
ohm
Z1 = Z2 = (0.080 + j 0.4117)
km
A.3.1. Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line 3)

Distance = 3.52 km
ohm
Z1 = Z2 = (0.080 + j 0.4117) (3.52 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z1 = Z2 = (0.2816 + j 1.44918)ohm ( )
47.61 ohm
Z1 = Z2 = 0.00591 + j0.03044 p. u.
A.3.2. Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line 4)

Distance = 7.39 km
ohm
Z1 = Z2 = (0.080 + j 0.4117) (7.39 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z1 = Z2 = (0.59179 + j 3.04704)ohm ( )
47.61 ohm
Z1 = Z2 = 0.01243 + j0.064p. u.
A.4. Maa 13.8 kV Feeders

336 MCM ACSR, Linnet
Ri = 0.306 ohm/mi @ 60 Hz, 50 deg C
GMRi = 0.0244 ft
GMDij = (3.35 x 2.92 x 6.27)1/3
GMDij = 3.9436 ft
GMDij
Z1 = Z2 = R1 + j 0.12132 ln
GMRi
3.9436
Z1 = Z2 = 0.306 + j 0.12132 ln
0.0244

ohm
Z1 = Z2 = 0.306 + j 0.61694
mi
ohm 1 mi
Z1 = Z2 = (0.306 + j 0.61694) ( )
mi 1.609 km
ohm
Z1 = Z2 = (0.19018 + j 0.38343)
km
A.4.1. Maa 13.8 kV Feeder 1 (Line 5)

Distance = 3.55 km
ohm
Z1 = Z2 = (0.19018 + j 0.38343) (3.55 km)
km
1 p. u.
Z1 = Z2 = (0.67514 + j 1.36118)ohm ( )
1.90 ohm
Z1 = Z2 = 0.35534 + j0.71641 p. u.

Distance = 2.91 km
ohm
Z1 = Z2 = (0.19018 + j 0.38343) (2.91 km)
km
1 p. u.
Z1 = Z2 = (0.55342 + j 1.11578)ohm ( )
1.90 ohm
Z1 = Z2 = 0.29128 + j0.58725 p. u.

Distance = 3.76 km
ohm
Z1 = Z2 = (0.19018 + j 0.38343) (3.76 km)
km
1 p. u.
Z1 = Z2 = (0.71508 + j 1.44170)ohm ( )
1.90 ohm
Z1 = Z2 = 0.37636 + j0.75879 p. u.

Distance = 2.53 km
ohm
Z1 = Z2 = (0.19018 + j 0.38343) (2.53 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z1 = Z2 = (0.48115 + j 0.97008)ohm ( )
1.90 ohm

Z1 = Z2 = 0.25324 + j0.51058 p. u.
A.4.5. Maa 13.8 kV Feeder 3 Breaker – Recloser

Distance = 1.76 km
ohm
Z1 = Z2 = (0.19018 + j 0.38343) (1.76 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z1 = Z2 = (0.33471 + j 0.67483)ohm ( )
1.90 ohm
Z1 = Z2 = 0.17616 + j0.35517 p. u.
A.4.6. Maa 13.8 kV Feeder 3 Breaker – Nearest Lateral

Fuse
The line impedance where the nearest lateral fuse is located
was also calculated to coordinate with the upstream relays.
Distance = 2.03 km
ohm
Z1 = Z2 = (0.19018 + j 0.38343) (2.03 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z1 = Z2 = (0.38606 + j 0.77836)ohm ( )
1.90 ohm
Z1 = Z2 = 0.20319 + j0.40966 p. u.
B. Zero Sequence Impedance

Formula:
Carson’s Equation
(Zin )2
Z0 = Zii + 2Zij − 3
Znn
where:
Zii = phase conductor self-impedance, ohm/mi
Zii = Ri + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMRi) + 7.03402)
Zin= phase and neutral conductor mutual impedance, ohm/mi
Zin= 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMDin) + 7.93402)
Znn = neutral conductor self-impedance, ohm/mi
Znn = Rn + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMRn) + 7.93402)
Zij = phase conductors mutual impedance, ohm/mi

Zij = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMDij) + 7.93402)
GMDin = (D1N x D2N x D3N)1/3 , ft

GMDij = (D12 x D23 x D13)1/3, ft
Earth resistivity, p = 100 ohm-m
Frequency, f = 60 Hz
B.1. Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line 1)

795MCM ACSR, Drake
Ri = 0.1288 ohm/mi @ 60 Hz, 50 deg C
GMRi = 0.0375 ft
GMDij = (7 x 7 x 14)1/3
GMDij = 8.819 ft
Rn = 3.060 ohm/mi, for 3/8” OHGW
GMRn = 0.00209 ohm/mi, for 3/8” OHGW
GMDin = (D1N x D2N x D3N)1/3
GMDin = (9.29 x 15.65 x 22.395)1/3
GMDin = 14.82 ft
Distance = 10.15 km
Zii = Ri + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMRi) + 7.03402)

Zii = 0.1288+ 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/0.0375) + 7.03402)
Zii = 0.2241 + j 1.2571 ohm/mi
Zin = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMDin) + 7.93402)

Zin = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/14.82) + 7.93402)
Zin = 0.0953 + j 0.63547 ohm/mi
Zin2 = (0.0953 + j 0.63547)2

Zin2 = -0.39474 + j 0.12112 ohm/mi

Znn = Rn + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMRn) + 7.93402)

Znn = 3.060 + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/0.00209) + 7.93402)
Znn = 3.1553 + j 1.71117 ohm/mi
Zij = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMDij) + 7.93402)

Zij = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/8.819) + 7.93402)
Zij = 0.0953 + j0.6984 ohm/mi
2
Zin −0.39474 + j0.12112
=
Znn 3.1553 + j1.71117
2
Zin ohm
= −0.080 + j 0.08209
Znn mi
(Zin )2
Z0 = Zii + 2Zij − 3
Znn
= (0.2241 + j 1.25171) + 2(0.0953 + j 0.6984) − 3 (−0.080
+ j 0.08209)
ohm
= 0.6547 + j 2.40224
mi
ohm 1 mi
= (0.6547 + j 2.40224) ( )
mi 1.609 km
ohm
= (0.40689 + j 1.4930) (10.15 km)
km
1 p.u.
= (4.12993 + j 15.15395)ohm ( )
47.61 ohm
Z0 = 0.08674 + j0.31829 p. u.
B.2. Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line 2)

795MCM ACSR, Drake
Ri = 0.1288 ohm/mi @ 60 Hz, 50 deg C
GMRi = 0.0375 ft
GMDij = (7 x 7 x 14)1/3
GMDij = 8.819 ft


GMDin = (9.80 x 16.22 x 22.98)1/3
GMDin = 15.40 ft
Distance =1.92 km
Zii = Ri + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMRi) + 7.03402)

Zii = 0.1288+ 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/0.0375) + 7.03402)
Zii = 0.2241 + j 1.2571 ohm/mi
Zin = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMDin) + 7.93402)

Zin = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/15.40) + 7.93402)
Zin = 0.0953 + j 0.63082 ohm/mi
Zin2 = (0.0953 + j 0.63082)2

Zin2 = -0.38885 + j 0.12023 ohm/mi
Znn = Rn + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMRn) + 7.93402)

Znn = 3.060 + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/0.00209) + 7.93402)
Znn = 3.1553 + j 1.71117 ohm/mi
Zij = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMDij) + 7.93402)

Zij = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/8.819) + 7.93402)
Zij = 0.0953 + j0.6984 ohm/mi
2
Zin −0.38885 + j0.12023
=
Znn 3.1553 + j1.71117
2
Zin ohm
= −0.07926 + j 0.08108
Znn mi
(Zin )2
Z0 = Zii + 2Zij − 3
Znn

Z0 = (0.2241 + j 1.25171) + 2(0.0953 + j 0.6984) − 3 (−0.07926

+ j 0.08108)
ohm
Z0 = 0.65248 + j 2.40527
mi
ohm 1 mi
Z0 = (0.6547 + j 2.40527) ( )
mi 1.609 km
ohm
Z0 = (0.40552 + j 1.49489) (1.92 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z0 = (0.77860 + j 2.87019)ohm ( )
47.61 ohm
Z0 = 0.01635 + j0.06029 p. u.
B.3. Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line 3) and (Line 4)

795MCM ACSR, Drake
Ri = 0.1288 ohm/mi @ 60 Hz, 50 deg C
GMRi = 0.0375 ft
GMDij = (7 x 7 x 14)1/3
GMDij = 8.819 ft
GMDin = (9.29 x 15.65 x 22.395)1/3
GMDin = 14.82 ft
Zii = Ri + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMRi) + 7.03402)

Zii = 0.1288+ 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/0.0375) + 7.03402)
Zii = 0.2241 + j 1.2571 ohm/mi
Zin = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMDin) + 7.93402)

Zin = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/14.82) + 7.93402)
Zin = 0.0953 + j 0.63547 ohm/mi
Zin2 = (0.0953 + j 0.63547)2

Zin2 = -0.39474 + j 0.12112 ohm/mi
Znn = Rn + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMRn) + 7.93402)

Znn = 3.060 + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/0.00209) + 7.93402)
Znn = 3.1553 + j 1.71117 ohm/mi
Zij = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMDij) + 7.93402)

Zij = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/8.819) + 7.93402)
Zij = 0.0953 + j0.6984 ohm/mi
2
Zin −0.39474 + j0.12112
=
Znn 3.1553 + j1.71117
2
Zin ohm
= −0.080 + j 0.08209
Znn mi
(Zin )2
Z0 = Zii + 2Zij − 3
Znn
Z0 = (0.2241 + j 1.25171) + 2(0.0953 + j 0.6984) − 3 (−0.080
+ j 0.08209)
ohm
Z0 = 0.6547 + j 2.40224
mi
ohm 1 mi
Z0 = (0.6547 + j 2.40224) ( )
mi 1.609 km
ohm
Z0 = (0.40689 + j 1.4930) (7.72 km)
km
B.3.1. Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line 3)

Distance = 3.52 km
ohm
Z0 = (0.40689 + j 1.4930) (3.52 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z0 = (1.43225 + j 5.25536)ohm ( )
47.61 ohm
Z0 = 0.03008 + j0.11038 p. u.

B.3.2. Davao Line 1 69 kV (Line 4)

Distance = 7.39 km
ohm
Z0 = (0.40689 + j 1.4930) (7.39 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z0 = (3.00691 + j 11.03327)ohm ( )
47.61 ohm
Z0 = 0.06316 + j0.23174 p. u.
B.4. Maa 13.8 kV Feeders

336 MCM ACSR, Linnet
Ri = 0.306 ohm/mi @ 60 Hz, 50 deg C
GMRi = 0.0244 ft
GMDij = (3.35 x 2.92 x 6.27)1/3
GMDij = 3.9436 ft
Rn = 0.592 ohm/mi, for 4/0 AWG ACSR (Penguin)
GMRn = 0.00814 ohm/mi, for 4/0 AWG ACSR (Penguin)
GMDin = (5.53 x 7.79 x 10.27)1/3
GMDin = 7.62 ft
Zii = Ri + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMRi) + 7.03402)

Zii = 0.306+ 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/0.0244) + 7.03402)
Zii = 0.4013 + j 1.30385 ohm/mi
Zin = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMDin) + 7.93402)

Zin = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/7.62) + 7.93402)
Zin = 0.0953 + j 0.71618 ohm/mi
Zin2 = (0.0953 + j 0.71618)2

Zin2 = -0.50383 + j 0.13650 ohm/mi
Znn = Rn + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMRn) + 7.93402)

Znn = 0.592 + 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/0.00814) + 7.93402)

Znn = 0.6873 + j 1.54622 ohm/mi
Zij = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/GMDij) + 7.93402)

Zij = 0.0953 + j 0.12132 (ln(1/3.94365) + 7.93402)
Zij = 0.0953 + j0.79609 ohm/mi
2
Zin −0.50383 + j0.13650
=
Znn 0.6873 + j1.54622
2
Zin ohm
= −0.04723 + j 0.30485
Znn mi
(Zin )2
Z0 = Zii + 2Zij − 3
Znn
= (0.4013 + j 1.30385) + 2(0.0953 + j 0.79609) − 3 (−0.04723
+ j 0.30485)
ohm
= 0.73359 + j 1.98148
mi
ohm 1 mi
= (0.73359 + j 1.98148) ( )
mi 1.609 km
ohm
= (0.45593 + j 1.23149)
km
B.4.1. Maa 13.8 kV Feeder 1 (Line 5)

Distance = 3.55 km
ohm
Z0 = (0.45593 + j 1.23149) (3.55 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z0 = (1.61855 + j 4.37179)ohm ( )
1.90 ohm
Z0 = 0.85187 + j2.30094 p. u.

Distance = 2.91 km
ohm
Z0 = (0.45593 + j 1.23149) (2.91 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z0 = (1.32675 + j 3.58363)ohm ( )
1.90 ohm

Z0 = 0.69829 + j1.88612 p. u.

Distance = 3.76 km
ohm
Z0 = (0.45593 + j 1.23149) (3.76 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z0 = (1.71429 + j 4.63040)ohm ( )
1.90 ohm
Z0 = 0.90226 + j2.43705p. u.

Distance = 2.53 km
ohm
Z0 = (0.45593 + j 1.23149) (2.53 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z0 = (1.15350 + j 3.11567)ohm ( )
1.90 ohm
Z0 = 0.60711 + j1.63982 p. u.
B.4.5. Maa 13.8 kV Feeder 3 Breaker – Recloser

Distance = 1.76 km
ohm
Z0 = (0.45593 + j 1.23149) (1.76 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z0 = (0.80243 + j 2.16742)ohm ( )
1.90 ohm
Z0 = 0.42233 + j1.14075 p. u.
B.4.6. Maa 13.8 kV Feeder 3 Breaker –Nearest Lateral

Fuse
Distance = 2.03 km
ohm
Z0 = (0.45593 + j 1.23149) (2.03 km)
km
1 p.u.
Z0 = (0.92554 + j 2.49992)ohm ( )
1.90 ohm
Z0 = 0.48712 + j1.31575 p. u.

Table 4.2.5: Summary of Positive Sequence Impedance
Positive Sequence Impedance

Element
Ohmic Per Unit (p.u.)
Zsource 0.76336 j 5.51779 0.01604 j 0.11589
Zline 1 0.81200 j 4.17876 0.01705 j 0.08777
Zline 2 0.15360 j 0.79046 0.00322 j 0.01659
Zline 3 0.28160 j 1.44918 0.00591 j 0.03044
Zline 4 0.59179 j 3.04704 0.01243 j 0.06400
Zline 5 0.67514 j 1.36118 0.35534 j 0.71641
Zline 6 0.55342 j 1.11578 0.29128 j 0.58725
Zline 7 0.71508 j 1.44170 0.37636 j 0.75879
Zline 8 0.48115 j 0.97008 0.25324 j 0.51058
Ztransformer j 0.232
Z recloser 0.33471 j 0.67483 0.17616 j 0.35517
Z lateral fuse 0.38606 j 0.77836 0.20319 j 0.40966

Table 4.2.6: Summary of Negative Sequence Impedance
Negative Sequence Impedance

Element
Zsource 0.77066 j 5.5334 0.01614 j 0.11588
Zline 1 0.81200 j 4.17876 0.01705 j 0.08777
Zline 2 0.15360 j 0.79046 0.00322 j 0.01659
Zline 3 0.28160 j 1.44918 0.00591 j 0.03044
Zline 4 0.59179 j 3.04704 0.01243 j 0.06400
Zline 5 0.67514 j 1.36118 0.35534 j 0.71641
Zline 6 0.55342 j 1.11578 0.29128 j 0.58725
Zline 7 0.71508 j 1.44170 0.37636 j 0.75879
Zline 8 0.48115 j 0.97008 0.25324 j 0.51058
Z recloser 0.33471 j 0.67483 0.17616 j 0.35517
Z lateral fuse 0.38606 j 0.77836 0.20319 j 0.40966

Table 4.2.7: Summary of Zero Sequence Impedance
Zero Sequence Impedance

Element
Zsource 0.20872 j 2.50253 0.00440 j 0.05282
Zline 1 4.12993 j 15.15395 0.08674 j 0.31829
Zline 2 0.77860 j 2.87019 0.01635 j 0.06029
Zline 3 1.43225 j 5.25536 0.03008 j 0.11038
Zline 4 3.00691 j 11.03327 0.06316 j 0.23174
Zline 5 1.61855 j 4.37179 0.85187 j 2.30094
Zline 6 1.32675 j 3.58363 0.69829 j 1.88612
Zline 7 1.71429 j 4.63040 0.90226 j 2.43705
Zline 8 1.1535 j 3.11567 0.60711 j 1.63982
Z recloser 0.80243 j 2.16742 0.42233 j 1.14075
Z lateral fuse 0.92554 j 2.49992 0.48712 j 1.31575

Figure 4.2.5: Positive Sequence Diagram

Figure 4.2.6: Negative Sequence Diagram

Figure 4.2.7: Zero Sequence Diagram

4.3. Short Circuit Calculation

In this section, the three phase, line-to-line, single line-to-ground and
double-line-to-ground fault currents were calculated using the
impedances derived in the previous section. In figure 4.3.1, the fault
currents at fault points F1, F2 and F3 were determined.
Figure 4.3.1: Fault Points F1 and F2, and F3

4.3.1. Three-Phase Fault Current

Engineering, chapter 5, page 89.
Formula:
I3-P = I1F = V / Z1F p.u.
I3-P = I1F = V / Z1F x Ibase A
where:
V = prefault voltage, 1 0° pu
Z1F = equivalent thevenin’s impedance, pu
A. Three-Phase Fault Current F1 (69 kV Bus):

Figure 4.3.2: Three Phase Fault Sequence diagram at F1
Total impedance at Fault point F1:

Z1F = Zsource + ZLine1 + ZLine2 + ZLine3 + ZLine4
Z1F = 0.01604 + j 0.11584 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400

Z1F = 0.05143 + j 0.29805

Z1F = 0.3024580.21o pu
Three Phase Fault Current at F1:

I3-P = (1 0°) / (0.3024580.21o)
I3-P = 3.3062  -80.21o pu
I3-P = 3.3062  -80.21o (836.76)
I3-P = 2,766.56  -80.21o A
B. Three-Phase Fault Current at F2 (13.8 kV Bus):
Z1F = Zsource + ZLine1 + ZLine2 + ZLine3 + ZLine4 +ZT

Z1F = 0.01604 + j 0.11584 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400 + j0.232
Z1F = 0.05143 + j 0.53005
Z1F = 0.53253 84.46o pu

I3-P = (1 0°) / (0.53253 84.46o)
I3-P = 1.878  -84.46o pu
I3-P = 1.878  -84.46o (4,183.82)
I3-P = 7,856.36 A

Figure 4.3.3: Three-Phase Fault Sequence diagram at F2
C. Three-Phase Fault Current at F3 (Recloser Location):

Figure 4.3.4: Three-Phase Fault Sequence diagram at F3

Z1F = Zsource + ZLine1 + ZLine2 + ZLine3 + ZLine4 + ZT + ZRecloser

Z1F = 0.01604 + j 0.11584 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400 + j 0.232 + 0.17616 + j 0.35517
Z1F = 0.22759 + j 0.88522
Z1F = 0.9140075.58o pu

I3-P = (1 0°) / (0.91400 75.58o)
I3-P = 1.097  -75.58o pu
I3-P = 1.094  -75.58o (4,183.82)
I3-P = 4,577.44 A
4.3.2. Line - Line Fault Current

Formula:
IL-L = √3 I1F = √3 [V / (Z1F + Z2F)] p.u.
IL-L = √3 I1F = √3 [V / (Z1F + Z2F)] x Ibase A
where:
V = prefault voltage, 1∠ 0° pu
Z1F = positive sequence thevenin’s impedance, pu
Z2F = negative sequence thevenin’s impedance, pu
A. Line - Line Fault Current F1 (69 kV Bus):

Z1F = 0.01604 + j 0.11584 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400
Z1F = 0.05143 + j 0.29805

