GPS Solut (2006) 10: 146–153

DOI 10.1007/s10291-006-0027-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Oliver Montenbruck
Christoph Günther
GIOVE-A initial signal analysis
Sebastian Graf
Miquel Garcia-Fernandez
Johann Furthner
Hanspeter Kuhlen

Received: 1 March 2006

Accepted: 7 March 2006
Published online: 28 March 2006

Springer-Verlag 2006
O. Montenbruck (&) Æ C. Günther
S. Graf Æ M. Garcia-Fernandez
J. Furthner
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und
Raumfahrt, 82230 Weßling, Germany
E-mail: oliver.montenbruck@dlr.de
Tel.: +49-8153-281195
Fax: +49-8153-281450
C. Günther Æ S. Graf
Technische Universität München,
Arcisstr. 21, 80333 München, Germany
H. Kuhlen
AMSAT Deutschland e.V, Ernst-Giller-Str.
20, 35039 Marburg/Lahn, Germany
Abstract In late December 2005 the spreading codes for the Open Ser-
GIOVE-A test satellite was launched vice.
by the European Space Agency
(ESA) to secure the frequencies for Keywords GIOVE-A Æ Galileo Æ
the Galileo system and to provide a BOC-code Æ Signal spectrum Æ
platform for testing the new navi- High-gain antenna
gation signals. We performed an
initial assessment of these signals
using the 30 m deep space antenna
of the DLR ground station in Weil-
heim (Germany). The antenna gain
raised the signals above the noise
level, thus allowing a detailed anal-
ysis even without knowledge of the
ranging codes. The present paper
covers the analysis of the L1/E1
signals, which includes a discussion
of the spectrum, the time domain
signal and a decoding of the

Introduction Spectra of the early signals where furthermore recorded

In the morning of 28 December 2005, the first Galileo
test satellite—GIOVE-A—was launched. The experi-
mental mission will secure the frequency filing in the
bands E1, E5 and E6. Furthermore, this mission will
validate key technologies and provide a characterization
of the radiation environment at an altitude of
23,200 km.
First navigation signals in the new frequency bands
were transmitted by GIOVE-A near 17:30 UTC on 12
January 2006. The signals were received with the Galileo
test receiver (GETR, Simsky et al. 2005) and closely
monitored by radio telescopes in Redu (Belgium) and
Chilbolton (UK) on behalf of the Galileo project.
by scientists in Europe and the US.
At a power level of approximately )130 dBm the
radio navigation signals collected by a GPS, GLONASS
or Galileo receiver are extremely weak and can only be
recovered from the thermal noise through correlation
with the corresponding pseudorandom noise (PRN)
code. Alternatively, a high-gain antenna can be em-
ployed to raise the signal above the noise level without a
priori knowledge of the modulation scheme and
spreading code. At a wavelength of k=0.19 m (L1/E1
signal), the gain

