1.

Microalgal Lipid Extraction and Evaluation of Single-Step Biodiesel Production

Solvent: Chloroform and Methanol 2:1 v/v
Method: UAE, MAE
Amount of catalyst: 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%
Reaction time: 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h
Alcohol(MeOH)/Biomass: 8:1, 12:1, 16:1
The maximum lipid recovery in this study (82%) was obtained from MAE for 30 min at the
extraction temperature of 50℃ . On the other hand, for strains whose cell walls were previously damaged,
neither UAE nor MAE gave additional benefits. Transesterification of Chlorella lipid could produce
FAMEs similar in major components to biodiesel produced from crops. Based on the results of this study,
C/M gave the highest amount of extracted crude oil, 6% of catalyst, reaction time of 4 h and 16:1 alcohol
to biomass ratio was found to produce the highest yield of biodiesel. In comparison to the conventional
two-step method, the single-step biodiesel production from C. vulgaris provided lower biodiesel yield,
possibly due to the thick cell walls.

2. Optimization of One-Step In Situ Transesterification Method for Accurate Quantification

of EPA in Nannochloropsis gaditana.
Methanol/Biomass : 30, 60, 90,120 mL/g
Solvent concentration : 2.5, 5, 7, 9, 11 %v/v
Reaction time : 0.5h, 1.5h, 2.5h
Reaction Temperature : 60, 70, 80, 90 ℃
The procedure was duplicated under different reaction conditions with Methanol/biomass (mL/g)
from 30 to 120; HCl/MeOH from 2.5 to 11; reaction temperature from 60 to 90 ◦C; and reaction time from
0.5–2.5 h. We found that 90 mL·g−1 methanol-to-biomass ratio, a catalyst concentration of 5%, reaction
time 1.5h and a reaction temperature of 70◦C was found to be the optimum value in this study.

3. Simplifying biodiesel production: The direct or in situ transesteri fication of algal biomass
Sulfuric acid :15.0, 17.93, 23.5, 29.2, 32.0 mmoles
Methanol : 8.0, 10.0, 14.0, 18.0, 20.0 mL
Reaction Temperature : 23.0, 30.0, 44.0, 58.0, 65.0 ℃
 We found that reaction temperature 65 ℃ ,the amounts of methanol 14 mL/ 2.5 g biomass and
sulfuric acid catalyst 23.5 mmoles/ reaction was found to produce the maximum yield 91%.

4. In situ biodiesel production from wet Chlorella vulgaris under subcritical condition.
Reaction Time : 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h
Methanol : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mL/g biomass
We found that the ratio of wet biomass to methanol is 1/4 g/mL, the reaction temperature is 175 °C
and 4 h, the reaction product contained 89.71% fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs)

5. Lipid extraction and transesterification techniques of microalgae.

Comparative between Single Step and Two Step Transesterification
In situ transesterification method is a promising method which reduces the disadvantages of
extraction-transesterification method. It offers the advantages of high lipid yield with low loss, simple
process with lower cost and time consumption compared to the conventional two steps method

6. Use of ultrasound and co-solvents to improve the in-situ transesterification of microalgae

biomass.
Co-solvent : n-pentane and diethyl ether
Reaction time : 1-8h
N-pentane and diethyl ether were selected as co-solvents for use in this study and The reaction
temperature was fixed at 60 °C with 0.04 mol of H 2SO4. It was observed that with the use of ultrasound
agitation (24 kHz), a reaction time of 2 h was required to achieve a maximum equilibrium mass FAME
conversion of 99.0 ± 1.4%

7. Production of FAMEs from several microalgal lipidic extracts and direct transesteri fication
of the Chlorella pyrenoidosa.
Solvent : chloroform:methanol (2:1 v/v), methanol, chloroform, ethanol and hexane
We found that it was fixed Extraction 23 ℃ , 120 min and Transesterification 240 min.In this study
It was observed that chloroform:methanol (2:1 v/v) mixture presented the best result on lipid extraction
from microalgae biomass, while hexane showed the lowest extraction yields.