Z1F = 0.3024580.21o pu
Figure 4.3.5: Line-to-Line Sequence diagram at F1

Z2F = 0.01614 +j 0.11588 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400
Z2F = 0.05153 + j 0.29809
Z2F = 0.30251 80.19o pu
Z1F + Z2F = 0.05143 + j 0.29805 + 0.05153 + j 0.29809

Z1F + Z2F = 0.10296 + j 0.59614
Z1F + Z2F = 0.60497 80.20o pu
Line-to-Line Fault Current at F1:

IL-L = √3 I1F = √3 [V / (Z1F + Z2F)]
IL-L = √3 [(1 0°) / (0.60497 80.20o)]
IL-L = 2.863  - 80.20o pu
IL-L = 2.863  - 80.20o (836.76)

IL-L = 2,395.69  - 80.20o
B. Line - Line Fault Current F2 (13.8 kV Bus)
Z1F = Zsource + ZLine1 + ZLine2 + ZLine3 + ZLine4 + ZT

Z1F = 0.01604 + j 0.11584 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400 + j 0.232
Z1F = 0.05143 + j 0.53005
Z1F = 0.5325384.45o pu

Z2F = 0.01614 +j 0.11588 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +

j 0.06400 + j 0.232
Z2F = 0.05153 + j 0.53009
Z2F = 0.53259 84.45o pu
Z1F + Z2F = 0.05143 + j 0.53005 + 0.05153 + j 0.53009

Z1F + Z2F = 0.10286 + j 1.06014
Z1F + Z2F = 1.06512 84.46o pu

IL-L = √3 I1F = √3 [V / (Z1F + Z2F)]
IL-L = √3 [(1 0°) / (1.06512 84.46o)]
IL-L = 1.62615  - 84.46o pu
IL-L = 1.62615  - 84.46o (4,183.82)
IL-L = 6,803.54  - 84.46o A
C. Line - Line Fault Current F3 (Recloser Location)

Z1F = 0.01604 + j 0.11584 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400 + j 0.232 + 0.17616 + j 0.35517
Z1F = 0.22759 + j 0.88522
Z1F = 0.9140175.58o pu

Z2F = 0.01614 +j 0.11588 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400 + j0.232 + 0.17616 + j 0.35517
Z2F = 0.22769 + j 0.88526
Z2F = 0.9140775.58o pu

Z1F + Z2F = 0.22759 + j 0.88522 + 0.22769 + j 0.88526

Z1F + Z2F = 0.45528 + j 1.77048
Z1F + Z2F = 1.82808 75.57o pu

IL-L = √3 I1F = √3 [V / (Z1F + Z2F)]
IL-L = √3 [(1 0°) / (1.82808 75.57o)]
IL-L = 0.94747  - 75.57o pu
IL-L = 0.94747  - 75.57o (4,183.82)
IL-L = 3,839.14  - 75.57o A
4.3.3. Single-Line-to-ground Fault (SLG)


Formula:
ISLG = 3 x I1F = 3 x [V / (Z1F + Z2F + Z0F)] p.u.
ISLG = 3 x I1F = 3 x [V / (Z1F + Z2F + Z0F)] x Ibase A
where:
V = prefault voltage, 10° pu
Z0F = zero sequence thevenin’s impedance, pu
A. Single Line - Ground Fault Current F1 (69 kV Bus):
Figure 4.3.8: Single Line-to Ground Sequence Diagram at F1

Z1F = 0.01604 + j 0.11584 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400
Z1F = 0.05143 + j 0.29805
Z1F = 0.3024580.21o pu


Z2F = 0.01614 +j 0.11588 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400
Z2F = 0.05153 + j 0.29809
Z2F = 0.30251 80.19o pu

Z0F = 0.00440 + j 0.05282 + 0.08674 + j 0.31829 + 0.01635
+ j 0.06029 + 0.03008 + j 0.11038 + 0.06316 +
j 0.23174
Z0F = 0.18305 + j 0.70901
Z0F = 0.73226 75.52o pu
Z1F + Z2F + Z0F = 0.05143 + j 0.29805 + 0.05153 + j 0.29809

+ 0.18305 + j 0.70901
Z1F + Z2F + Z0F = 0.28601 + j 1.30515
Z1F + Z2F + Z0F = 1.33612 77.64o pu
Single Line-to-Ground Fault Current at F1:

ISLG = 3 x I1F = 3 x [V / (Z1F + Z2F + Z0F)]
ISLG = 3 x [(1 0°) / (1.33612 77.64o)]
ISLG = 2.245  - 77.64o pu
ISLG = 2.245  - 77.64o (836.76)
ISLG = 1,878.53  - 77.64o A

B. Single Line - Ground Fault Current F2 (13.8 kV Bus)
Figure 4.3.9: Single Line-to-Line Sequence Diagram at F2
Total Impedance at F2:

Z1F = 0.01604 + j 0.11584 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400 + j 0.232
Z1F = 0.05143 + j 0.53005
Z1F = 0.5325384.45o pu

Z2F = 0.01614 +j 0.11588 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400 + j 0.232
Z2F = 0.05153 + j 0.53009
Z2F = 0.53259 84.45o pu
Z0F = j 0.232
Z0F = 0.232 90o pu

Z1F + Z2F + Z0F = 0.05143 + j 0.53005 + 0.05153 + j 0.53009

+ j 0.232
Z1F + Z2F + Z0F = 0.10296 + j1.29214
Z1F + Z2F + Z0F = 1.29624 85.44o pu

ISLG = 3 x [(1 0°) / (1.29624 85.44o)]
ISLG = 2.31439  - 85.44o pu
ISLG = 2.31439  - 85.44o (4,183.82)
ISLG = 9,683  - 85.44o A
C. Single Line - Ground Fault Current F3 (Recloser

Location)

Z1F = 0.01604 + j 0.11584 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400 + j 0.232 + 0.17616 + j 0.35517
Z1F = 0.22759 + j 0.88522
Z1F = 0.9140175.58o pu
Z2F = Zsource + ZLine1 + ZLine2 + ZLine3 + ZLine4 + ZLine5 + ZLine6 +

ZLine7 + ZLine8 + ZT + ZRecloser
Z2F = 0.01614 +j 0.11588 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400 + j 0.232 + 0.17616 + j 0.35517
Z2F = 0.22769 + j 0.88526
Z2F = 0.9140775.58o pu
Z0F = j 0.232 + 0.42233 + j 1.14075

Z0F = 0.42233 + j 1.37275

Z0F = 1.43624 72.90o pu
Figure 4.3.10: Single Line-to-Ground Sequence Diagram at F3
Z1F + Z2F + Z0F = 0.22759 + j 0.88522 + 0.22769 + j 0.88526

0.42233 + j 1.37275
Z1F + Z2F + Z0F = 0.87761 + j 3.14322
Z1F + Z2F + Z0F = 3.2634 74.40o pu

ISLG = 3 x [(1 0°) / (3.2634 74.40o)]
ISLG = 0.91928  - 74.40o pu
ISLG = 0.91928  - 74.40o (4,183.82)
ISLG = 3,846.13  - 74.40o A
4.4.4. Double-Line-to-Ground Fault (D-L-G)


Formula:
I1F = V / (Z1F + (Z2FZ0F/(Z2F + Z0F)) p.u.
I0F = (- I1F (Z2F))/ (Z2F + Z0F)
IDLG = 3I0F x IBase A
where:
V = prefault voltage, 10° pu
Z0F = zero sequence thevenin’s impedance, p
A. Double Line - Ground Fault Current F1 (69 kV Bus)

Z1F = 0.01604 + j 0.11584 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400
Z1F = 0.05143 + j 0.29805
Z1F = 0.3024580.21o pu

Z2F = 0.01614 +j 0.11588 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400
Z2F = 0.05153 + j 0.29809
Z2F = 0.30251 80.19o pu

Z0F = 0.00440 + j 0.05282 + 0.08674 + j 0.31829 + 0.01635
+ j 0.06029 + 0.03008 + j 0.11038 + 0.06316 +

j 0.23174
Z0F = 0.18305 + j 0.70901
Z0F = 0.73226 75.52o pu
Figure 4.3.11: Double-Line-to-Ground Sequence Diagram at F1
Z2F x Z0F = (0.05153 + j 0.29809) (0.18305 + j 0.70901)

Z2F x Z0F = -0.20192 + j0.09110
Z2F x Z0F = 0.22152 155.72o pu
Z2F + Z0F = 0.05153 + j 0.29809 + 0.18305 + j 0.70901

Z2F + Z0F = 0.23458 + j 1.0071
Z2F + Z0F = 1.03406 76.89o pu
Double Line-to-Ground Fault Current at F1:

V
I1F = Z2F Z0F
Z1F +
Z2F +Z0F
1 0o
I1F =
(−0.20192 + j0.09110)
(0.05143 + j 0.29805) +
(0.23458 + j 1.0071)
I1F = 0.34820 − j 1.90404

I1F = 1.93561  − 79.64o pu

I0F = (- I1F (Z2F))/ (Z2F + Z0F)

−(0.34820 − j 1.90404)(0.05153 + j 0.29809)
I0F =
(0.23458 + j 1.0071)
I0F = −0.13380 + j 0.55022
I0F = 0.56626 103.67o pu

IDLG = 3(0.56626 103.67o )(836.76)
IDLG = −335.88 + j 1,381.21 A
IDLG = 1,421.46 103.67o A
B. Single Line - Ground Fault Current F2 (13.8 kV Bus)
Figure 4.3.12: Double Line-to-Ground Sequence Diagram at F2

Z1F = 0.01604 + j 0.11584 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400 + j 0.232
Z1F = 0.05143 + j 0.53005

Z1F = 0.5325384.45o pu

Z2F = 0.01614 +j 0.11588 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400 + j0.232
Z2F = 0.05153 + j 0.53009
Z2F = 0.53259 84.45o pu
Z0F = j 0.232
Z0F = 0.232 90o pu
Z2F x Z0F = (0.05153 + j 0.53009) (j 0.232)

Z2F x Z0F = -0.12299 + j 0.01195
Z2F x Z0F = 0.12356 174.44o pu
Z2F + Z0F = 0.05153 + j 0.53009 + j 0.232

Z2F + Z0F = 0.05153 + j 0.76209
Z2F + Z0F = 0.76383 86.13o pu

V
I1F = Z2F Z0F
Z1F +
Z2F +Z0F
1 0o
I1F =
(−0.12299 + j 0.01195)
(0.05143 + j 0.53005) +
(0.05153 + j 0.76209)
I1F = 0.11662 − j 1.43613
I1F = 1.441  − 85.36o pu
I0F = (- I1F (Z2F))/ (Z2F + Z0F)

−(0.11662 − j 1.43613)(0.05153 + j 0.53009)

I0F =
(0.05153 + j 0.76209)
I0F = −0.05185 + j1.00331
I0F = 1.0046592.96 pu

IDLG = 3(1.00465 92.96o )(4,183.82)
IDLG = −650.82 + j 10,593.05 A
IDLG = 10,609.86 92.96o A
C. Double Line - Ground Fault Current F3 (Recloser

Location)

Z1F = Zsource + ZLine1 + ZLine2 + ZLine3 + ZLine4 + ZT + + ZRecloser
Z1F = 0.01604 + j 0.11584 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400 + j 0.232 + 0.17616 + j 0.35517
Z1F = 0.22759 + j 0.88522
Z1F = 0.9140175.58o pu

Z2F = 0.01614 +j 0.11588 + 0.01705 + j 0.08777 + 0.00322
+ j 0.01659 + 0.00591 + j 0.03044 + 0.01243 +
j 0.06400 + j0.232 + 0.17616 + j 0.35517
Z2F = 0.22769 + j 0.88526
Z2F = 0.9140775.58o pu
Z0F = j 0.232 + 0.42233 + j 1.14075

Z0F = 0.42233 + j 1.37275
Z0F = 1.43624 72.90o pu

Figure 4.3.13: Double Line-to-Ground Sequence Diagram at F3
Z2F x Z0F = (0.22769 + j 0.88526) (0.42233 + j 1.37275)

Z2F x Z0F = -1.11908+ j 0.68643
Z2F x Z0F = 1.31283 148.47o pu
Z2F + Z0F = 0.22769 + j 0.88526+ 0.42233 + j 1.37275

Z2F + Z0F = 0.65002 + j 2.25801
Z2F + Z0F = 2.34971 73.94o pu

V
I1F =
Z2F Z0F
Z1F +
Z2F + Z0F
1 0o
I1F =
(−1.11908 + j 0.68643)
(0.22759 + j 0.88522) +
(0.65002 + j 2.25801)
I1F = 0.17363 − j 0.65646

I1F = 0.67904 − 75.18o pu

I0F = (- I1F (Z2F))/ (Z2F + Z0F)

−(0.17363 − j 0.65646)(0.22769 + j 0.88526)
I0F =
( 0.65002 + j 2.25801)
I0F = −0.07481 + j 0.25334

I0F = 0.26415106.45o pu

IDLG = 3(0.26415 106.45o )(4,183.82)
IDLG = −938.94 + j 3,179.79 A
IDLG = 3,315.52 106.45o A
Table 4.3.1: Summary of Fault Currents
Fault Fault Currents (A)

Location 3-P L-L S-L-G D-L-G
69 kV Bus 2,766.56 2,395.69 1,878.53 1,421.46
13.8 kV Bus 7,856.36 6,803.54 9,683.00 10,609.86
Recloser 4,577.44 3,839.14 3,846.13 3,315.52

Location
4.4. Power Transformer Specification

The selection of power transformer is a vital part in the design of a
substation. The technical and economic evaluation must be done in
order to secure that the procured power transformer will meet the
expected load growth in a particular area. This part will summarize
the specification of the power transformer based on the load
forecasting for 10 years.

A. Rating
Three Phase 20/26/33 MVA with OA/FA1/FA2 type
suitable for outdoor installation.
Table 4.4.1: Kilovolt –Ampere Ratings,Self-Cooled (ONAN), Forced-

Cooled First-Stage, and Forced-Cooled Second-Stage Three-Phase
(with, or without, load tap changing), 12 000-100 000 kVA
B. Frequency
60 Hz is used as this is the standard frequency in the
Philippines.
C. Impedance
8.12 %
D. Primary Voltage / Secondary Voltage
67 kV/13.8 kV
E. Basic Insulation Level (BIL) Primary/Secondary
350 kV/110 kV
F. Primary Connection
Delta
G. Secondary Connection
WYE with Neutral brought to a bushing and connected to
a copper conductor equivalent to 4/0 AWG Cu for
grounding
H. Polarity /Vector Group
Dyn1 (30 Deg. Angular displacement)

Table 4.4.2: High Voltage Winding Insulation Levels of Three Phase

Transformers
I. Insulating Fluid
Mineral Oil. The oil will have the properties specified in
CNS 3070 and CNS 1326 or IEC 296 or JIS C2320 No. 2.
J. Sound Level
70 dB @ 33MVA full load capacity.
K. Winding Temperature Rise
65 oC
L. Oil Temperature Rise
65 oC
M. Tap-changer
On-Load Tap Changer - Maschinefabrik Reinhausen (MR)
The transformer technical requirements are also specified to

assure that the power transformer will meet the international
standard for its quality and performance.

A. Core
The core of the transformer will be constructed of the highest
quality, non-aging high permeability, cold-rolled gain-
oriented silicon steel sheet especially suitable for the
purpose. Every care will be taken during slitting and cutting
process to avoid burrs. Both sides of each sheet will be
special glass film insulated on to minimize eddy current
losses. The cores will be carefully assembled and rigidly
clamped to ensure adequate mechanical strength to support
the windings and also reduced vibration to minimum under
operating conditions.
B. Winding Characteristics
The winding for the transformer shall be made of high tensile
strength electrolytic copper of high conductivity (Class A, in
accordance with ANSI) and insulation, material of high
quality shall be free from burrs.
The insulation material of windings and connections shall not
shrink, soften or collapse during service. Thermally
upgraded paper shall be used for conductor insulation. The
design, construction and treatment of windings shall give
proper consideration to all service factors, such as high
dielectric and mechanical strength of insulation, coil
characteristics, uniform electrostatic flux distribution,
prevention of corona formation, and minimum restriction to
oil flow.
Adequate barriers shall be provided between windings and
core as well as between high voltage and low voltage
windings. All leads or bars from the windings to the terminal
boxes and bushings shall be rigidly supported.

C. Short Circuit Withstand Capability

The transformer shall withstand the combined effects of
thermal, mechanical and electromagnetic stresses arising
under short-circuit conditions based on the maximum
durations of fault:
High Voltage Winding: 2 seconds
Low Voltage Winding: 2 seconds
D. System Fault Current Consideration

67 kV: IF= 40 kA
13.8 kV: IF = 25 kA
The transformer shall be capable of withstanding the
resulting successive short-circuits, without cooling to normal
operating temperature between successive occurrence of
the short circuit. Provided the accumulated duration of
short-circuit does not exceed the maximum duration
permitted for single short-circuit defined above.
E. Overload Capability
The short-time overload rating and operation of the
transformer shall be in accordance with ANSI C57.92 or IEC
354. All other auxiliary equipment (bushings, CT's, etc)
affected shall be rated to match the transformer overload
rating.
F. Transformer Tanks
The tank should have sufficient strength to withstand full
vacuum and internal pressure of 1.0 kg/cm2, with cooling
equipment & conservator connected. The tank cover will be
clamped with bolts and nuts, and will be provided with

handhole or manholes of suitable size. All seams and joints

will be oil tight. Guides within the tank will be furnished to
facilitate tanking and untanking, and to prevent movement
of the core and coil assembly during transit. The casing will
be provided with suitable lugs for lifting the completely
assembled transformer filled with oil. All gaskets will be
synthetic rubber bonded cork.
G. Bushing Assembly
High Voltage Side – ABB model: GOB 325/800LF123027-K
72.5 kV, 800 Amps, 350 kV BIL, Creepage Distance:
1980mm, Condenser type with 1 unit bushing for spare. Test
tap should be provided for each unit.
Low Voltage Side - 2000 Amps, 15.5 kV, 110 kV BIL with 1
unit bushing for spare, Creepage Distance: 400mm. Test tap
should be provided for each unit.
H. Cooling Systems
The transformer will be provided with sets of radiators for
self-cooled (OA) operation with equal sets on both side of
the tank. The radiator will be installed on the tank via
radiator valves, so that each radiator can be detached from
the tank independently of the oil in the main tank. The
radiator valves will have the open and close positions clearly
marked. Radiators will be equipped with provisions for
draining. Radiators shall be made of galvanized steel. For
future forced-air-cooled operation, transformer must have
cooling-fans mounting provision on the radiators and its
control box.

I. Forced-air-cooling system
For forced-air-cooled (FA) operation, the transformer will be
provided with automatically controlled three phase motor-
fans actuated from winding temperature. The cooling-fans
will be mounted on the radiators and the control box will be
mounted on the wall of the tank. Motor voltage should be
230 VAC, 3 phase, 60 Hz. Every cooling fan should have a
separate circuit breaker.
J. Gaskets
The gaskets shall be compatible for the insulating fluid in the
transformer tank. Metal surfaces to which gaskets are
applied shall be smooth and shall have sufficient rigidity to
assure proper compression of the gaskets.
K. Grounding Provisions
All non-energized metallic components of the transformer
shall be grounded. Tank grounding provisions shall consist
of two ground pads, welded to the base or to the tank wall
near the base on diagonal corners. The ground pads shall
be copper-faced or stainless steel with two holes spaced
horizontally at 1.75-inch centers and tapped for 0.5 inch 13-
UNC tread.
L. Wiring
All devices mounted on the transformer, including current
transformer secondary circuits, shall be wired to the control
cabinet.
All control wiring shall be a minimum of #14 AWG SIS and
#12 AWG for current transformers. Wiring between gauges
and the control box can be #14 AWG SO cable.

Wiring shall be terminated with a ring-type insulated

compression lug. Current transformer terminal blocks shall
be the shorting type. Each wire shall be identified with a
wire marker.
M. Painting
The standard finish will consist of one rust resisting primary
coat and two finish coats of paint. The paint will be applied
after the steel surface had been thoroughly cleaned by shot
blasting and treated with rust inhibitor. The color of the final
coat for transformer will be ANSI 70 light gray.
N. Bushing Current transformers

1. High Voltage Side
400/300/250/200/100:5 A, Class 0.3B-2.0 (1unit)
400/300/250/200/100:5 A, Relaying Class C-400 (1unit)
2. Low Voltage Side
2000/1500/1000/500:5 A, Relaying Class C-400 (1unit)
2000/1500/1000/500:5 A, Class 0.3B-2.0 (1unit)
3. Neutral
2000/1500/1000/500:5 A, Relaying Class C-400 (2 units)
O. Nameplates
Transformer shall be furnished with a non-corrosive
diagrammatic nameplate, permanently attached with non-
corrosive hardware. The diagrammatic nameplate shall
include the name of the manufacturer of the equipment as
well as the location where the transformer was
manufactured and tested.
The nameplate shall contain all connection and rating
information in accordance with ANSI C57.12.00 nameplate

type C, plus the approximate weight of parts to be lifted for

un-tanking, type and quantity of oil, and the date of
manufacture.
Figure 4.4.1: Nameplate of Power Transformer for Maa Substation
P. Accessories
1. Dial type oil level indicator with contacts for alarm
2. Oil temperature indicator and relay type AKM OTI series
34, with alarm & trip contacts; AKM OTI remote mount
thermometers remote output: current loops: 4 to 20mA
; Resistive Pt 100
3. Two (2) winding temperature indicators and relays for
HV and LV windings, with three (3) contacts each for
alarm, tripping & fan control, AKM type WTI series 35;
AKM WTI remote mount thermometers
4. Pressure Relief Device with Trip contact (Qualitrol, self
resealing type)
5. Buchholz relay with alarm and trip contacts

6. Drain valve with sampling cock and dehydrating breather

7. Upper filter press valve
8. Diaphragm type conservator and conservator connection
valve
9. Hand-hole, lifting eye for the tank cover and lifting lug for
the completely assembled unit filled with oil.
10. Steel ladder, jacking pad, anchor bolts and skid base
with pulling eye.
The last part of the specifications contains the necessary tests

that will be conducted to the power transformer at the factory
before it will be shipped. A Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) will
be conducted by a representative of LPC to witness that the
unit passed all the test required. This should be strictly
complied in order to avoid opportunity loss if the power
transformer delivered will be found defective at site. If this
scenario happens, it will affect the reliability of the system thus
causing discomfort to the customers. Lastly, it will entail profit
loss for the company because of the unscheduled downtime.
The following routine tests based on ANSI C57.12.00 and ANSI

C57.12.90 must be performed to the power transformer:
A. Resistance measurements of the winding
B. Ratio test
C. Polarity and phase relation test on rated voltage
D. Measurement of no-load loss and excitation current at
90%, 100% & 110% of rated voltage and frequency.
E. Load loss, efficiency, regulation and impedance test at
rated voltage
F. Insulation oil dielectric test
G. Applied potential test

Table 4.4.3: Basic Standard Construction Features of Power

Transformers
H. Induced potential test

I. Temperature rise test
J. Insulation power factor test on winding
K. Partial discharge test (Noise should be less than 300 pC)
L. Leak test

M. Vacuum tests on transformer tank, conservator and

radiators; pressure tests on tank and oil filled
compartments
N. Tests on auxiliary equipment and accessories (functional
tests only)
O. Voltage regulation
P. Sound level test
Q. SFRA – Sweep Frequency Response Analysis
R. Short circuit withstand capability type test certification
from third party
4.5. 69 kV Power Circuit Breaker

The 69 kV circuit breaker plays an important role in the protection
system of a substation. It is the one responsible in isolating the
substation once a fault occurs. The maximum short circuit current at
the 69 kV bus should be less than the short circuit rating of the
equipment applied at that point. Thus it is important to have the
correct rating and specification suitable for the existing fault level in
the area. Moreover, it should also cater the increase in fault level
brought by new generation plants.
4.5.1 . 69 kV Power Circuit Breaker Duty Evaluation

It is important to understand some of the technical terms
according to IEEE Standard C37.04-1999 Chapter 5.8
before we can specify the breaker.
A. Nominal kV Rating - this refers to the system voltage
B. Maximum Design Voltage – this refers to the highest
rms voltage above nominal system voltage, for which
the circuit breaker is designed and is the upper limit
for operation.

C. Basic Insulation Level (BIL) – this refers to the

maximum voltage that the circuit breaker system is
designed to withstand.
D. Continuous Current Rating – it is the designated
current in RMS Amperes at rated frequency which it
shall be required to carry continuously under usual
service conditions without exceeding the heating
elements specified by ANSI, IEEE & NEMA standards.
E. Voltage Range Factor (K) - it is the ratio of rated
maximum voltage to the lower limit of the range of
operating voltage in which the interrupting capabilities
vary in inverse proportion to operating voltage.
F. Rated Short Circuit Current - it is the highest value of
symmetrical component of short circuit current in RMS
Amperes which the breaker shall be required to
interrupt at rated maximum voltage and on standard
operating duty.
G. Symmetrical Interrupting Capability – it is K times the
rated short circuit current. Between the rated
maximum voltage and 1/K times the rated maximum
voltage, the symmetrical interrupting capability is
defined as:
Rated Maximum Voltage
Rated Short Circuit Current x Operating Voltage
H. Interrupting Time – it is the time from energizing of

the trip coil with normal voltage until the circuit is
interrupted.
I. Closing & Latching Rating - it is the capability of the
breaker to safely close and latch the breaker, or stay
latched when closing at fault whose peak value can be
as large as 2.6 times the initial symmetrical fault
current.

4.5.2 . 69 kV Power Circuit Breaker Specification

The specifications of the new 69 kV power circuit breaker for
Maa substation are shown below:
Maximum Voltage - 72.5 kV
Nominal Voltage – 69 kV
Construction - Dead Tank
Installation - Outdoor
Rated Voltage Range Factor (K) - 1.0
Rated Continuous/Normal Current - 2000 A
Rated Frequency – 60 Hz
Basic Insulation Level (BIL) – 350 kV
Interrupting time – 3 Cycles
Short Circuit Interrupting Current (RMS) – 40 kA
Close & Latch
Initial current loop (RMS) – 64 kA
Peak – 108 kA
Operating Voltage - 48 Vdc
Type of Breaker Control - Spring Charge
Breaker Operation - Three-pole
Mechanical Endurance - 2000 operations
Gas Insulation/Quencher - SF6
Bushing Current Transformer Ratio - 2000:5 A
Frequency – 60 Hz
Number of Cores Per Pole (Line Side) - 3
Number of Cores Per Pole (Load Side) - 3
Burden/Accuracy (Load Side):
Core Number 1 - B-1.8/0.3 metering
Core Number 2 and 3 - C400 relaying
Burden/Accuracy (Line Side):
Core Number 1, 2 and 3 - C400 relaying

Table 4.5.1: Preferred Ratings for Outdoor Circuit Breakers

72.5 kV and Below
Figure 4.5.2: Preferred Dielectric Withstand Ratings and

External Insulation

4.5.3. Computing the Interrupting Rating of the Circuit

Breaker
The following steps must be followed in our computation:
1. Compute the E/X or E/Z, where E is the maximum
expected prefault voltage at the fault point and X or Z
is the Thevenin equivalent reactance or impedance. In
computing X or Y, appropriate multipliers for rotating
machine’s reactance should be observed.
2. The breaker is correct if the current in step 1 is less
than 80% of the breaker’s symmetrical interrupting
capability for three phase faults and less than 70% of
the breaker’s symmetrical interrupting capability for
single-line-to-ground faults.
3. The X/R ratio must be less than 17 at 60 Hz for both
three-phase and single-line-to-ground faults.
Applying the 3 steps in the specification of the breaker:

1. The substation single line diagram doesn’t contain any
rotating machine, so no impedance multipliers are
needed. So we will utilize the fault current from the
69 kV Bus from Chapter 4.3.1 A and 4.3.3 A.
Three Phase Fault Current = 2,766.56 A
Single–Line-to-Ground Fault Current = 1,878.53 A
2. Check if the currents pass the 80% and 70%

requirement based from the 40 kA rating:
Three Phase Fault = 0.8 (40 kA) = 32 kA
Single–Line-to-Ground Fault = 0.7 (40 kA) = 28 kA

Since the currents in Step 1 are less that in Step 2,

the 40 kA is already sufficient for these fault
currents.
3. To further check, we will solve for the X/R ratio using

separate R and X networks.
For the Resistance of network (Positive Sequence) – Three

Phase Fault
Figure 4.5.1: Positive Sequence Resistance Network at 69

kV Bus
Total Resistance at 69 kV Bus:

R1 = Rsource + RLine1 + RLine2 + RLine3 + RLine4
R1 = 0.01604 + 0.01705 + 0.00322 + 0.00591 +
0.01243

R1 = 0.05143
For the Reactance of network (Positive Sequence) - Three

Phase Fault
Figure 4.5.2: Positive Sequence Reactance Network at 69

kV Bus
Total Reactance at 69 kV Bus:

X1 = Xsource + XLine1 + XLine2 + XLine3 + XLine4
X1 = j 0.11589 + j 0.08777 + j 0.01659 + j 0.03044
+ j 0.06400
X1 = j 0.29805

For the Resistance of network (Zero Sequence) – Single-

Line-to-Ground Fault
Figure 4.5.3: Zero Sequence Resistance Network at 69 kV

Bus
Total Resistance at 69 kV Bus:

R1 = 0.01604 + 0.01705 + 0.00322 + 0.00591 +
0.01243
R1 = 0.05465

R2 = 0.01614 + 0.01705 + 0.00322 + 0.00591 +
0.01243
R2 = 0.05475

R0 = 0.00440 + 0.08674 + 0.01635 + 0.03008 +
0.06316
R0 = 0.18305

For the Reactance of network (Zero Sequence) - Single-Line-

to-Ground Fault
Figure 4.5.4: Zero Sequence Reactance Network at 69 kV

Bus
Total Reactance at 69 kV Bus:

X1 = j 0.11589 + j 0.08777 + j 0.01659 + j 0.03044
+ j 0.06400
X1 = j 0.29805

X2 = j 0.11588 + j 0.08777 + j 0.01659 + j 0.03044
+ j 0.06400
X2 = j 0.29809

X0 = j 0.05282 + j 0.31829 + j 0.06029 + j 0.11038
+ j 0.23174
X0 = j 0.70901

Afterwards, we will calculate the X/R Ratio:

A. Three Phase Fault
X/R = (0.29805)/(0.05143)
X/R = 5.79525
B. Single-Line-to-Ground Fault
X/R = (0.29805 + 0.29809 + 0.70901)/
(0.05143 + 0.05153 + 0.18305)
X/R = 4.56330
Since both are less than 17, then the 40 kA rating of the
breaker is adequate.
4.5.4. Computing the Closing - Latching of the Circuit

Breaker
To compute this current, we must obtain the E/X value.
X should be the appropriate reactance for the machines.
Multiply this current by 1.6 and you can obtain the closing
– latching current rating (rms) of the circuit breaker. In
addition, multiply the E/X value by 2.6 and you can get
the peak value of the closing – latching current rating of
the breaker.
As discussed previously, the substation doesn’t have any
rotating machine so no multiplier is needed and the same
fault current will be used. Therefore to get the peak
value, we multiply the fault current by 2.6.
Three Phase Fault = (2.6) * 2,766.56 A
= 7,193.06 A
Single–Line-to-Ground Fault = (2.6) * 1,878.53 A
= 4,884.18 A

These values are way lower than the 108 kA peak for the
specification of the breaker.
Figure 4.5.5: Nameplate of the 69 kV Circuit Breaker for

Maa Substation
4.6. 69 kV Bus Sizing and Design

The 69 kV bus must be designed to carry the total weight of all
the equipment to be installed in it together with the tension of
the conductors connected. It must also withstand the wind load
of the particular area especially when there is a strong typhoon
so that the structure will not be damaged.
Before we can conceptualized our design for our 69 kV steel

structure, we must first determine the equipment that we must

install in the structure. The single line diagram is our basis in

determining the total weight of all the equipment. This data will
be our basis in constructing our stick load diagram to be
submitted to the civil engineer for proper determination of the
thickness of the steel to be used.
The following are the equipment to be installed:

A. 69 kV Surge Arrester (Station Class) = 21 kgs
B. 69 kV Potential Transformer = 310 kgs
C. 69 kV Station Post Insulator = 36 kgs
D. 69 kV Disconnector Switch = 95 kgs
E. Seamless Aluminum Pipe
In order to maximize the continuous current rating of the 69 kV

circuit breaker and to prepare the substation in a loop system,
it was decided to have the rating of the bus equal to 2000 A.
With this consideration, the designer choose to use a 6063-T6
material, 3 inch diameter – schedule 80 seamless aluminum
pipe with an ampacity of 2,363 A at 60 Hz. Table 4.5.1 shows
the physical and electrical properties of seamless aluminum
pipe.

Figure 4.5.6 : One Line Diagram showing Major Electrical Equipment (69 kV Side)

Another important thing to consider in designing the bus and

steel structure is the standard electrical clearance. This must
also be satisfied in order to secure the safety of the personnel
and the public. ANSI Standard C37.32-1996 was the basis of
the designer in the spacing of the conductors and steel
structure.
Table 4.6.1: Physical and Electrical Properties of Aluminum

Seamless Pipe

Table 4.6.2: Outdoor Electrical Substation Clearances
Table 4.6.3: Phase Spacing of Outdoor Air Switches

Figure 4.6.1: Maa Substation 69 kV Bus and Steel Structure
4.7. Overcurrent Protection

A complete overcurrent protection system must be comprised of four
major components such as current transformers, protective relays,
power circuit breakers and DC supply for auxiliaries.
A. Current Transformers
A.1. 69 kV Overcurrent Relay (OCR) CTs: (proposed)
2-sets 2000:5 A Multi-tap, C-400, Bushing Current
Transformer, 72.5 kV, 400 VA Burden,
Relaying Class, Available Taps: 2000A, 1600A, 1500A,
1200A, 1100A, 800A, 500A, 400A, 300A.
A.2. 13.8 kV Main OCR CTs: (proposed)

1-set 2000:5 A Multi-tap, C-400, Window Type Current
Transformer, 15 kV, 400 VA Burden,
1200A, 1100A, 800A, 500A, 400A, 300A.

A.3. 13.8 kV Feeder OCR CTs: (proposed)

4-sets 1200/600:5 A, C-400, Window Type Current
Relaying Class Available Taps: 1200A, 600A
A.4. 13.8 kV Transformer’s Neutral OCR CT: (proposed)

2-sets 2000:5 A Multi-tap, C-400, Bushing Current
1200A, 1100A, 800A, 500A, 400A, 300A.
B. Protective Relays
B.1. 69 kV OCR: (proposed)
1-unit SEL-751A, 5A current input, <0.1 VA burden per
phase, 24-48 Vdc / 110-250 Vac power supply
B.2. 13.8 kV Main OCR: (proposed)

1-unit SEL-751, 5A current input, <0.1 VA burden per
B.3. 13.8 kV Feeder OCR: (proposed)

4-units SEL-751, 5A current input, <0.1 VA burden per
B.4. 13.8 kV Transformer’s Neutral OCR:

SEL-787 will be used, only neutral current element will
be utilized for 51G of transformer’s wye grounded
winding.

C. Power Circuit Breakers / Switchgear

C.1. 69 kV Circuit Breaker: (proposed)
1-unit SF6 Circuit Breaker, 72.5 kV rated, 2000 A rated
continuous current, 40 kA rated short circuit current
C.2. 13.8 kV Main Switchgear: (proposed)

Air Insulated Switchgear with 1-unit circuit breaker, 15 kV
rated, 2000 A rated continuous current, 25 kA rated short
circuit current
C.3. 13.8 kV Main Bypass Switchgear: (proposed)

Air Insulated Switchgear with 1-unit circuit breaker, 15 kV
rated, 1200 A rated continuous current, 25 kA rated short
circuit current
C.4. 13.8 kV Feeders Circuit Breaker: (proposed)

Air Insulated Switchgear with 4-units circuit breakers, 15
kV rated, 600 A rated continuous current, 25 kA rated
short circuit current
C.5. 13.8 kV Bypass Feeders Circuit Breaker: (proposed)

Air Insulated Switchgear with 4-units circuit breakers, 15
kV rated, 600 A rated continuous current, 25 kA rated
short circuit current
D. DC Power Supply (proposed)

2-banks of 48 Vdc industrial type batteries (4 x 12Vdc
battery) with 2-units automatic battery chargers.

4.8. Evaluation of Current Transformer Size

4.8.1. Calculation of Current Transformer Ratios
Current transformer (CT) ratios were determined first for all
locations of overcurrent relays as these were necessary in the
calculation of relay settings and coordination. After calculating the
ratio to be used, CT secondary current taps were chosen as current
inputs for protective relays. Table 4.8.2 shows the summarized CT
ratios used.
A. For CT ratio at 69kV Overcurrent Relay

Transformer full load current at second stage forced-air cooled
rating (FA2) of the primary side was determined for
consideration in the calculation.
MVA Rating = 33 (FA2 Rating)
kV primary = 67 (Tap 3)
kV secondary = 13.8
IFL = kVA rating / (√3 x kV primary)
IFL = 33,000 / (√3 x 67)

IFL = 284.4 A
Considering transformer cold starting, 400:5 A was selected
with equivalent secondary current tap of X1:X2.
B. For CT ratio at 13.8kV Main Overcurrent Relay

The 13.8 kV switchgear copper bus bar has a capacity of 2,450
A based on the offer sheet given by the supplier Siemens.
However, the full load current of the transformer at this voltage
level is 1,381 A. Thus, CTR of 1500:5 A was selected for 13.8kV
main breaker.

C. For CT ratio at 13.8kV Feeders Overcurrent Relay

The 13.8 kV feeders take off had 1 - 1000 MCM XLPE per phase
conductor with 1,060 A capacity per phase (CU/XLPE/CTS/PVC
15 kV 133% Insulation Level Wire Ampacity). However, the
outgoing 13.8 kV feeders were sized up to 336.4 ACSR with
equivalent capacity of 530 A. Thus, CTR of 600:5 A was selected
for 13.8kV feeders with X1:X2 equivalent secondary current
tap.
Table 4.8.1: CU/XLPE/CTS/PVC 15 kV 133% Insulation Level

Wire Ampacity
D. For CT ratio at 13.8kV Transformer’s Neutral Overcurrent

Relay
Transformer full load current at second stage forced-air cooled
rating (FA2) of the secondary side was determined for
consideration in the calculation.
MVA Rating = 33 (FA2 Rating)
kV primary = 67 (Tap 3)
kV secondary = 13.8
IFL = kVA rating / (√3 x kV secondary)

IFL = 33,000 / (√3 x 13.8)

IFL = 1,381 A
Based on the available taps, use 1500:5 A CTR with equivalent
secondary current tap of X3:X5 for 51G.
Table 4.8.2: Summary of Selected C.T. Ratio
CT TAP CT RATIO
LOCATION RELAY CLASS
(to be used) (Full Tap)
69 kV 400:5 A
SEL 751 A 2000:5 A C400
(50/51) X1:X2
13.8 kV Main 1500:5 A

SEL 751 2000:5 A C400
(50/51) X3:X5
13.8 kV Feeder 600:5 A

SEL 751 1200:5 A C400
(50/51) X1:X2
Transformer
1500:5 A
Neutral SEL 787 2000:5 A C400
X3:X5
(51G)
4.8.2. Calculation of CT Connected Burdens

In this section it is important to account the connected load of the
CT and to check if it would still provide correct current reading for
the relay when fault current flows in the primary winding of the
CT. The total connected burdens comprised the resistances of CT,
wire and relay. In the next section, knee-point or saturation
voltage of the CT are discussed and described.
A. Wire Resistance from CT to relay as computed

The lead dc resistance with the size of 3.5 mm2 THW at 75°C
(PEC 2009, Table 9.1.1.8, page 1504)
= 6.73 ohm/km or 0.00673 ohm/m

1. Lead Length from CT connection point to 69 kV SEL- 751A

relay
= 76 m
RL_69 kV-751A = 0.00673 ohm/m x 76 m
RL_69 kV-751A = 0.51148 ohm
2. Lead Length from CT connection point to 13.8 kV Main
SEL- 751 relay = 18 m
RL_13.8 kV Main -751 = 0.00673 ohm/m x 18 m
RL_13.8 kV Main -751 = 0.12114 ohm
3. Lead Length from CT connection point to 13.8kV Feeder
SEL-751 relay = 23 m
RL_13.8kV-751 = 0.00673 ohm/m x 23 m
RL_13.8kV-751 = 0.15479 ohm
4. Lead Length from CT connection point to 13.8 kV-51G
SEL-787
relay = 63 m
RL_51G-787 = 0.00673 ohm/m x 63 m
RL_51G-787 = 0.42399 ohm
B. CT Winding Resistance
The following values of winding resistance of CT used in the
calculation are based on the test results from Omicron CPC-100
equipment. To simplify, the values presented are the maximum
winding resistances for which the protective devices are
connected.
1. Bushing Current Transformers of 69kV SF6 Circuit Breaker
(for
50/51)
Tap – 400:5 A
Winding Resistance = 0.181 ohm

2. Current Transformers for 13.8kV Main

Tap – 1500:5 A
3. Current Transformers for 13.8kV feeders

Tap – 600:5 A
4. 13.8 kV Transformer’s Neutral CT (for 51G)

Tap – 1500:5 A
C. Relay Burden
The VA burden of relay to be used is based on the relay manual
and the resistance being derived using the secondary of 5A.
The load of the relay current elements was also accounted.
1. 69 kV 50P/51P & 50N/51N:
Relay Model: SEL-751A
VA Burden: 0.1 at 5A
RR-751A = VA / A2 = 0.1 / 52
RR-751A = 0.004 ohm
2. 13.8 kV Main 50P/51P & 50N/51N:

Relay Model: SEL-751
RR-751 = VA / A2 = 0.1 / 52
RR-751 = 0.004 ohm
3. 13.8 kV Feeders 50P/51P & 50N/51N:

Relay Model: SEL-751

RR-751 = VA / A2 = 0.1 / 52
RR-751 = 0.004 ohm
4. 13.8 kV 51G:
Relay Model: SEL-787 (neutral element only will be
used)
RR-787 = VA / A2 = 0.1 / 52
RR-787 = 0.004 ohm
4.8.3. Calculation of CT’s Knee-Point Voltage

The performance of the current transformers plays a vital role in
the protection system. It is important that the CT must be selected
properly. The current transformers must be able to provide non-
distorted secondary current for the relay when maximum short
circuit current flows in its primary circuit. Otherwise, the protective
relays will operate unexpectedly. Power interruption is not
selective and may even destabilize the entire system.
One significant aspect in evaluating the characteristic of the CT is
the so-called “knee-point voltage.” It is the point of the CT
excitation curve at which the core is saturated and it will not
provide actual secondary current as reflected in the primary
circuit. In IEC standard, the knee-point voltage is defined as the
point at which a 10% increase in secondary voltage produces 50%
increase in exciting current. In the ANSI standard, knee-point
voltage is the point in the excitation curve where the tangent is at
45 degrees to the abscissa. Figure 4.8.1 shows the typical
excitation curves for a multi-ratio class C current transformer with
its equivalent knee-point voltage.

Figure 4.8.1: Typical Excitation Curves for Multi-Ratio Class C

Current Transformers
It also shows the relationship of the secondary exciting voltage to

the secondary exciting current. The knee-point voltage is obtained
through excitation test and can be referred also in the
manufacturer’s test report. It is necessary to measure the knee-
point voltage of the CT secondary current tap at which the relay is
connected. In a multi-ratio C class CT, the knee-point voltage of
the full tap is reduced in the lower tap. However, it is not always a
good practice to use the rated knee-point voltage since the actual
knee-point is usually below the rated. It is the responsibility of the
protection engineer to select CTs with enough knee-point voltage
and with the consideration of the short circuit current growth.

In the calculation, it is recommended that the required knee-point

voltage (VK) is 2 times greater or equal than the maximum voltage
across the CT (VS), VK > 2VS. The maximum voltage across the CT
is equal to the product of maximum short circuit current reflected
in the secondary and the connected resistances. Thus, the formula
is VS =IF x (RCT + RL + RRELAY) for three-phase and line-to-line fault,
and VS =IF x (RCT + 2RL + RRELAY) for single-line-to-ground fault.
A. Connected Resistance/Load
A.1. 69 kV Overcurrent Relay: 50P/51P & 50N/51N
RL_69kV-751A = 0.51148 ohm
RCT = 0.181ohm
RR-751A = 0.004 ohm
A.2. 13.8 kV Main Overcurrent Relays: 50P/51P & 50N/51N

RL_13.8kV Main -751 = 0.12114 ohm
RCT = 0.254 ohm
RR-751 = 0.004 ohm
A.3. 13.8 kV Feeder Overcurrent Relays: 50P/51P & 50N/51N

RL_13.8kV Feeder -751 = 0.15479 ohm
RCT = 0.3 ohm
RR-751 = 0.004 ohm
A.4. 13.8 kV Transformer’s Neutral: 51G

RL_51G-787 = 0.42399 ohm
RCT = 0.774 ohm
RR-787 = 0.004 ohm

B. Required Knee-Point Voltage (VK)

B.1. 69 kV 50/51 CT:
For three-phase fault current = 2,766.56 A
CTR to use = 400:5 = 80
VS = IF x (RCT + RL + RRELAY)
= (2,766.56/80) x (0.181 + 0.51148 + 0.004)
= 24.178 V
VK > 2VS = 2 x 24.178
VK = 48.356 V
For SLG fault current = 1,878.53 A

CTR to use = 400:5 = 80
VS = IF x (RCT + 2RL + RRELAY)
= (1,878.53 /80) x (0.181 + (2 x 0.51148) + 0.004)
= 28.474 V
VK > 2VS = 2 x 28.474
VK = 56.947 V
Since CT used at 69kV overcurrent relay was 2000:5 A with

rated knee-point voltage of 400 V, the calculated knee-point
voltage at 400:5 tap would be, 400V x (400/2000) = 80 volts.
But in the actual excitation test, the knee-point voltage may be
lower than the value as calculated.
Based on the result, it is noticeable that the VK for SLG fault of
56.947 V is slightly higher than the 3-P fault. Therefore, it is
safe to use the 400:5 A ratio where the calculated knee-point
voltage is much higher than the required.
B.2. 13.8 kV Main 50/51 CT:

CTR to use = 1500:5 = 300

= (7,856.36 /300) x (0.254+ 0.12114 + 0.004)
= 9.932V
VK > 2VS = 2 x 9.932
VK = 19.863 V
For SLG fault current = 9,683 A
CTR to use = 1500:5 = 300
= (9,683/300) x (0.3+ (2 x 0.12114) + 0.004)
= 17.63 V
VK > 2VS = 2 x 17.63
VK = 35.26 V
The 300 volts knee-point (400V x 1500A/2000A) at 1500:5 A

tap was sufficient to accommodate short circuit current above
9.7 kA.
B.3. 13.8 kV Feeders 50/51 CT:

CTR to use = 600:5 = 120
= (7,856.36 /120) x (0.3+ 0.15479 + 0.004)
= 30.045 V
VK > 2VS = 2 x 30.045
VK = 60.090 V
CTR to use = 600:5 = 120
= (9,683/120) x (0.3+ (2 x 0.15479) + 0.004)
= 49.506 V
VK > 2VS = 2 x 49.506

VK = 99.013 V
The 200 volts knee-point (400V x 600A/1200A) at 600:5 A tap

was sufficient to accommodate short circuit current above 9.7
kA.
B.4. 13.8 kV Transformer’s 51G CT:

CTR to use = 1500:5 = 300
= (9,683/300) x (0.774 + 2x0.42399 + 0.004)
= 52.48 V
VK > 2VS = 2 x 52.48
VK = 104.96 V
The resulting VK of 104.96 V is way below the calculated knee

point of 300 V at 1500:5 A tap. Thus, using the 1500:5 A ratio is
safe.
In summary, the selected CT taps are adequate with equivalent

knee-point voltage to provide correct current reading for the relay
without CT saturation. Table 4.8.3 below provides information of
the CTs to be used for all connected protective relays.

Table 4.8.3: Selected Current Transformer Taps with Calculated Vk
CT TAP Required Fault

CT Fault Equivalent
(to be VK Amperes
LOCATION Type Class
used) (volts)
69 kV 400:5 A
56.947 1,878.53 SLG C400
(50/51) X1:X2
13.8 kV 1500:5
Main A 35.26 9,683 SLG C400
(50/51) X3:X5
13.8 kV
600:5 A
Feeder 99.013 9,683 SLG C400
X1:X2
(50/51)
Transformer 1500:5
Neutral A 104.96 9,683 SLG C400
(51G) X3:X5
4.9. Overcurrent Relay Settings and Coordination

In this section, overcurrent protection setting calculation and
coordination is presented. The main objective for coordination of
protective devices is to clear a permanent or temporary fault before
the upstream protection could operate. The maximum short circuit
currents were used in the relay setting calculation and coordination.
The non-directional overcurrent relay will serve as back-up protection
for transformer differential and 13.8kV bus differential relays. Failure
operation of these two primary protections will trigger its back-up
overcurrent relays to operate.

4.9.1. Calculation of Time Overcurrent Settings

Setting Criteria
The following were the parameters to set:
1. Minimum Operating Current/Pick-Up Current Setting/Tap
Setting;
2. Time Dial or Time Multiplier Setting; and
3. Curves & Standard.
The data needed in the calculations were:

1. Current Transformer Ratio (CTR);
2. Short Circuit Currents and Types;
3. Transformer and Conductor Full Load Currents; and
4. Coordination Time Interval (CTI).
A. Phase Time Overcurrent Relays (51P)

The following are the criteria of 51P:
A.1. Time Overcurrent Base Pick-up

A.1.1. Power Transformer
The practice of LPC is to set the pick-up current to 100%
of full load current of the transformer since LPC does
not allow the overloading of transformer.
A.1.2. Bus, Feeder and Recloser
For overhead line application, relay is set to 100% of the
ampacity of the line to avoid overloading.
A.2. Curve Selection

It is recommended to use Extremely Inverse (EI) IEC Curve
for Phase Time Overcurrent Relays settings.

B. Neutral Time Overcurrent Relays (51N)

The 51N element sums the phase currents to calculate the
ground current, or 3 x I0. However, it does not see zero-
sequence currents on the secondary side because currents will
be trapped in the delta winding.
The following are the criteria of 51N:
B.1. Time Overcurrent Base Pick-up

B.1.1. Power Transformer
- 50% of full load current of the transformer. For
transformer delta side, though it will not see
zero sequence current on the secondary, LPC practice is
set above the inrush current setting (0.01 s < setting
trip time) and below the upstream relay settings to
avoid nuisance tripping during current unbalance during
inrush.
B.1.2. Bus, Feeder and Recloser
For overhead line application, relay is set to 30% - 50%
of the ampacity of the line.
B.2. Curve Selection

It is recommended to use Very Inverse (VI) IEC Curve for
Neutral Time Overcurrent Relays settings.
C. Ground Time Overcurrent Relays (51G)

The 51G element measures the current from the transformer
ground CT.
C.1. Time Overcurrent Base Pick-up

C.1.1. Power Transformer
- 50% of full load current of the transformer. The

coordination time interval is adjusted to coordinate with

downstream devices.
C.2. Curve Selection

It is recommended to use Very Inverse (VI) IEC Curve for
Ground Time Overcurrent Relays settings.
D. Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays (50P/50N)

The phase instantaneous overcurrent element (50) must be set
to not operate for the transformer magnetizing inrush current
and maximum secondary three-phase fault current. Note,
Transformer inrush is typically assumed to be 12 times full-load
current for 0.1 second and 25 times full-load current for 0.01
second.
D.1. Instantaneous Phase Overcurrent (50P)

Use 100% of the calculated three phase fault current.
D.2. Instantaneous Neutral Overcurrent (50N)
Use 100% of the calculated single line to ground fault
current.
4.9.2. Coordination Time Intervals (CTI)

The following recommended coordination time intervals (CTI) are
used in the coordination of the protective devices:
A. Relay to Fuse = 0.2 s
(or using the IEC formula, CTI = 0.4 tFCT + 0.15 s)
B. Relay to Relay = 0.2 - 0.3 s (Digital); 0.3 – 0.4 s
(Electromechanical)
C. Fuse to Fuse = downstream fuse total clearing time < 75%
of the upstream fuse minimum melting time

The minimum coordination time interval (CTI) are the following:
Table 4.9.1 - Minimum Coordination Time Interval (CTI)
69kV Source Overcurrent Relay Settings

50/51 settings – NGCP Davao Substation Circuit Breaker
(Davao Line 1)
51P:
CTR = 800:5 A; 51P setting = 6.2 A
TD = 0.10; Curve = IEC-Standard Inverse
Relay Used = SEL 751
50P:
CTR = 800:5 A; 50P setting = 42.2 A; Time = 0.05 s
51N:
CTR = 800:5 A; 51N setting = 1.5 A
TD = 0.17; Curve = IEC- Standard Inverse
Relay Used = SEL 751
50N:
CTR = 800:5 A; 50N setting = 33.4 A; Time = 0.05 s

Setting Calculation
The calculated short circuit currents were used in the relay setting
calculation.
A. Lateral Fuse
The total clearing time must be determined first when a
short circuit current occurs for both 3-P and SLG faults at
the load side of the fuse. These fuses are usually located
along the distribution lines. The nearest lateral fuse is
located 183 meters away from the substation. It is
necessary to refer the minimum melting time and clearing
time characteristic curves of Type K fuse to be used from the
fuse manufacturer. (100A Type K Fuse, AB Chance)
At Three-Phase Fault = 7,856.36 A
Clearing Time (tFCT-3P) = 0.015 s (for 100K fuse, from AB
Chance TCC Curve)
At Single-Line-to-Ground Fault = 9,683 A

Clearing Time (tFCT-SLG) = 0.013 s (for 100K fuse, from
AB Chance TCC Curve)
Note: Fuses have almost the same characteristic with
Extremely Inverse Characteristic of overcurrent relays.
B. Phase Overcurrent Relays and Reclosers (50P/51P)

B.1. 51P for 13.8kV Recloser
Information:
CTR = 2000:1 = 2000
3-P Fault = 4,591.17 A (@ Recloser Location)
CTI (relay to relay) = 0.2 - 0.3 s
Setting:
Pick-Up Current = 100% x Line Capacity

Set Pick-Up Current =530 A (336.4 ACSR=530 A)

= 530/CTR = 530/2000
=0.265A
In coordinating with the recloser, the Extremely Inverse

characteristic curve was used. The 3-P fault current of 4,591.17
A at the recloser location was used in coordinating with the
upstream protection. In this case, the curve was IEC Extremely
Inverse (IEC-EI).
Top = TD x (80 / (M2 – 1))
where:
M = multiples of pick-up current
= IF / Pick-up
Since the recloser is the last protective device for this feeder,
we choose the lowest time dial available which is 0.05 to allow
easy adjustment of the CTI in the future if additional reclosers
will be installed along the feeder.
Use TD = 0.05
Top = TD x (80 / (M2 – 1))
Top = 0.05 x (80 / ((4,591.17/530)2 – 1))
Top = 0.05402 s
B.2. 50P for 13.8kV Recloser

Current Setting = (3-P @ Recloser Location)/100% x Wire
Ampacity
= 4,577.44 / 530
= 8.66 A (at secondary)
B.3. 51P for 13.8kV Feeder Circuit Breakers

Information:
CTR = 600:5 = 120

3-P Fault = 7,856.36 A

Setting:
Set Pick-Up Current =530 A (336.4 ACSR=530 A)
= 530/CTR = 530/120= 4.42A
Operating Time (top-51PF13.8) = Recloser OperatingTime+ CTI

= top-Recloser + 0.2
= 0.05402 + 0.2
top-51PF13.8 = 0.25402 s
In coordinating with the recloser, the Extremely Inverse

characteristic curve was used. In this case, the curve was IEC
Extremely Inverse (IEC-EI).
Top = TD x (80 / (M2 – 1))
where:
= IF / Pick-up
Solving for the TD,

TD = Top / (80 / (M2 – 1)
TD = 0.25402 / (80 / ((4,577.44/530)2 – 1))
TD = 0.24
B.4. 50P for 13.8kV Feeder Circuit Breakers

Current Setting = (3-P fault @13.8 kV Bus)/CTR
= 7,856.36 /120

B.5. 51P for 13.8kV Main Circuit Breaker

Information:
CTR = 1500:5 = 300
3-P Fault = 7,856.36 A
Operating Time (top-51PF13.8) = TD x (80 / (M2 – 1))

top-51PF13.8 = 0.24 x (80/((7,856.36/530)2 – 1))
top-51PF13.8 = 0.0877 s
Setting:
Pick-Up Current = 100% x Transformer Full Load Current
(FA2 Rating) @ 13.8 kV side
Set Pick-Up Current =1,381 A
= 1,381/CTR = 1,381/300= 4.6 A
Operating Time (top-51PM13.8) = Feeder Relay Operating

Time (@ 13.8 kV bus) + CTI
= top-51PF13.8 + 0.2 s
= 0.0877 + 0.2 s
top-51PM13.8 = 0.2877 s
In coordinating with the 13.8 kV feeder relays, the Extremely

Inverse characteristic curve was used. The 3-P fault current of
7,858.56 A occurred at the 13.8 kV bus was used in
coordinating with the upstream protection. In this case, the
curve was IEC Extremely Inverse (IEC-EI).
Top = TD x (80 / (M2 – 1))
where:
= IF / Pick-up

Solving for the TD,

TD = Top / (80 / (M2 – 1)
TD = 0.2877 / (80 / ((7,856.36/1,381)2 – 1))
TD = 0.11
B.6. 50P for 13.8kV Main Circuit Breaker

The phase instantaneous setting of 13.8 kV main relay is
not necessary to activate as this is just close at the 13.8
kV feeder overcurrent relays. Setting the 50P may cause
simultaneous tripping with 50P of the 13.8 kV feeder relay
during the 3-P fault near at the 13.8 kV bus. Selectivity
would be compromised when this happens. For this
reason, the 50P was left DISABLED.
B.7. 51P for 69kV Circuit Breaker

Information:
CTR = 400:5 = 80
CTI (relay to relay) = 0.25 – 0.3 s
Use FA2 Transformer Rating of 33,000 kVA
Setting:
(FA2 Rating) @ 67 kV side
Transformer Full Load Current at Tap 3:

IFL = FA2 kVA rating / (√3 x kV pri)
IFL = 33,000 / (√3 x 67)

IFL = 284.4 A
Set Pick-Up Current = 284.4 ≈ 284 A

= 284/CTR = 284/80 = 3.55 A

The pick-up current of 284 A set in the 69kV phase

overcurrent relay was much lower than the capacity of 795
ACSR conductor which was used in the primary side of the
power transformer with equivalent current carrying capacity
of 900 A.
Figure 4.9.1: Line-to-Line fault at Wye Side of Dyn1 Power

Transformer
For Delta-wye neutral solidly grounded (Dyn1) power

transformers, the coordination time interval between the
primary and secondary relays was based on the operating
time of the secondary relay at a current equal to 13.8kV bus
L-L fault or 87% of 13.8kV bus 3-P fault, and on the
operating time of the primary relay for the 13.8kV bus 3-P
fault current. This line-to-line fault at 13.8kV bus is shown
in Figure 4.9.2 where the secondary relay carries current
less than the equivalent current flowing through the primary

relays, which could lead to a miscoordination of the two

relays.
Figure 4.9.2 illustrates how the two relays were coordinated

considering the line-to-line fault occurs at the wye side of
the power transformer. In this case, the operating time of
secondary 13.8kV main overcurrent relay at 87% of 3-P fault
near the 13.8kV bus at TD = 0.11 was calculated.
Figure 4.9.2: Coordination of Overcurrent Relays for a

Delta-Wye Transformer
Operating Time (top-51PM13.8) = TD x (80 / (M2 – 1))

(at 87% 3-P fault)
= 0.11 x (80 / (((0.87 x 7,856.36)/1,381)2 -1)
= 0.3743 s
Operating Time (top-51P69) = top-51PM13.8 + CTI

= 0.3743 + 0.2
top-51P69 = 0.5743 s

To maintain the coordination and to avoid miscoordination

or intersection of curves, it is recommended to use same
family of curves, the Extremely Inverse Characteristic
Curve. The 3-P fault current of 7,858.56 A occurred at the
13.8kV bus will be used in coordinating with the upstream
protection and should be reflected as through-fault current
or current at 67kV side of the transformer. In this case,
3-P(through-fault) = 7,856.36 x (13.8/67) = 1,618.63 A
Curve = IEC Extremely Inverse (IEC-EI)
Top = TD x (80 / (M2 – 1))

where:
= IF / Pick-up
Solving for the TD,

TD = Top / (80 / (M2 – 1)
TD = 0.5743 / (80 /((1,618.63 /284)2 – 1))
TD = 0.23
The computed setting above as reflected to 13.8 kV (284 x

67/13.8 = 1,379 A) provides overcurrent protection for the
main 13.8 kV copper bus bar conductor with a total ampacity
of 2,450 A.

Figure 4.9.3: Current Carrying Capacity of Copper Bus Bar for

Main Switchgear
B.8. 50P for 69kV Circuit Breaker

The instantaneous setting for 69kV phase overcurrent relay
should be set above the magnetizing inrush current of a
power transformer to disallow nuisance tripping of 69 kV
circuit breaker during energization and be set equal to or
greater than the maximum through-fault current. The
magnetizing inrush current of a power transformer is
typically 8-12 times the normal full load current of
transformer at 0.1 second.
The magnetizing inrush current of the 20/26/33 MVA power

transformer is:
Inrush Current = 12 x Transformer Normal Full Load
Current

where:
Transformer Normal Full Load Current is the current
at Oil-immersed, self-cooled (OA) rating.
Normal Full Load Current = OA kVA rating /(√3 x kV pri)
= 20,000 / (√3 x 67)

= 172.35 A
Inrush Current = 12 x 172.35 ≈ 2,068.2 A at 0.1 s
At infinite bus, the maximum through-fault current that a

power transformer will experience is the value resulted from
the ratio between the full-load current of transformer’s OA
rating and percent impedance or ITF = IFL / %IZ. The
calculated maximum through-fault current was:
ITF = IFL(@20MVA) / %IZ
ITF = 172.35 / 0.0812 ≈ 2,122.45 A
When setting the 69 kV-50P at 120% of maximum through-

fault current would have a result of approximately 2,550 A
(1.2 x 2,122.45) which is also above inrush current. Since
the NGCP Davao Substation Circuit Breaker (Davao Line 1)
– 50P was set to 6,752 A; the instantaneous setting can be
set between the inrush current or maximum through-fault
current and the NGCP Davao Substation Circuit Breaker
(Davao Line 1) – 50P. Hence, it is safe to set the 69 kV-50P
at 2,800 A.
Current Setting = 2,800A / CTR

= 2,800 / 80
= 35 A (at secondary, trip time = 0.05 s)

It is important to check the coordination of the 69 kV

overcurrent relay settings with that of the NGCP Davao
Substation Circuit Breaker (Davao Line 1) overcurrent relay
settings. To verify further, the operating time of each relays
was obtained at instantaneous setting of the Maa substation
69 kV-50P.
69 kV-50P setting = 2,800 A at 0.05 s operating time

Operating Time for NGCP Davao Substation Circuit
Breaker (Davao Line 1) 69 kV-51P at 2,800A
Top = TD x (80 / (M2 – 1))
Top = 0.10 x (80 / ((2,800/992)2 -1))
Top = 1.148 s
Based on the calculated operating time above, the NGCP

Davao Substation Circuit Breaker (Davao Line 1) 69 kV line
overcurrent relay would have sufficient margin to allow the
downstream 69 kV Maa substation overcurrent relay to
operate first. The NGCP Davao Substation Circuit Breaker
(Davao Line 1) 69 kV-51P would trip at 1.148 second after
the Maa substation 69 kV-50P operated at 69 kV bus 3-P
fault of 2,800 A.
C. Neutral/Ground Overcurrent Relays and Reclosers

(50N/51N,50G/51G)
C.1. 51N for 13.8kV Recloser
Information:
CTR = 2000:1 = 2000
SLG Fault = 3,846.13 A (@Recloser Location)
CTI (relay to relay) = 0.3 s

Setting:
Set Pick-Up Current = 265 A (0.5 x 530 A)
= 265/CTR= 265/2000 = 0.1325 A
In the calculation, the SLG fault current of 3,853.52 A at the

recloser location was used in coordinating with the upstream
protection. In this case, the protection engineer decided to
use IEC - Very Inverse (IEC-VI) curve.
IEC VI Formula:
Top = TD x (13.5 / (M – 1))
where:
= IF / Pick-up
Since the recloser is the last protective device for this feeder,
we choose the lowest time dial available which is 0.05 to
allow easy adjustment of the CTI in the future if additional
reclosers will be installed along the feeder.
Use TD = 0.05
Top = TD x (13.5 / (M – 1))
Top = 0.05 x (13.5 / ((3,846.13/265) – 1))
Top = 0.05 s
C.2. 50N for 13.8kV Recloser

Setting = (SLG fault @ Recloser Location) / 50% x Line
Capacity
= 3,846.13 / 265

C.3. 51N for 13.8kV Feeder Circuit Breakers

Information:
CTR = 600:5 = 120
SLG Fault = 9,683 A (@ 13.8 kV Bus)
CTI (relay to relay) = 0.2 – 0.3 s
Setting:
Set Pick-Up Current = 265 A (0.5 x 530 A)
= 265/CTR= 265/120 = 2.21A
Operating Time (top-51NF13.8) = Top-Recloser+ CTI

= 0.05 + 0.2
top-51NF13.8 = 0.25 s
In the calculation, the SLG fault current of 9,683 A

occurred at the 13.8 kV bus was used in coordinating the
80K lateral fuse with the upstream protection. In this
case, the protection engineer decided to use IEC - Very
Inverse (IEC-VI) curve.
IEC VI Formula:
Top = TD x (13.5 / (M – 1))
where:
= IF / Pick-up
Solving for the TD,

TD = Top / (13.5 / (M – 1)
TD = 0.25 / (13.5 / ((3,846.13 /265) – 1))

TD = 0.25
C.4. 50N for 13.8kV Feeder Circuit Breakers

Setting = (SLG fault @ 13.8 kV Bus) / CTR
= 9,683 /120
C.5. 51N for 13.8kV Main Circuit Breaker

Information:
CTR = 1500:5 = 300
SLG Fault = 9,683 A (@13.8 kV Bus)
Setting:
(FA2 Rating) @ 13.8 kV side
Set Pick-Up Current = 0.35 x 1381 = 483.35

= 483.35/CTR= 483.35/300 =
1.611A
Operating Time (top-51NF13.8) = TD x (13.5 / (M – 1))
Top = 0.25 x (13.5 / ((9,683/265) – 1))
Top = 0.095 s
Operating Time (top-51NM13.8) = Feeder Relay

Operating Time + CTI
= 0.095 + 0.2
top-51NM13.8 = 0.295
In the calculation, the SLG fault current of 9,683 A occurred

at the 13.8 kV bus was used in coordinating the feeder relay

with the upstream protection. In this case, the protection

engineer tried to use IEC - Very Inverse (IEC-EI) curve.
IEC VI Formula:
Top = TD x (13.5 / (M – 1))
where:
= IF / Pick-up
Solving for the TD,

TD = Top / (13.5 / (M – 1)
TD = 0.295 / (13.5 / ((9,683 /483.35) – 1))
TD = 0.42
C.6. 50N for 13.8kV Main Circuit Breaker

The neutral instantaneous setting of 13.8 kV main relay
is not necessary to activate as this is just close at the
13.8 kV feeder overcurrent relays. Setting the 50N may
cause simultaneous tripping with 50N of the 13.8 kV
feeder relay during the SLG fault near at the 13.8 kV bus.
Selectivity would be compromised when this happens. For
this reason, the 50P was left DISABLED.
C.7. 51G for 13.8kV Transformer’s Neutral

Information:
CTR = 1500:5 = 300
SLG Fault = 9,683 A

Setting:
Pick-Up Current = 30% - 50% x Transformer’s FLA at
13.8kV
Set Pick-Up Current = 0.35 x 1,381
= 480/CTR
= 480/300 = 1.6 A
Operating Time (top-51NM13.8) = TD x (13.5 / (M – 1))

Top = 0.42 x (13.5 / ((9,683/483.35) – 1))
Top = 0.2979 s
Operating Time (top51G13.8-) = top-51NM13.8 + CTI

= 0.2979 + 0.2
top-51G13.8 = 0.4979 s
To coordinate with the downstream relay, 13.8 kV Main-

51N, it is recommended to use IEC Very Inverse Curve.
The 51G pick-up current also considered the neutral
conductor capacity of 4/0 bare CU at 480A.
Top = TD x (13.5 / (M – 1))
where:
= IF / Pick-up
Solving for the TD,

TD = Top / (13.5 / (M – 1)
TD = 0.4979 / (13.5 / ((9,683 /480) – 1))
TD = 0.71

C.8. 50G for 13.8kV Transformer’s Neutral

The ground instantaneous setting of transformer’s neutral
is not necessary to activate as this is just close at the
13.8 kV feeder overcurrent relays. Setting the 50G may
cause simultaneous tripping with 50N of the 13.8 kV main
during the SLG fault near at the 13.8 kV bus. Selectivity
would be compromised when this happens. For this
reason, the 50G was left DISABLED.
D.7. 51N for 69kV Circuit Breaker

Fault currents were not seen on the delta side 51N relay
as shown in Figure 4.9.5 when single line-to-ground
faults occur on the wye side of a Dyn1 transformer.
Consequently, there was no need to coordinate the two
relays when setting 51N relay of the delta side. The
lowest available time dial setting could be applied to the
delta side 51N relay which in result provided fast
operation in a SLG fault near the 69kV circuit breaker.
However, if the upstream 51N relay settings were not
considered, the selectivity of the 51N relays may be put
at risk. It is therefore necessary that when setting the
delta side 51N relay, it should operate first before the
upstream 51N relay.
Information:
CTR = 400:5 = 80
SLG Fault = 1,878.53 A (at 69kV bus)
Setting:
Pick-Up Current = 30%-50% x 69 kV-51P
Set Pick-Up Current = 0.50 x 284 = 142 A

= 142/CTR = 142/80 = 1.775 A
Select Operating Time (top-51N69) = 0.05 s at 69 kV bus

SLG fault of 2,122.45 A (maximum through-fault
current).
Using IEC-Very Inverse Curve:
Top = TD x (13.5 / (M – 1))
where:
= IF / Pick-up
Solving for the TD,

TD = Top / (13.5 / (M – 1)
TD = 0.05 / (13.5 / ((2,122.45/142) – 1))
TD = 0.05
D.8. 50N for 69kV Circuit Breaker

Select Current Setting = 2,800 A
= Current Setting / CTR
= 2,800/80
= 35 A (at secondary, trip time = 0.05 s

Figure 4.9.4: Delta-Side Currents at Wye-Side SLG Fault

Table 4.9.2: Calculated Phase Overcurrent Relay Settings
Table 4.9.3: Calculated Neutral/Ground Overcurrent Relay Settings

4.10. Coordination Plot

Using ETAP software, the time current characteristic curves (TCC) of
overcurrent relays, recloser and fuse were then plotted. The purpose
of these graphs is to illustrate how the overcurrent relays, reclosers
and fuses are coordinated without reaching the damage curves of the
equipment.
A. TCC Curves–50P/51P, Recloser and Fuse at 13.8 kV Currents
B. TCC Curves – 50N/51N, Recloser and Fuse at 13.8 kV Currents
C. TCC Curves – 50N/51N at 69 kV Currents

Figure 4.10.1: TCC Curves–50P/51P at 13.8 kV Currents

Figure 4.10.2: TCC Curves–50N/51N at 13.8 kV Currents

Figure 4.10.3: TCC Curves–50N/51N 69kV Currents

4.11. Safety Analysis Calculation
4.11.1 Interrupting Capacity of Protective Equipment
The maximum computed fault duties at the 13.8 kV and 69 kV levels

were compared with the interrupting rating of the circuit breakers in
the Maa Substation.
Equipment Data
At the primary side (69kV)
2-units SF6 Circuit Breaker, Alstom, Type DT1-72.5FK F1, 72.5
kV , 2000 A, 40 kAIC
At the secondary side (13.8kV)

Air insulated switchgear, Siemens, Type Simoprime A4, 15 kV,
2000A Main and 630A Feeders, 25 kAIC
Note: The interrupting ratings of the 15 kV and 69 kV breakers

above are based on ANSI C37.06-2000, as shown in Table 4.11.1.
Table 4.11.1: Maximum Fault Duties and the

Interrupting Ratings of Circuit Breakers
Voltage Maximum Fault Interrupting

Percentage Limit
Level (kV) Duty (A) Rating (kA)
69 kV 2,766.56 40 6.9% 90%
13.8 kV 10,609.86 25 42.44% 90%
The 90% limit of fault duty to kAIC rating is set as guideline by ERC
Resolution 17 (resolution adopting the investor-owned electric
distribution planning manual, Section 3.4 under Safety Analysis.

4.11.2. Substation Grounding Grid Design Calculation and

Evaluation
A. Design Data
Fault duration (clearing time), tf = 0.5 seconds

Transformer impedance, %IZ = 8.12% (69 KV)
Current division factor, Sf (see computation below) = 70%
Soil Resistivity,  (see test result below) = 16.78 -m
*Crushed Rock Resistivity (dry), s = 4000 -m
Thickness of crushed rock surfacing, hs = 0.152 m (6 in)
Depth of grid burial, h = 0.65 m
Available grounding area, A = 2,167 m2
Note: * – Resistivity of 1.5 in crusher run granite with fines

(Reference: IEEE Std 80-2000 Table 9-4)
B. Design Evaluation Procedure
B.1. Soil resistivity measurements
In order to derive a soil model that is a good approximation of

the actual soil, a soil resistivity test was conducted inside the
substation. Several measurements were done, each with
different probe distances. It should be noted here that
distances of the probe vary in direct proportion with the depth
of the soil resistivity that is being measured.

Figure 4.11.1: Soil Resistivity Test Result at Maa Substation
B.2. Grounding Conductor Sizing
In this section, the appropriate symmetrical fault duty is

identified which will be used in the substation grid design. By
default, the highest single line to ground fault, as computed in
the previous section on Fault Calculation, is considered.
However, since this does not account for future growth in the
distribution network of the utility, a more appropriate approach
is to arrive at an "infinite bus" method. Both values are then
compared and the higher fault current duty is used in the
grounding grid design.

B.2.1. Fault Current Determination
SLG at 13.8kV bus = 9,683 A
Using "infinite bus" fault analysis,

Assuming an “infinite bus” fault analysis, the
symmetrical single-line-to-ground fault current If = 3 I0,
and is computed using the equation below
I base
I0 
X1  X 2  X 0
X1 , X2 , X0 = %IZtrafo x (MVAbase / MVAreference)

= 0.0812 x (100 / 33 )
X1 , X2 , X0 = 0.246
Ibase (13.8 kV side) = MVAbase / (3 Vline)

= 100,000 / (3 x 13.8)
Ibase (13.8 kV side) = 4,183.82 A
Therefore,
I1F = [IBASE / (Z1F + Z2F + Z0F)]
I1F = [4,183.82/ (0.246 + 0.246 + 0.246)]
I1F = 5,669.13 A
ISLG = 3 x I1F = 3 x 5,669.13 = 17,007.4 A
If infinite bus = 17,007.4 A
Comparing the highest computed SLG Fault duty 9,683 A with

the value arrived using infinite bus method 17,007.4 A, it will
appear the latter is 75.6% more. This should be enough to
account for the future growth of the distribution network where
Maa Substation is connected. Therefore the infinite bus fault

current of 17,007.4 A is used in the grounding grid design and

evaluation.
B.2.2. Grounding Conductor Sizing

Assuming the use of soft-drawn bare copper wire and an
ambient temperature of 40 0C, the equation below is used to
obtain the required conductor cross-sectional area. For 0.5
seconds clearing time and a melting temperature of 1083 0C,
the cross-sectional area needed in circular mils is
Akcmil  I f  K f  t c
where Kf = the material constant given in Table 2

of IEEE Std 80-2000 and is equal to 7.0
for soft-drawn annealed copper
tc = fault clearing time
If = fault current, in kA
Akcmil = 17,007.4 x 7.0 x 0.5
= 84.18 kcmil
= 42.56 mm2
d 2
Amm 2 
4
d = 7.36 mm  required diameter
Reference: IEEE Std 80-2000
Based on this computation, a copper wire as small as size #1

AWG could be used, but due to the mechanical strength,
ruggedness, and anticipation for future facility increase, a
larger 4/0 AWG stranded conductor with diameter of 11.68 mm
is hereby preferred by the designer.

B.3. Setting the Touch and Step Potentials Criteria
B.3.1. Reduction Factor Cs

The reduction factor Cs is contributed by the surfacing
material spread over the substation site.
Known Data: s = resistivity of surfacing material
= 4000 -m
 = resistivity of substation soil
= 16.78 -m
hs = thickness of crushed rock surfacing
= 0.152 m (6 in)
Computing for Cs:


0.09(1  )
s
Cs  1 
2hs  0.09
16.78
0.09(1− )
4000
𝐶𝑆 = 1 −
2(0.152)+0.09
Cs = 0.773  reduction factor
B.3.2. Tolerable Limits of Body Current
k
IB 
ts
where
IB = rms magnitude of the current thru the
body in amps
ts = duration of the current exposure in
seconds
= equivalent to the fault clearing time, 0.5 sec
k= constant related to electric shock energy

For a person weighing 50 kg (110 lbs), k = 0.116

For a person weighing 70 kg (155 lbs), k = 0.157
For this design, in order to employ a conservative approach,

the constant k=0.116 for a 50 kg person will be used. Thus,
IB = 0.116 / √0.5 = 0.164 Amps
B.3.3. Touch and Step Potentials
Estep  ( RB  2R f ) * I B
Rf
Etouch  ( RB  )* IB
2
where Estep = Step voltage in volts

Etouch = Touch voltage in volts
RB = Resistance of the human body to
electric current.
RB is generally estimated to be
1000  for dc and 50 or 60 Hz
ac current
Rf = Ground resistance of 1 foot
= Cs*3s
= 0.773 * 3(4000)
= 9276 
Estep = (1000 + (2x9276))x 0.164

Estep = 3,207 volts  Step Potential Limit
9276
E touch  (1000  ) * 0.164
2
Etouch = 925 volts  Touch Potential Limit

B.4. Setting the Touch and Step Potentials Criteria

A grid area of A=2,167 m2 (approximately 1 meter from the
substation fence) is assumed with conductors spaced equally in
4 meter square. Depth of burial h = 0.65 m and approximate
total length of buried conductors LT = 1,172 m. For initial
design, it is also assumed that no ground rods will be installed.
A = 1,530 m2
h = 0.65 m
LT = 1,172 m
B.5. Determination of the Grid Resistance
1 1  1 
Rg     1  
 LT 20 A  1  h 20 / A 
where Rg = grid resistance

LT = total length of buried conductors
= 1,172 m
A = grid area
= 2,167 m2
h = depth of buried conductors
= 0.65 m
 = soil resistivity measured at the
substation site
= 16.78 -m
1 1 1
𝑅𝑔 = 16.78 { + (1 + )}
1172 √20(2167) 1 + 0.65√20/2167
Rg = 0.171   grid resistance

B.6. Maximum Grid Current, IG
B.6.1. Current division factor (Split Factor), Sf
Based on the computed grid resistance Rg =0.171  above, the

split factor can be determined using the figure below from IEEE
Std 80 Draft 13. From this graphical analysis, the
corresponding split factor Sf = 70%
Figure 4.11.2 Approximate Split Factor
Figure 4.6.2

B.6.2. Maximum Grid Current, IG

IG = Sf x If
IG = 0.70 x 17,007.4
IG = 11,905.18 A
B.7. Ground Potential Rise (GPR)

GPR = IG x RG
GPR = 17,007.4 x 0.171 = 2,908.27 Volts
Comparing the Ground Potential Rise (GPR) and the Touch

Potential (ETouch), where GPR = 2,908.27 V and ETouch = 925 V,
it can be seen that GPR > ETouch. Therefore, further design
evaluations are necessary.
B.8. Design Mesh Voltage, Em
  Km  Ki  IG
Em 
LT
where  = Soil resistivity, -m

Km = Spacing factor for mesh voltage,
simplified method
Ki = Correction factor for grid
geometry, simplified method
IG = Maximum grid current that flows
between the ground grid and the
surrounding earth, amperes
LT = Effective length of buried
conductors and rods

The geometrical factor Km is expressed by the equation
1   D2 ( D  2 * h) 2 h  K ii  8 
Km  ln     * ln  
2 *   16 * h * d 8* D * d 4 * d  Kh   (2 * n  1)  
where D = Spacing between parallel conductors in meters

(4m)
d = Diameter of grid conductors in meters
h = Depth of ground grid conductors in meters
n = Geometric factor composed of factors na, nb, nc,
and nd
Kh = Corrective weighing factor that emphasizes the
effects of grid depth, simplified method
Kii = Corrective weighting factor that adjusts for the
effects of inner conductors on the corner mesh
Solving for Kii, Kh, n, and Ki
Kii = 1 (for grids with ground rods along

the perimeter)
h
Kh  1
h0
h0 = 1 m (grid reference depth)
0.65
Kh  1
1.0
Kh = 1.285
n = na * nb * nc * nd
where na = 2*Lc / Lp
= 2*(1,172/220)
na = 10.65
nb = 1 for square grids

nc = 1 for square and

rectangular grids
nd = 1 for square, rectangular,
and L-shaped grids
Lc = Total length of the
conductor
= 1,172 meters
Lp = Peripheral length of the
grid
= 220 meters
n = 10.65 * 1 * 1 * 1
n = 10.65
Ki = 0.644 + 0.148 n
= 0.644 + 0.148 (10.65)
Ki = 2.22
Solving for Km
1 42 (4 + (2 ∗ 0.65))2 0.65 1
𝐾𝑚 = [𝑙𝑛 [ + − ]+
2 16(0.65)(0.01168) (8 ∗ 4 ∗ 0.01168) (4 ∗ 0.01168) 1.285
8
∗ 𝑙𝑛 [ ]]
((2 ∗ 10.65) − 1)
Km = 0.71
Solving for Design Mesh Voltage, Em
  Km  Ki  IG
Em 
LT
16.78 ∗ 0.71∗ 2.22 ∗ 11,905.18
𝐸𝑚 =
1,172
Em = 268.66 Volts

Comparing the Design Mesh Voltage (Em) with the Touch

Potential (ETouch), where ETouch = 925 V and Em = 268.66 V, it
can be seen that Em < ETouch. The design, therefore, passes
the touch potential test.
B.9. Calculating the Design Step Voltage, Es
  K s  Ki  I G
Es 
Ls
where  = Soil resistivity, -m

Ks = Spacing factor for step voltage,
simplified method
Ki = Correction factor for grid
geometry, simplified method
IG = Maximum grid current that flows
between ground grid and
surrounding earth in amperes
Ls = Effective length of buried
conductors
B.9.1. Solving for the spacing factor, Ks
1 1 1 1 
Ks     (1  0.5n2 )
 2h D  h D 
where D = Spacing between parallel conductors, m

h = Depth of ground grid conductors, m
n = Geometric factor
1 1 1 1
𝐾𝑠 = [ + (4+0.65) + (1 − 0.5(10.65−2) )]
 2∗0.65 4
Ks = 0.3926

B.9.2. Solving for the Design Step Voltage, Es
  K s  Ki  I G
Es 
Ls
25.686  0.393  2.25  7162

Es 
879
16.78 ∗ 0.3926 ∗ 2.22 ∗ 11,905.18

𝐸𝑚 =
1,172
Es = 148.56 Volts
Comparing the Design Step Voltage (Es) with the Step Potential
(EStep), where EStep = 3,207 V and Es = 148.56 V, it can be seen that
Es < EStep. The design, therefore, passes the step potential test.
B.10. Summary and Evaluation on Grounding Grid Design
Table 4.11.2: Summary of Computed Limits and

Design of Step and Touch Voltage
TEST LIMITS (V) DESIGN (V) COMPARISON EVALUATION
Step 3,207 (EStep) 148.56 (ES) Es < EStep PASSED
Touch 925 (ETouch) 268.66 (EM) Em < ETouch PASSED
The procedure done in this section proves that the design using the
criteria below is acceptable and will provide safety of personnel and
equipment within the substation area. The design further provides
for future expansion of the substation and growth in the distribution
network of LIGHT within the cluster where Maa Substation is
connected.
Grounding Design Criteria

Area = 2,167 m2
Distance between parallel conductors = 4 meters
Total Length of buried conductors = 1,172 meters

Size of buried conductors = 4/0 AWG bare copper, soft drawn

Soil resistivity (computed) = 16.78 ohm-meter
4.12. Reliability Assessment

Reliability assessment here is focused on the city south cluster of the
substations where reliability indices on unplanned SAIFI, SAIDI, and
CAIDI are compared based on established average of historical years
and the corresponding standard deviation values.
4.12.1. Raw Data of Unplanned Power Interruptions

Source: LIGHT and Power Company Outage Management
System (Years 2008-2014)
Table 4.12.1. Unplanned Power Outages for City South

Cluster Substations for 2008-2014


The data in the table above is a consolidation of the yearly recorded

power interruptions for all distribution feeders of Bangkal, Matina and
Ecoland Substations. Interruptions related to manual load dropping
due to supply shortage problems in 2014 are not accounted.
4.12.2. Unplanned SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI
Formula:
SAIFI = Total Number of Customer Interruptions per year
SAIDI =  Customer Interruption Durations in hours per year
CAIDI = SAIDI in hours per interruption
SAIFI
Reference: The Electric Power Engineering Handbook by L.L. Grigsby,

Chapter 13, page 58
Sample calculations from Table 4.12.1:

For Bangkal Feeder 1 in 2008
SAIFI = FrequencyBANGKAL FDR1 / No. of CustomersBANGKAL FDR1
SAIFI = 15 / 8,748 = 0.00171
SAIDI = Interruption DurationBANGKAL FDR1 / No.of
CustomersBANGKAL FDR1
SAIDI = 3.31 / 8,748 = 0.000378 hours
CAIDI = SAIDI / SAIFI
= 0.00171 / 0.000378 = 0.22067 hours per
interruption

Summarized in Table 4.12.2 below is the 7 year annual unplanned

SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI
Table 4.12.2. Annual Unplanned SAIFI, SAIDI and CAIDI for

City South Cluster Substations (2008-2014)
4.12.3. Evaluation Criteria for Reliability Indices
Criteria 1 - Set by ERC Resolution 17 Series of 2011

SAIFI < 20 interruptions per year
SAIDI < 45 hours per year
Criteria 2 - Using the criteria set by ERC Position Paper
on Regulatory Reset for 3rd Entry Group into
PBR dated Dec 8, 2008

Table 4.12.3. Evaluation Criteria for SAIFI under ERC

PBR Position Paper
Table 4.12.4. Evaluation Criteria for CAIDI under ERC

PBR Position Paper

Computing for the standard deviation of SAIFI,

First, calculate the deviations of each data point (from Table 4.12.2)
from the average, and square each:
(0.05383 - 0.02238)2 = 0.000989
(0.02645 - 0.02238)2 = 0.000017
(0.01903 - 0.02238)2 = 0.000011
(0.01328 - 0.02238)2 = 0.000083
(0.01387 - 0.02238)2 = 0.000072
(0.01633 - 0.02238)2 = 0.000037
(0.01389 - 0.02238)2 = 0.000072
Second, calculate the variance by taking the average of the deviations

variance = (0.000989+0.000017+0.000011+0.000083+0.000072
+0.000037+ 0.000072) / 7
variance = 0.000183
Solve for standard deviation,

standard deviation =  variance =  0.000183 = 0.013527
Computing for the standard deviation of CAIDI,

First, calculate the deviations of each data point (from Table 4.12.2)
from the average, and square each:
(1.72118 - 3.25804)2 = 2.361931
(3.04211 - 3.25804)2 = 0.046624
(4.40917 - 3.25804)2 = 1.325105
(4.33201 - 3.25804)2 = 1.153421
(3.75504 - 3.25804)2 = 0.247009
(3.28410 - 3.25804)2 = 0.000679
(2.26265 - 3.25804)2 = 0.990794

variance =(2.361931 + 0.046624 + 1.325105 + 1.153421 +

0.247009 + .000679 + .990794)/7
variance = 0.875081
standard deviation =  variance =  0.875081 = 0.935457
4.12.4. Evaluating the Performance for 2016 with Maa

Substation
In the performance assessment of the city south cluster with the
entry of Maa Substation in 2016, it is expected to help improve the
existing parameters of the cluster. We cannot measure its SAIFI,
SAIDI and CAIDI as of the moment since the substation is not yet
energized. As a result, we do not have an actual data that we can
use in computing the SAIFI, SAIDI and CAIDI of the city south
cluster with Maa Substation.
4.13. Arc Flash Analysis

IEEE Standard 1584-2002 contains calculation methods developed
through testing by several sources to determine boundary distances
for unprotected personnel and the incident energy at the working
distance for qualified personnel working on energized equipment. The
incident energy level can be used to determine the proper PPE
required for personnel.
The calculations for arc flash analysis are based on IEEE Std 1584-
2002 and are summarized into the succeeding steps.
A. Determine the Arcing Current
Formula for applications 1000V and higher

log Ia = 0.00402 + 0.983 log Ibf
Converting logarithm

Ia = 10 log Ia
where
log = log 10
Ia = arcing fault current (kA)

Ibf = bolted fault current for 3-phase fault (kA)
A.1. Arcing Current at the 69 kV power circuit breakers

Three Phase Fault at 69 kV bus = 2.766 kA
log Ia = 0.00402 + 0.983 log Ibf

log Ia = 0.00402 + 0.983 log (2.766)
log Ia = 0.43836
Ia = 10 log Ia
Ia = 10 0.43836
Ia = 2.7438 kA
A.2. Arcing Current at the 13.8 kV indoor switchgear

Three Phase Fault at 13.8 kV bus = 7.856 kA
log Ia = 0.00402 + 0.983 log Ibf

log Ia = 0.00402 + 0.983 log (7.856)
log Ia = 0.884
Ia = 10 log Ia
Ia = 10 0.885
Ia = 7.656 kA

B. Determine the Incident Energy

The following equation based on Lee method should be used for the
arcing fault current Ia determined in the first step for locations
where voltage is 15kV and above.
E = 5.12 x 105 V Ibf (t/D2)
where
E = incident energy (cal/cm2)
t = arcing time (seconds)
D = distance from the possible arc point to the
person (mm)
= assumed at 750 mm
Ibf = bolted fault current for 3-phase fault (kA)
V = system voltage
The arcing time t is the clearing time for the source-side protecting
device that clears the fault first.
On the other hand, the following equations are used to determine

the incident energy for locations where the voltage is 15 kV and
below.
log En = K1 + K2 + 1.081log Ia + 0.0011G

t 610x
E = Cf En ( )( )
0.2 Dx
where:
En = is the incident energy (cal/cm2) normalized for time
and distance
Ia = arcing fault current (kA)
G = gap between conductors in mm (see table 4.13.1)
K1 = is -0.792 for open configurations

= is -0.555 for box configurations

K2 = is 0 for ungrounded or high resistance grounded
System
= is -0.113 for grounded systems
t = arcing time (seconds)
Cf = is the calculation factor
= 1.0 for voltage above 1 kV
= 1.5 for voltages at or below 1 kV
D = distance from the possible arc point to the
person (mm)
x = is the distance exponent from table 4.13.1
Table 4.13.1.: Factors for Equipment and Voltage Classes
B.1. Incident Energy at the 69 kV Circuit Breaker

Since the power circuit breakers are rated at 3 cycles interrupting
time and the extended transformer differential relays operate at
approximately 10 ms,
Clearing time of protective device (t),
t = relay operating time + breaker opening time
t = 0.01 + (3/60) = 0.06 s

Solving for E,
E = 5.12 x 105 V Ibf (t/D2)
E = (5.12 x 105) (69) (2.766) (0.06/7502)
E = 10.42 cal/cm2
B.2. Incident Energy at the 13.8 kV Indoor Switchgear

Considering that the switchgear is rated at 3 cycles interrupting
time and the arc flash relays operate at approximately 10 ms,
Clearing time of protective device (t),

t = relay operating time + breaker opening time
t = 0.01 + (3/60) = 0.06 s
Solving for E,
log En = K1 + K2 + 1.081log Ia + 0.0011G
log En = -0.555 + (-0.113) + 1.081log 7.656 + 0.0011(153)
log En = 2.857
t 610x
E = Cf En ( )( )
0.2 Dx
0.06 6100.973
E = (1)(2.857)( )( )
0.2 (750)0.973
E = 0.70 cal/cm2
C. Determine the Flash Boundary

The flash boundary is the distance from an arcing fault where the
incident energy is equal to 1.2 cal/cm2 in which a person would be
exposed to a curable second degree burn.
Based on Lee method used for voltages above 15 kV, the

empirically derived model is

 t 
DB  5.12x105VI bf  
 B
E
where
DB = distance of the boundary from the arcing point
(mm)
Ibf = bolted fault current for three phase fault (kA)
V = system voltage (kV)
EB = incident energy in cal/cm2 at the boundary
Distance
On the other hand, the following formula is used for locations with
voltages 15 kV and below.
1
t 610x x
DB = [Cf En ( )( )]
0.2 EB
C.1. Flash Boundary at the 69 kV circuit breaker
 t 
DB  5.12x105VI bf  
 EB 
0.06
DB = √(5.12 x 105 )(69)(2.766)( )
1.2
DB = 2,210.4 mm
C.2. Flash Boundary at the 13.8 kV Indoor Switchgear

1
t 610x x
DB = [Cf En ( )( )]
0.2 EB
1
0.06 6100.973 0.973
DB = [(1)(2.857)( )( )]
0.2 1.2
DB = 431.64 mm

D. Determine the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment

(PPE) based on NFPA-70E-2004 Application
NFPA-70E adopted IEEE Std. 1584-2002 methods for determining
the incident energy and named this standard NFPA 70E Standard
for Employee Safety in the workplace 2004 edition. This standard
is used to determine the appropriate PPE based on the incident
energy calculated. PPE is rated by the Arc Thermal Performance
Value (ATPV) with units in cal/cm2. The required PPE is determined
by comparing the calculated incident energy to the ratings for
specific combinations of PPE as shown in the table below.
Table 4.13.2. Protective Clothing Characteristics
D.1. 69 kV Circuit Breaker

E = 10.42 cal/cm2
Personal Protective Equipment (based on Table 4.13.2)
Hazard/Risk Category: 2
Typical Protective Clothing: Cotton underwear, plus FR shirt
and FR pants
Required Minimum Arc Rating of PPE (cal/cm2): 8

D.2. 13.8 kV Switchgear,

E = 0.70 cal/cm2
Personal Protective Equipment (based on Table 4.13.2)
Hazard/Risk Category: 0
Typical Protective Clothing: Non-melting, flammable materials
(natural or treated materials with at least 4.5 oz/yd2
Required Minimum Arc Rating of PPE (cal/cm2): 1.2
Figure 4.13.1: 69 kV Arc Flash Sticker

Figure 4.13.2: 13.8 kV Arc Flash Sticker

4.14. Voltage Calculation

In this section, the system voltage drops were calculated from the
source voltage up to the farthest end of the substation feeder. The
assumed source voltage (Vs) at NGCP Davao Line 1 Breaker is 1.0
∠0 degree.
Figure 4.14.1 – Impedance Diagram with

Substations and Feeder Loads
Figure 4.14.1 illustrates the impedance diagram with the single phase
loads of Bangkal, Matina and Ecoland substation. The model was used
to simulate the effects of the existing and future loads of the power
system.
4.14.1 Method in Solving P and Q equivalent loads

Reference in solving P and Q loads: IEEE Std 399-1997, Power
Systems Analysis, chapter 4, page 47.
A. Determine the P and Q of loads using the forecasted peak loads

from 2016 to 2029. Determine the single phase equivalent power.

A power factor of 0.95 was assumed to determine the equivalent

Q loads.
Table 4.14.1 – Substation Loading at Normal Condition

With Maa Substation
B. Bangkal (S1), Matina (S2) and Ecoland (S3) complex power were
obtained.
C. Maa substation loads were allocated to S4, S5, and S6. Feeder 1,
Feeder 2 and Feeder 4 loads (S4) were lumped at the main 13.8
kV bus with a percent allocation of 62.36%, while the remaining
37.64% loads was allocated to the longest feeder, Feeder 3. The
allocation factor was determined using the actual average loading
per feeders.

Table 4.14.2 – Average Loading Per Feeder
Feeder 3 loads (S5 and S6) were determined using the exact lumped
method. S5 and S6 is 2/3 and 1/3 of the longest feeder total load and
loads were lumped at ¼ and ¾ of total feeder length respectively.
ZLine9 = 1/4 (ZLine7) ZLine10 = 3/4 (ZLine7)
D. The loads were then converted to per unit using a 100 MVA base.
4.14.2. Method of Voltage Iteration Calculation

In this analysis, the ladder iterative technique was used as described
in the reference book, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis,
pages 324 to 330.
A. The node or bus voltages are set to Vnode = Vs = 1 ∠ 0 degree.

B. Start calculation at the farthest branch of the circuits. The
currents were calculated by taking the conjugate of the load
divided by the initial voltage set at the node.

C. The “backward sweep” will determine the computed source

voltage Vs by using the KVL and KCL principle.
D. Compare the error, it must be less than 0.001 per-unit,
otherwise perform the “forward sweep”. Use the specified
source voltage and the line currents from the “backward
sweep”.
E. In the next iteration, substitute the new computed node
voltages and repeat the procedure until the difference between
the computed and specified voltage at the source voltage is
within a given tolerance.
4.14.3. Calculation of 2029 Loads Conversion to Per Unit
A. Equivalent single phase load of P1 (Bangkal load):

P1, active power (MW)1P = 7.98 / 3 = 2.66 MW
B. Calculating Q1 reactive Power (Bangkal load):
Q1, reactive Power (MVar)1P = √(P/0.95)2 − P2
Q1 = √(2.66/0.95)2 − (2.66)2 = 0.874 MVar
C. Complex power S1 Conversion to per unit (Bangkal load):

Base MVA = 100 MVA
P1, active power (MW) = 2.66 / 100 = 0.02667 p.u.
Q1, reactive power (MVar) = 0.874 / 100 = 0.00874 p.u.
S1, complex power (MVA) = 0.0266 - j 0.00874 p.u.
Note, S2 and S3, complex power (Matina and Ecoland load) was
also computed in the same manner.
D. Active power, P, of Maa Feeders:

P4 = Maa total x 62.36% / 3 = 21.402 x 62.36% / 3
P4 = 4.4487 MW

P5 = Maa total x 37.64% x (2/3) / 3

P5 = 21.402 x 37.64% x (2/3) / 3 = 1.7906 MW
P6 = Maa total x 37.64% x (1/3) / 3
P6 = 21.402 x 37.64% x (1/3) / 3 = 0.8951 MW
E. Reactive Power, Q, of Maa Feeders:
Q4 = √(P/0.95)2 − P2 = √(4.4487/0.95)2 − (4.4487)2

Q4 = 1.4622 MVar
Q5 = √(P/0.95)2 − P2 = √(1.7906/0.95)2 − (1.7906)2

Q5 = 0.5885 Mvar
Q6 = √(P/0.95)2 − P2 = √(0.8951/0.95)2 − (0.8951)2

Q6 = 0.2942 Mvar
F. S4, S5, S6 Conversion to per unit:

Base MVA = 100 MVA
P4, Real Power (MW) = 4.4487 / 100 = 0.044487 p.u.
Q4, Reactive Power (MVar) = 1.4622 / 100 = 0.014622 p.u.
S4, Apparent Power (MVA) = 0.044487 - j 0.014622 p.u.
P5, Real Power (MW) = 1.7906 / 100 = 0.017906 p.u.

P6, Real Power (MW) = 0.8951 / 100 = 0.008951 p.u.

4.14.4. Calculation of System Voltage Drop

The basic principles of Ohm’s Law, Kirchoff’s Voltage (KVL) and
Current Law (KCL) were applied in the subsequent calculations.

Formula of Load Currents;

In = (Sn/Vn)
Iteration 1:
Set V6 = 10O
Calculate current at node 6:
I6 = (S6/V6) = (0.008951 - j0.00294) / 10O
I6 = 0.008951 - j0.00294
V5 = (I6 x ZLine10) + V6
V5 = (0.008951 - j0.00294)(0.28227 + j 0.5691) + 10O
V5 = 1.0042 + j0.00426
I5 = (S5/V5) = (0.0179 – j0.00593) / 10O

I5 = 0.0179 – j0.00593
I4-5 = I6 + I5 = (0.008951 - j0.00294) + (0.0179 – j0.00593)

I4-5 = 0.02675 – j0.00887
V4 = ((I4-5) x ZLine9)+ V5
V4 = ((0.02675 – j0.00887) x (0.09409 + j0.18969))
+ 1.0042 + j0.00426
V4 = 1.00840 + j0.00850
I4 = (S4/V4) = (0.44487 – j.01462)/ (1.00840 + j0.00850)

I4 = 0.04399 - j0.01487
I3-4 = I4 + I4-5 = (0.04399 - j0.01487) + (0.02675 – j0.00887)
I3-4 = 0.07074 - j0.02375
ZLine4 +ZT1 = (0.01243 + j0.0640) + j0.232

ZLine4 +ZT1 = 0.01243 + j0.296

V3 = (I3-4 (ZLine4 +ZT1) + V4

V3 = (0.07074 - j0.02375)(0.01243 + j0.296)+(1.00840 + j0.00850)
V3 = 1.0163 + j0.02915
I3 = (S3/V3) = (0.07315 – j0.02404)/ (1.0163 + j0.02915)

I3 = 0.07124 - j0.02569
I2-3 = I3-4 + I3 = (0.07074 - j0.02375) + (0.07124 - j0.02569)

I2-3 = 0.14198 - j0.04944
V2 = (I2-3 (ZLine3) + V3
V2 = (0.14198 - j0.04944)(0.00591 + j0.0304) +
(1.0163 + j0.02915)
V2 = 1.01865 + j0.03317
I2 = (S2/V2) = (0.05541 – j0.01821)/ (1.01865 + j0.03317)

I2 = 0.05376 - j0.01963
I1-2 = I2-3 + I2 = (0.14198 - j0.04944) + (0.05376 - j0.01963)

I1-2 = 0.19574 - j0.06907
V1 = (I1-2 x ZLine2 ) + V2
V1 = (0.19574 - j0.06907)(0.00322 + j0 .0166) +
(1.01865 + j0.03317)
V1 = 1.02043 + j0.03620
I1 = (S1/V1)
I1 = (0.0266 - j0.00874) / (1.02043 + j0.03620)
I1 = 0.02573 - j0.00948
IS = I1-2 + I1

IS = (0.19574 - j0.06907) + (0.02573 - j0.00948)

IS = 0.22147 - j0.07855
VS = (IS (ZLine1)) + V1
VS = (0.22147 - j0.07855)(0.01705 + j0.0878) +
(1.02043 + j0.03620)
VS = 1.03110 + j0.05430
Compute the Error of initial Voltage:

Error = Vs – Vs(computed)
Error = 10O – (1.03110 + j0.05430)
Error = -0.03110 - j0.05430
│Error│= 0.06257 p.u.
Perform “forward sweep” since Error, 0.06257 > 0.001, is greater

than the tolerance. Substitute the latest computed node voltages in
the next iteration.
Determine the Node Voltages using the calculated currents:

Vs = 10O
V1 = Vs – IS (ZLine1)
V1 = 10O - (0.22147 - j0.07855)(0.01705 + j0.0878)
V1 = 0.98932 - j0.01809
V2 = V1 - (I1-2 x ZLine2 )
V2 = (0.98932 - j0.01809) - (0.19574 - j0.06907)
(0.00322 + j0.0166)
V2 = 0.98755 - j0.02112
V3 = V2 - (I2-3 (ZLine3)

V3 = (0.98755 - j0.02112) – (0.14198 - j0.04944)

(0.00591 + j0.0304)
V3 = 0.98520 - j0.02515
V4 = V3 - (I3-4 (ZLine4 +ZT1)

V4 = (0.98520 - j0.02515) - (0.07074 - j0.02375)(0.01243 + j0.296)
V4 = 0.97730 – j0.04579
V5 = V4 - ((I4-5) x ZLine9)
V5 = (0.97730 – j0.04579) - (0.02675 – j0.00887)
(0.09409 + j0.18969)
V5 = 0.97309 – j0.05003
V6 = V5 - (I6 x ZLine10)
V6 = (0.97309 – j0.05003) - (0.008951 - j0.00294)
(0.28227 + j 0.5691)
V6 = 0.96889 – j0.05430
│V6│= │0.96889 – j0.05430│ = 0.97041 p.u.
Substitute the updated voltages in the second iteration and perform

“backward sweep” using the method above until the error satisfies
the given tolerance.
At end of the 3rd iteration, an error of 0.000259 was computed. This

satisfies the error tolerance of 0.001 per unit. The absolute values of
the computed voltages from 2016 to 2029 were also computed using
similar approach and the results were tabulated in table 4.14.3

Table 4.14.3:2016 – 2029 Computed Voltages

Year Voltage V6 (per unit)
2016 0.9865
2017 0.9856
2018 0.9843
2019 0.9832
2020 0.9821
2021 0.9810
2022 0.9799
2023 0.9789
2024 0.9779
2025 0.9769
2026 0.9759
2027 0.9749
2028 0.9739
2029 0.9730
4.15. Performance Incentive Scheme
4.15.1 Price Cap

Under the ERC Position Paper on Regulatory Reset for the third
Entry Group into PBR dated last December 8, 2008, the Rules for
Setting Distribution Wheeling Rates (RDWR) describes a form of
Performance Based Regulation (PBR) for Regulated Distribution
Services. It sets a cap on the maximum average rates for
providing distribution wheeling services. This price cap is set for
each Regulated Entity to allow them to recover efficient
expenditure only and provide an appropriate return to investors in
the Regulated Distribution Systems. Lastly, built-in incentives exist

to further improve the efficiency of operating and capital

expenditures, as well as network and service performance levels.
Regulation occurs in four-year periods and the annual average

price-caps are set in accordance with the actual Philippines
consumer price index (CPI) and Philippine Peso/US dollar
exchange rate experienced over the Regulatory Period, modified
by an efficiency factor (X-factor) that is determined in terms of the
RDWR. This is a variant of the “CPIX” form of regulation. The price
cap formula is demonstrated below.
MAPt = [MAPt-1 {1+CWIt – X}] + St – Kt + ITAt
where:
MAPt = this year’s price per unit of electricity
MAPt-1 = previous year’s price per unit of electricity
CWIt = index of change in consumer prices (60% CPI) and
also US dollar/Philippine peso exchange rate
(40% Exchange)
X = efficiency of smoothing factor
St = service performance incentive factor
Kt = correction for revenue over or under recovery in
previous year
ITAt = correction for tax over or under recovery in
previous year
4.15.2. Price-linked incentives

A. Capturing the performance rewards or penalties
For the proposed direct reward-based incentives, the price-cap
formula includes the S-factor. St is the performance incentive

factor calculated which can be zero, positive or negative;

depending on whether actual performance against the weighted
majority of the indices has exceeded or has fallen below the
performance targets.
The calculation of the performance targets will initially be based

on historical actual performance levels by the Regulated
Distribution System.
B. Service performance indices to be measured

Pertinent to this study, some of the performance indices that will
be measured as part of the S-factor are the following:
1) System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI)
2) System average interruption duration index (SAIDI)
3) Customer average interruption duration index (CAIDI)
4) Voltage regulation
C. Calculation of the S-factor

The S-factor will be based on a weighted sum of performance
components, one for each of the indices discussed above. It will
be calculated as follows:
where
ARRt = allowed annual revenue for Regulatory year t
FQt = total amount of energy (kWh) that is forecasted to be
delivered to Connection Points through the Regulated
Distribution System during Regulatory year t, with the
forecast as approved by the ERC

SSAIFI, t = WSAIFI x PerfSAIFI, t-1

where,
SSAIFI, t = S-component for SAIFI for Regulatory Year t
WSAIFI = Weighting given to SAIFI S-component
PerfSAIFI, t-1 = SAIFI performance assessment for the year
ending on Dec 31 of Regulatory Year t-1
SCAIDI, t = WCAIDI x PerfCAIDI, t-1
where,
SCAIDI, t = S-component for CAIDI for Regulatory Year t
WCAIDI = Weighting given to CAIDI S-component
PerfCAIDI, t-1 = CAIDI performance assessment for the year
SSAIDI, t = WSAIDI x PerfSAIDI, t-1
where,
SSAIDI, t = S-component for SAIDI for Regulatory Year t
WSAIDI = Weighting given to SAIDI S-component
PerfSAIDI, t-1 = SAIDI performance assessment for the year
SVoltViol, t = WVoltViol x PerfVoltViol,t-1
where,
SVoltViol, t = S-component for Voltage Regulation performance
for Regulatory Year t
WVoltViol = Weighting of Voltage Regulation S-component
PerfVoltViol,t-1 = Voltage Regulation performance assessment for
the year ending on Dec 31 of Regulatory Year t-1
SSysloss, t = S-component for system losses performance for
Regulatory Year t
SProc, t = S-component for time to process applications for
Regulatory Distribution Services for Regulatory Year t
SCon, t = S-component for time to provide connection to the
Regulatory Distribution Services for Regulatory Year t

SCall, t = S-component for call center performance for Regulatory

Year t
D. Weighting of the Performance Indices

The RDWR specifies that the total level of the rewards or penalties
under the performance incentive scheme for any regulatory year
should not exceed 3% of the allowed annual revenue for a
Regulated Distribution System for that year.
The ceiling on the direct reward-based incentive scheme is already

accounted for in the formula to calculate the S-factor. This implies
that the relative weights of the S-components should have a sum
of one. The weightings of the various S-components are based on
the relative importance of these indices, the extent to which they
can be influenced by Regulated Entities and the ability of
Regulated Entities to effectively measure them.
Table 4.15.1. Proposed Weighting for S-Components

CHAPTER 5 – SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings in this study, the

conclusions, and recommendations necessary to design the new 33
MVA 69/13.8 kV Maa Substation.
5.1. Summary of Findings

The following findings are summarized below:
1. The study used the historical peak demand from 2008 to 2014 in
forecasting the energy and demand projections of all the
substations connected to Davao Line 1 for the year 2015 to 2025.
2. The current capacity of Bangkal, Matina and Ecoland substation

cannot cater the projected load of Davao Line 1 for the year 2015
to 2025
3. The double exponential smoothing (DES) method of load

forecasting was used because it has a lower MAPE.
4. The new substation will have an initial cost of P126,428,113 upon

construction and will have an annual depreciation cost of
P3,148,787. The net present value of the project is P164,742,773
and the benefit to cost ratio is expected to be 2.98. Lastly, the
estimated total profit for the first 10 years of its operation is
P895,864,651 and will have a rate of return of 19.53%.
5. When the new 33-MVA 69/13.8 kV Maa substation is supplied by

Davao Line 1 69 kV line, the three-phase and single line-to-ground
short circuit currents at the 69 kV bus were 2,766.56 A and
1,878.53 A. On the other hand, the 13.8 kV bus would have
7,856.36 A three-phase and 9,683 A single line-to-ground short
circuit currents.

6. A new 33 MVA power transformer will solve the current capacity

problem in the area as shown in the result of the 10 year load
forecasting from 2015 to 2024.
7. The short circuit interrupting current of the new 69 kV circuit

breaker passed the 80% requirement for three phase fault and
70% requirement for single-line-to-ground fault. In addition, the
X/R ratio of these breakers is only 5.79525 for three phase fault
and 4.56330 for single-line-to-ground fault which is way below the
limit of 17.
8. The design considerations of the 69 kV bus and steel structure

include the weight of all the electrical equipment to be installed
together with its standard clearance and spacing. Also, the
ampacity of the bus which is 2,366 A is enough to cater an in-out
scheme and a loop system for Davao Line 1.
9. The required knee-point voltage (Vk) for 69 kV 50/51 current

transformers was 56.947 V using 400:5 A ratio. At 13.8 kV side of
the power transformer winding, the required knee point voltage
(Vk) for 13.8 kV 51G transformer’s neutral was 104.96 V. The
required knee-point voltage (Vk) for 13.8 kV Main 50/51 current
transformers was 35.26 V using 1500:5 A ratio. Lastly, a 99.013
V knee point voltage (Vk) with 600:5 A CT ratio for feeders’
overcurrent relays (50/51) is suggested.
10. Based on the calculations, the protection settings of the

coordinated non-directional overcurrent relays are summarized in
Chapter 4.
11. Based on the calculations, the limits of the step and touch
voltage is 3,207 volts and 925 volts respectively. The grounding
system design used in Maa substation had a resulting step and
touch voltage of 148.56 volts and 268.66 volts respectively.

12. The average SAIFI, SAIDI and CAIDI of the city south cluster
are 0.2238, 0.00471 and 3.25804 respectively. It passed the PBR
criteria where the performance of the city south cluster is as per
expectation.
13. The arcing current of the 69 kV bus is 2.7438 kA and for the
13.8 kV bus is 7.656 kA when arc flash analysis is conducted. The
incident energy at the 69 kV bus is 10.42 cal/cm2 while for the
13.8 kV bus is 0.70 cal/cm2. Lastly, the flash boundary at the 69
kV breaker is 2,210.4 mm while for the 13.8 kV switchgear is
431.64 mm.
14. The farthest end of the substation feeder will have a receiving
voltage of 98.65% in 2016 and will become 97.3% in 2029. This
is within the limits set by the Philippine Distribution Code (PDC).
5.2. Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions are formulated:
1. An additional 33 MVA capacity for Maa substation is needed in
order to cater the future loads in the city south area without
overloading all the existing substations connected to Davao
Line 1.
2. The construction of a new substation in the city south area is a
good investment for the company as shown in the results of the
financial economic analysis where it will have a net present
value of P164,742,773.
3. The 33-MVA Maa substation’s 69 kV bus had a maximum short
circuit current calculated as 2,766.56 A for three phase fault
and 9,683 A caused by single-line-to-ground fault at the 13.8
kV bus, both were generated by Davao Line 1 source where it
is connected. Thus, it was safe to use the maximum short
circuit currents for power transformer and 69 kV circuit breaker

specification, overcurrent relay coordination and CT’s knee-

point voltage evaluation.
4. The system fault current of the new power transformer of 40

kA at the 67 kV side and 25 kA at the 13.8 kV side is enough
to withstand the resulting short circuit current experience by
the equipment.
5. The short circuit interrupting current of the new 69 kV circuit

breaker which is 40 kA is sufficient to cater the three phase and
single-line-to ground fault current at the 69 kV bus.
6. The size and design of the 69 kV bus and structure is sufficient

to carry all the electrical equipment because the designer gave
primary importance on the total load the structure will carry.
The substation is also ready for an in-out scheme or a loop
system. Thus, there is no need to make any revision in the
future which in return will save time and money.
7. The proposed protection system for Maa substation satisfied

the basic requirements in the protection design such as
reliability, selectivity, speed, simplicity and economics.
8. The selected CT ratios to be used by the protective devices

were having equivalent knee-point voltages way above from
the calculated knee-point voltages and adequate to sustain
maximum short circuit currents without CT saturation.
9. The overcurrent relays protection settings are sensitive enough
to isolate fault currents and its calculated settings were
maintained to coordinate with respect to the upstream and
downstream overcurrent protective devices.
10. The interrupting rating of the 69kV breaker and 13.8 kV
switchgear is safe as it passes the limit based on ANSI C37.06-
2000.

11. The target SAIFI. SAIDI and CAIDI must always be achieved in
order for the utility to avail the incentives as determined by PBR
for maintaining or improving the system indices within the
acceptable level.
12. Copper grounding rods are needed in order to satisfy the design
mesh voltage of the substation grounding system design. The
touch and step potential test will fail if copper rods will not be
installed in the substation.
13. The current SAIFI, SAIDI and CAIDI of the city south cluster is
within the limit set by PBR as its performance is as expected.
The construction of the Maa Substation should help improve the
system indices of LIGHT.
14. The arc flash analysis conducted is very relevant in order to
secure the safety of the personnel where we can determine the
appropriate suit to be purchased for personnel working at live
conditions and the flash boundary where unprotected personnel
can stay.
15. The receiving voltage of the customers is enough and will not
cause an undervoltage condition in the farthest end of the
substation.
5.3. Recommendations
After a careful review of the findings and conclusions of the technical
report, the following recommendations were drawn:
1. A new 33 MVA power transformer with the specifications in
chapter 4 should be purchased for the new Maa substation.
2. The short circuit interrupting current of the new 2 units - 69 kV
circuit breaker should be 40 kA.
3. The design of the 69 kV bus and steel structure must be
followed to secure that all electrical equipment are safe and has
no capacity constraint for future load growth.

4. The calculated relay settings must be implemented in

commissioning the overcurrent protective devices of the new
Maa substation in order to ensure the safety of personnel,
equipment protection, reliability and maximum service
continuity.
5. A continuous comprehensive review of relay settings and
coordination as well as the short circuit calculations must be
done periodically to maintain well-protected substation
equipment and coordinated protective devices. Any necessary
modifications determined from the review must be applied
immediately to the protection system of the new Maa
substation.
6. In order to ensure that the current transformers are
transforming correct ratio, it is necessary that constant CT
assessment and evaluation must be made while considering the
effect of the increased short circuit currents to its
characteristics and performance in the protection system.
7. The Davao Light’s management should continually support in
the innovation and improvement of Davao Light’s substation
design and protection system. It must also cope with the
technological advancements in substation automation and
protective relays.
8. The grounding mesh that will be installed should have a spacing
of 4 meters between parallel conductors (4m x 4m) with copper
grounding rods in order to pass the step and touch potential
test.
9. It is recommended to purchase an arc flash suit based on the
highest incident energy found in the substation. In the case of
Maa substation, a Category 2 Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) should be purchased where it can stand a minimum
incident energy of 8 cal/cm2. The PPE rated for the 69 kV

breaker can also be used for the 13.8 kV switchgear thus there
is no further need to purchase a suit rated for the 13.8 kV
incident energy.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
ABB Power T&D Company Inc. (1997). Electrical Transmission &

Distribution Reference Book. USA: ABB.
ANSI/IEEE C37.06-1997, AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated

on a Symmetrical Current Basis - Preferred Ratings and Related
Required Capabilities
ANSI/IEEE C57.12.00, Distribution, Power, and Regulating

Transformers, General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed
Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformer
ANSI C57.12.10, American National Standard for Transformers 230

kV and Below
ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90, Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution,

Power and Regulating Transformers and Guide for Short-Circuit
Testing of Distribution and Power Transformers
ANSI/IEEE C57.98, Impulse Tests, Guide for Transformer (Appendix

to ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90) 2.1.5 ANSI/NFPA 70, National Electrical
Code
ARC FLASH. Retrieved from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_flash)
Blackburn, J.L. (1993). Symmetrical Components for Power Systems

Engineering. USA: CRC Press
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257
CITY
Chowdhury, A. A., & Koval D. O. (2009). Power Distribution System
Reliability, chapter 5, page103. New York, USA: Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Electric Cooperative’s Distribution Utility Planning Manual. (2009).

Retrieved from http://m.friendfeedmedia.com/e05a5995367d149
b09a67 a27c1075c382f512431
Energy Regulatory Commission. Retrieved from

http://www.erc.gov.ph/ContentPage/12
ERC. (2001). Philippine Distribution Code. Retrieved from

http://www2.doe.gov.ph/Downloads/Final_Distribution_Code.pdf
Google Map Retrieved from https://www.google.com.ph/maps
ERC. Performance Based Regulation of Philippines Electricity

Distribution Companies, Training Course, SESSION 2C – ODRC
Standards for Valuing System Fixed Assets
GET-6450, GE Distribution System Feeder Overcurrent Protection.

Retrieved from http://apps.geindustrial.com/publibrary/checkout/
GET6450?TNR=White%20Papers|GET-6450|generic
Grigsby, L.L. (1998). The Electric Power Engineering Handbook. USA:

CRC Press LLC
IEEE. (1991). Std C57.120-1991, IEEE Guide for Power Transformers

and Reactors. New York, USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc.

IEEE. (1998). IEEE Std 399-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for
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IEEE. (2000). IEEE Std C37.06-2000, IEEE Guide for AC High Voltage
Circuit Breakers Rated. New York, USA: Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Inc.
IEEE. (2000). IEEE Std C37.91-2000, IEEE Guide for Protective Relay
Applications to Power Transformers. New York, USA: Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
IEEE. (2000). IEEE Std 80-2000, IEEE Guide for Safety in AC

Substation Grounding. New York, USA: Institute of Electrical and
IEEE. (2007). C37.230-2007, IEEE Guide for Protective Relay

Applications to Distribution Lines. New York, USA: Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
IEEE. (2002). Standard 1584-2002. Guide for Performing Arc Flash

Hazard Calculations. New York, USA: Institute of Electrical and
Kersting, W. (2007). Distribution System Modeling and Analysis.New

York, USA: CRC Press
Minitab. Minitab Technical Support Document, Calculating Initial

Values for Level and Trend in Double Exponential Smoothing.
Retrieved from http://it.minitab.com/support/documentation/
Answers/ DoubleExpSmoothTrendLevel.pdf

Mike Holt. Retrieved from https://www.mikeholt.com/
mojonewsarchive/NEC-HTML/HTML/What is Arc Flash~20040512.
Php
NFPA 70E-2000. Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for

Employee Workplaces.
PEC (2009). Philippine Electrical Code , Part 1 Volume 1, Philippines:

IIEE Philippines, Inc.
RELIABILITY. Retrieved from http://www.science.smith.edu/

~jcardell/ Courses/EGR325/Readings/ornl_tm_2004_91.pdf
Statistical Sampling and Regression: Simple Linear Regression.

Retrieved from https://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/premba/analytical
/s7/s7_6.cfm
SEL (2011-2015). SEL-751A Feeder Protection Relay Instruction

Manual, 2007 Ed., Pullman Washington USA: Schweitzer Engineering
Laboratories, Inc.
Stevenson, W. D. (1984). Elements of Power System Analysis, 4th

Edition. USA: McGraw Hill Book Company
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_distribution
Willis, H.Lee. (2004). Power Distribution Planning Reference Book.

New York, USA: Marcel Dekker Inc.

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CURRICULUM VITAE
ENGR. JUAN DELA CRUZ.
I. PERSONAL
Date of Birth
Age
Sex
Height
Weight
Place of Birth
Nationality
Civil Status
Profession
Home Address
Homes
Contact Number
Email Address
Company
Designation
Office Address
Phone

II. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Tertiary: University of Mindanao, Davao City
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
Year Graduated: March 2008
Secondary: University of Mindanao, Davao City
Elementary: University of Mindanao, Davao City
III. ENGINEERING LICENSES

Registered Electrical Engineer
Taken: September 2008
Registration No. xxxxxx
Issued: December 2008
IV. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCES
POSITION SPECIFIC WORK /

FROM TO
HELD FUNCTIONS
Planning and  Recommends

Design overcurrent relay
Engineer setting calculation
Network and coordination
Protection studies.
Section -
 Recommends
Power Systems
July Present transformer
2015 Planning
differential setting.
Department
LIGHT and  Designs protection
Power system and
Company prepares schematic
Inc. diagrams and logic
Davao City schemes for
overcurrent and

transformer
differential
protection.
 Recommends
technical
specifications of
overcurrent, and
transformer
differential relays.
 Conducts short
circuit study and
analysis
 Conducts Post-Fault
Analysis
January June Planning and  Project Engineer of
2014 2015 Design several substation
Engineer projects who
Substation monitors the
Section - project progress,
Power Systems running cost,
Design material usage and
Department manpower
LIGHT and requirements.
Power  Serves as the
Company Quality Assurance
Inc. Engineer on the
Davao City activities included
in the project.
 Creates the design
for substation
Electrical Works

and Power Cabling
Termination.
 Creates the
substation layout
design where the
placement of all the
equipment inside
the substation are
being considered.
of the steel
structure that is
suitable to the type
of substation bus
configuration.
 Creates the control
building layout and
finalizes the
location of all the
equipment
including the
battery room,
SCADA room,
control panel room
and switchgear
room.
 Creates the
grounding grid
design to ensure
the safety of the

personnel inside
the substation.
 Facilitates the pre-
bidding and bidding
process with the
contractors on all
the activities inside
the substation
including CCTV
installation, site
development,
foundation works,
grounding works,
bus works, control
building, control
wiring, testing and
commissioning and
power transformer
installation.
 Creates work
orders for the
release of all the
materials and
equipment needed
in the project.
 Specifies all the
equipment needed
in the project and
creates the
purchase request
for its procurement.

July December Planning and  Project Engineer of
2011 2014 Design several line design
Engineer projects who
Line Design monitors the
Section project progress,
Power Systems running cost,
Design material usage and
Department manpower
LIGHT and requirements.
Power  Serves as the
Company Quality Assurance
Inc. Engineer on the
Davao City activities included
in the project.
 Facilitates the pre-
bidding and bidding
process with the
contractors on all
the line projects
which includes
activities such as
hole digging, pole
hauling, pole
erection, pole
dressing and wire
stringing.
of the special poles
to be used in
special cases such

as cross country
lines.
of the pole dressing
to be used along
the project.
 Creates work
orders for the
release of all the
materials and
equipment needed
in the project.
 Determines the list
of customers
affected of the
power interruption
during project
implementation.
 Facilitates request
of power
interruption and
coordinates with
several private and
government offices
in disseminating
the information.
January June Distribution  Responsible for the

2010 2011 Engineer survey, inspection,
Lines Services planning and
Department preparation of

LIGHT and electrical designs
Power and estimates for
Company customer
Inc. application such as
Davao City industrial,
commercial and
residential
customers with
transformer and
pole installation
requirements.
 Determine the type
and arrangement of
transformers,
circuit breakers,
distribution lines
and other
equipment.
 Interprets
specifications,
drawings &
standards relating
to electric power
equipment and its
usage.
 Prepare material
cost and timing
estimates, reports
and design to be
presented to the
customers.

 Advise developers
and contractors
regarding technical
requirements.
 Coordinate the
work of gang
contractors
engaged in the
operation and
maintenance of
structures and
distribution lines.
 Inspect completed
installations and
observe operation
to ensure
conformance to
design and
equipment
specifications and
compliance with
operational and
safety standards.
 Supervise the
operation,
modification and
maintenance of
distribution system.
 Responsible in the
reduction of power
service

interruptions by
maintaining the
integrity of the
distribution line
trough preventive
maintenance by
conducting ocular
inspection.
 Cater transmission
and distribution
request for
upgrading of lines,
relocation of power
poles and rotten
poles.
 With background in
all aspects of
construction
maintenance of
distribution system
and transmission
line up to 138 KV
line.
December December Cadet  Acts as the front

2008 2009 Engineer liner in answering
Lines Services, customer queries
Power and clarifications.
Metering,  Creates work
Transmission orders for customer
and application.

Distribution,  Cater transmission
Substation and and distribution
Electrical request for
Equipment, upgrading of lines,
Systems relocation of power
Operation, poles and rotten
Material poles.
Management;  Familiarization of all
and Customer the standard
Retail Services installation
Department processes of LIGHT
LIGHT and  Installs power
Power meters to
Company commercial and
Inc. industrial
Davao City customers.
 Conducts metering
testing to
residential,
commercial and
industrial
customers.
 Familiarization of
different materials
inside the
warehouse that are
used for lines and
substation projects.
 Familiarization of
the one line

diagram of the
transmission, sub-
transmission and
distribution
system of LIGHT.
 Conducts different
tests on all the
equipment inside
the substation
during preventive
maintenance
schedule (PMS).
 Conducts
distribution
transformer testing
to secure that it
passes the
standards before
being installed.
June Present College  Conduct lectures on
2009 Instructor the principles
(Part – Time) governing the field
College of of Mathematics,
Engineering Engineering
Education Sciences (ESAS)
University of and Electrical
Mindanao, Engineering.
Matina  Provides
Campus, examination that
Davao City sharpens the mind
of the students in

field of
Mathematics,
Engineering
Sciences (ESAS)
and Electrical
Engineering.
October April EE Reviewer  Conducts review to
2008 2013 Solicar EE graduates in
Engineering preparation for the
Review Center REE Board
and Services Examinations.
(SERCS)  Handles selected
Maa, Davao EE, ESAS and
City Mathematics
subjects for review.
V. SIGNIFICANT ENGINEERING WORKS
YEAR RESPONSIBILITY PROJECT EMPLOYER

2015 Project Engineer New ERA 4 69 kV LIGHT and
Circuit Breaker Power
Company
2014- Project Engineer 33 MVA Maa LIGHT and
2015 Substation Power
Company
2014 Project Engineer New Tibungco 4 LIGHT and
Feeder 13.8 kV Power
Circuit Breaker Company
2014 Prepares budget and Due Diligence – LIGHT and
estimate for 25 year Zamboanga Power
Lines Project Capex. Electric Company

Assess existing Cooperative
feeder backbone and (ZAMCELCO)
surveys lime
maintenance needs.
2013- Project Engineer New Dumoy 4 LIGHT and
2014 Feeder 13.8 kV Power
Circuit Breaker Company
2013 Project Engineer Dumoy Substation LIGHT and
13.8 kV Feeder 2 Power
– New Line Company
Project (1 km)
2013 Project Engineer Panacan LIGHT and
Substation 13.8 Power
kV Feeder 3 - Line Company
Rerouting Project
due to DPWH
Request (1 km)
2013 Project Engineer Calinan
Substation 13.8
kV Feeder 2 -
Line Rerouting
Project due to
DPWH Request (1
km)
2013 Prepares budget and Due Diligence – LIGHT and
estimate for 25 year Albay Electric Power
Lines Project Capex. Cooperative Company
Assess existing (ALECO)
feeder backbone and
surveys lime
maintenance needs.

2012- Project Engineer Davao Line 1 69 LIGHT and
2013 kV Sub- Power
transmission Line Company
– Line Upgrading
Project (8 km)
2012- Project Engineer Davao Line 2 69 LIGHT and
2013 kV Sub- Power
– New Line
Project (8 km)
2012- Project Engineer Steel Asia Plant LIGHT and
2013 69 kV Sub- Power
– New Line
Project
2012- Project Engineer 69 kV and 13.8 LIGHT and
2013 kV Line Massive Power
Pole Relocation Company
Project due to
DPWH Request for
Ulas Fly-over
2012 Project Engineer ERA 138 kV LIGHT and
Transmission Line Power
– Rotten Pole Company
Replacement
Project
2012 Project Engineer ERA 2 69kV Sub - LIGHT and
Transmission Line Power
– Line Upgrading Company
Project

2012 Project Engineer Tagum Line 69kV LIGHT and
Sub -Transmission Power
Line – Line Company
Rerouting Project
2012 Project Engineer Ecoland LIGHT and
kV Feeder 5 – Company
New Line Project
2012 Project Engineer Dumoy Substation LIGHT and
13.8 kV Feeder 1 Power
– Material Company
Recoverables
Project
2011 Project Engineer Panacan LIGHT and
New Line Project
2011 Project Engineer Ecoland LIGHT and
New Line Project
2010 Distribution Engineer D’Leonor Inland LIGHT and
of overhead 13.8 kV Resort, Communal Power
primary distribution Davao City Company
line extension (5 km)
2010 Distribution Engineer Northcrest High – LIGHT and
of overhead 13.8 kV end Subdivision, Power
primary distribution Cabantian, Davao Company
line extension (2 km) City

2010 Distribution Engineer Union Galvasteel, LIGHT and
of transformer Ilang, Davao City Power
maintenance Company
VI. TRAININGS AND SEMINARS ATTENDED

1. Technical Seminar on “Distribution Substation Design”,
speaker Engr. Eugene F. Araullo, PEE, PMP; (October 12
– 19, 2015 at Pinnacle Hotel, Sta. Ana Avenue, Davao
City). Conducted by MERALCO Power Academy.
2. Technical Seminar on “Basic Protection System”, speaker
Engr. Felgie Magla-oy, REE; and Engr. Russel Ian
Paragoso, REE; (August 13 - 15, 2015 at Dolcelatte Café,
Quezon Avenue, Quezon City). Conducted by PAMAV
Institute.
3. Technical Seminar on “Transformer Protection and
Coordination at Utility and Industrial Facilities”, speaker
Engr. Jonathan J Medalla, PEE; “Understanding the Value
of the Philippine Electrical Code”, speaker Hon. Jaime V.
Mendoza, BEE, PEE; “ Arc Flash Analysis”, speaker Engr.
Joseph Darren Claire S. Solicar, PEE; (September 18 –
20, 2014 during the 18th Southern Mindanao Regional
Conference at KCC Convention and Events Center,
General Santos City). Conducted by Institute of
Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc.
(IIEE)
4. Technical Seminar on “Electrical Safety Enforcement and
Awareness”, speaker Engr. Hipolito A. Leoncio, PEE;
“Power Substation Protection Systems”, speaker Engr.
Wille P. Canizares, PEE; “Fault Calculations: An Overview
of its Importance and Methods”, speaker Engr. Erwin J.
Salvador, PEE; “ANSI / IEEE Method in Sizing MV Circuit

Breakers”, speaker Engr. Dominico A. Amora, PEE; (May
22 – 24, 2014 during the National Mid- Year Convention
at Radisson Blu Hotel, Cebu City). Conducted by Institute
of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc.
(IIEE)
5. Technical Seminar on “Substation Design Guide”, speaker
Hon. Francis V. Mapile, BEE, PEE; (January 24, 2014
during the IIEE Davao First Technical Seminar at Grand
Men Seng Hotel, Davao City). Conducted by Institute of
Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc.
(IIEE) – Davao Chapter.
6. Technical Seminar on “Electric Transformer”, speaker
Engr. Alberto Pacoli, PEE; (February 20 - 22, 2013 at the
City Sports Club, Cebu Business Park, Cebu City).
Conducted by Elecsys Power Corporation.
7. Technical Seminar on “ Fault Calculations as Applied in
Industrial and Commercial Complexes – Lesson 201”,
speaker Engr. Dominico A. Amora, PEE; (May 2011 at The
Orchard Hotel, A.S. Fortuna St, Mandaue City).
Conducted by CESEEPS International Association, Inc.
8. Technical Seminar on “Understanding Financial
Statement” (April 13 – 15, 2011 at the LIGHT and
Power Company Inc., Ponciano St., Davao City).
Conducted by Aboitiz Company – Accounting
Department.
9. Technical Seminar on “Lecture on Basic Fault
Calculations”, speaker Engr. Orville C. Lazaro, REE;
(March 25, 2011 at the Maa Training Center, LPC
Compound, Maa, Davao City). Conducted by LIGHT and
Power Company – Power Systems Planning
Department.

10. Technical Seminar on “PLS Pole Orientation and Hands -
on”, speaker Engr. Leo Lehbo Lungay, PEE; (December
2010 at the Maa Training Center, LPC Compound, Maa,
Davao City). Conducted by LIGHT and Power
Company – Power Systems Design Department.
11. Technical Seminar on “ Electrical Systems Design for
Industrial and Commercial Complexes – Lesson 101”,
speaker Engr. Dominico A. Amora, PEE; (July 2010 at The
Orchard Hotel, A.S. Fortuna St, Mandaue City). Conducted
by CESEEPS International Association, Inc.
12. Technical Seminar on “Substation Equipment
Orientation”, speaker Engr. Juanico Rubia, PEE (November
2009 at the Rondez Building, LPC Compound, Davao
City). Conducted by LIGHT and Power Company –
Substation and Electrical Equipment Department.
13. Technical Seminar on “Effective Project Management”,
speaker Mr. Gilbert C. Morales, (May 5 – 9, 2009 at the
Maa Training Center, LPC Compound, Maa, Davao City).
Conducted by LIGHT and Power Company – Training
Department.
14. Technical Seminar on “Guidelines in the Installation of
Power Transformer”, speaker Engr. Juanico Rubia, PEE;
(March 2009 at the Maa Training Center, LPC Compound,
Maa, Davao City). Conducted by LIGHT and Power
Company – Substation and Electrical Equipment
Department
15. Technical Seminar on “Automatic Recloser Theory and
Applications”, speaker Engr. Juanico Rubia, PEE (March
2009 at the Rondez Building, LPC Compound, Davao
City). Conducted by LIGHT and Power Company –
Substation and Electrical Equipment Department.

VII. AFFILIATIONS
1. Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers (IIEE)
of the Philippines, Inc. (Member - Membership
Number 25134)
 IIEE Davao Sportsfest 2014 Basketball Tournament -
2nd Runner-up
 IIEE Davao President’s Cup 2014 Basketball
Tournament – Champion
VIII. AWARDS AND CITATION

 Magna Cum Laude – Bachelor of Science in Electrical
Engineering (BSEE) University of Mindanao, Philippines (March
2008).
 Dean’s Lister - Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
(BSEE) University of Mindanao, Philippines; (2004 – 2008)
 Award of Recognition (Academic Category) - Institute of
Integrated Electrical Engineers (IIEE) of the Philippines, Inc. –
Davao Chapter; (October 2007).
 University of Mindanao Academic Excellence Award -
University of Mindanao, Philippines (March 2008).
 Negros Navigation Academic Excellence Award -
University of Mindanao, Philippines (March 2008).
The undersigned certifies that the foregoing information is true and

correct.
JUAN DELA CRUZ.

Registered Electrical Engineer
PRC License No.

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“DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

JUAN DELA CRUZ.

August 15, 2016

THE BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for my Professional Electrical

This is for your perusal and evaluation.

Very truly yours,

JUAN DELA CRUZ.

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY ii

Electric utilities nowadays are defined by their ability to provide

Light's desire to fulfill its promise to deliver reliable electric power

This technical report contains the specifications and justification of

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY iv

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY v

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY vi

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY vii

CURRICULUM VITAE 268

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY viii

Figure Description Page

1.1 Conceptual Framework 7

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY ix

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY x

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xi

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xii

Table Description Page

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xiii

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xiv

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xv

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xvi

Maa substation is located in the city south area of Light’s

The forecasted demand using the Double Exponential Smoothing

This project will involve the construction of a new 33-MVA, 4-feeder,

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xvii

This technical report presented the specifications and justification of

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY xviii

It is the role of the distribution planners and designers to evaluate

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY 1

The Light’s Maa substation is situated along Don Julian

In power system protection, it is significant and important that all

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY 2

Table 1.1: City South Area Existing Substation Rating

Table 1.2: City South Area Substation Historical Percent Loading

Year Bangkal Matina Ecoland

Table 1.2 presents the City South substations historical percent

Considering the condition of the substations in the city south area, it

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY 3

1.2. Objectives of the Technical Report

The objectives of the technical report are the following:

a) To forecast the substation loading and analyze the capacity

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY 4

1.3. Scope and Limitations

This technical report was limited to the following items:

Load flow analysis, logic settings, voltage protection, transformer

1.4. Significance of the Study

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY 5

substations. The methods presented in this technical report serves

Furthermore, it will provide safety for personnel working inside the

The equipment inside the substation must be well-protected and

DESIGN OF THE 33 MVA 69/13.8 kV MAA SUBSTATION, DAVAO CITY 6

1.5. Conceptual Framework

Below is the conceptual framework of the technical report.

Figure 1.1: Conceptual Framework