2 2
pD
G ¼ 10
log e 2 ð1Þ
k

of a parabolic antenna with diameter D=30 m and
efficiency 70% amounts to roughly 52 dB.
In the early days of GPS, high-gain dish antennas
have been used to reveal thitherto unknown properties
of the GPS signal under Anti-Spoofing. These mea-
surements provided an approximate value of the W-code
chipping rate, which is vital for the design of semi-
codeless dual-frequency receivers (see e.g. Woo et al.
2000). In a similar manner, the University of Leeds
managed to unveil the GLONASS signal structure
during the preoperational phase of the Russian naviga-
tion system satellites in 1986 (Dale et al. 1989). Their
research finally enabled the decoding of the navigation
message and promoted the use of GLONASS outside
the former Soviet Union. More recently, high-gain an-
tenna measurements have been employed to characterize
the signal quality of various generations of GPS satel-
lites. Among others, small timing offsets between the
GPS C/A- and P-Code transitions as well a lead-lag
distortion of the C/A code chips have been demon-
strated by Phelts and Akos (2004) and Pini et al. (2005).
In the present work, we report about the analysis of
the GIOVE-A signal in the L1/E1 band during the early
operations phase. The measurements were performed
using the 30 m antenna at the Weilheim ground station
of the DLR.
In the following sections, we present the antenna and
the measurement equipment, discuss measurements
relating to the spectrum and modulation, and conclude
with an analysis of the spreading sequences.
Instrumentation
The DLR deep antenna is based on a shaped Cassegrain
design with a parabolic primary mirror of 30 m diameter
and a 4 m hyperbolic sub-reflector. The feed system
comprises a broad band horn-parabola. It directs the
radio frequency (RF) signals from the focus in the center
of the primary mirror to a stationary feed point in the
elevation axis of the antenna. While originally designed
for S- and X-band communication with deep space
probes, the antenna’s capabilities have recently been
extended to L-band reception. To this end, the S/X-band
feed system is replaced by a dedicated L-band feed in the
elevation cabin (Fig. 1). Three alternative feed designs
have been developed. They differ in the number of ports
(single broad-band port versus individual narrow-band
ports for the E5, E6, and L1/E1 band) and polarization
(linear vs. circular). All measurements used in the pres-
ent paper were made with the single broad-band linear
polarization feed.
In view of its large diameter, the antenna is highly
directive with a 3 dB half-beam width of 0.5 in the
L-band. This provides a high level of suppression for
147
signals from other radio navigation satellites and allows
an unbiased monitoring of the GIOVE-A signal.
The RF signals are amplified by a set of two cascaded
low-noise amplifiers (LNA) with a total gain of 60 dB
and a noise figure of 0.7 dB. Simultaneous operation of
two independent measurement systems is supported
through a supplementary power divider. Considering all
elements of the RF chain, an overall gain of 105–110 dB
can be achieved with the 30 m dish in the 1.1–1.6 GHz
range. At a reference power level of )130 dBm and a
1 MHz (=60 dB-Hz) bandwidth for the GPS C/A code
signal, peak power spectral densities (PSD) of )80 dBm/
Hz are obtained. This exceeds the measured noise floor
()120 to )125 dBm/Hz) by more than 40 dB. Worst
case signal-to-noise ratios of about 30 dB apply for the
GPS L2 signal in view of the larger signal bandwidth
(10 MHz) and a slightly lower feed gain.
Initial spectra of the GIOVE-A satellite were ob-
tained with a Rhode & Schwarz FSIQ26 vector analyser.
An Agilent E4440 PSA Spectrum Analyser with
200 MHz 14 bit digitizer and 80 MHz analysis band-
width was used for the more detailed analysis. Along
with the PC based Agilent 86400 Vector Analyser soft-
ware, the instrument supports the real-time monitoring
of signal spectra and modulation properties. In addition,
raw in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) samples obtained
after mixing with the nominal carrier frequency were
stored and post-processed. At a sampling rate of 9.8 ns,
a data stream of more than 1 s can be recorded. The
residual Doppler shift of several kilohertz was removed
in the post processing. Using a second order phase-
locked loop (PLL) and a numerically controlled oscil-
lator (NCO), the raw IQ-samples were rotated to
properly adjust the constellation points. This allows an
in-depth analysis of the signal modulation and spreading
sequence.
Fig. 1 Weilheim 30 m deep space antenna (left) with L-band feed
and spectrum analyzer (right) installed in the elevation cabin
148
Modulation of the L1/E1 signal
The Galileo system shall provide a total of four different
navigation services. The corresponding signals are
transmitted in the so-called E1, E5 and E6 bands, see
Falcone et al. (2006) for details. In this study, we will
focus on the signals in the E1 band. This band is shared
with the GPS standard positioning service (SPS), the
precise positioning service (PPS) and the new military
signal. A normal receiver would see a superposition of
all these signals, as far as they lie in the design band-
width of the receiver. This superposition enables the
dual use of Galileo and GPS. During the measurements
with the highly directive 30 m antenna, however, the
signals could be analyzed satellite by satellite without
noticeable interference.
The Galileo signal modulation has two specific
characteristics: filtered binary offset carrier (BOC)
pulse forms and coherent adaptive subcarrier modu-
lation (CASM, Dafesh et al. 1999). The BOC modu-
lation, introduced by Betz (1999), modulates a
rectangular pulse form with a digital subcarrier, and
thereby maps the signal into two symmetrical copies to
the left and right of the carrier. The BOC waveform
was originally conceived in order to allow a spectral
separation between the existing single carrier GPS
signals (PPS and SPS) and the new signals. This could
be achieved to an excellent degree. In addition, shifting
the signals towards the boundaries of the spectrum is
beneficial in terms of positioning performance, since it
decreases the value of the Cramer-Rao Bound (Spilker
1996). Finally, the new signals also provide a better
performance in multipath environments, see Hein et al.
(2004).
To facilitate the acquisition and tracking under weak
signal conditions, Galileo includes a pilot on each car-
rier. As a consequence the L1/E1-band accommodates a
total of three signals: a pilot sop, a data signal sod for the
open service (OS) and safety of life service (SOL) and a
data signal sp for the public regulated service (PRS).
Priorities and jamming constraints led to the following
mapping of the signals (Falcone et al. 2006)
pffiffiffi
2  basically no signal beyond ±24 MHz, which reflects the
sL1 ðtÞ ¼ sod ðtÞ  sop ðtÞ cosð2pfL1 tÞ
3 ð2Þ
1  is that the measurements are somewhat above the the-
þ 2sp ðtÞ þ sod ðtÞsop ðtÞsp ðtÞ sinð2pfL1 tÞ
3
with fL1=1,575.42 MHz, and
sod ðtÞ ¼ dod ðtÞcod ðtÞsignðsinð2pfs tÞÞ
sop ðtÞ ¼ cop ðtÞsignðsinð2pfs tÞÞ ð3Þ
sp ðtÞ ¼ dp ðtÞcp ðtÞsignðcosð30pfs tÞÞ
In this expression, fs denotes the subcarrier frequency of
the OS signal which has been selected to match the OS
chip rate fc=1.023 MHz. The modulated data bits d(t)
and code bits c(t) are given by
dod ðtÞ ¼ dmðodÞ if mTb  t\ðm þ 1ÞTb
cod ðtÞ ¼ cðodÞ if nTc  t\ðn þ 1ÞTc
n
ð4Þ
cop ðtÞ ¼ cðopÞ
n if nTc  t\ðn þ 1ÞTc
ðpÞ
cp ðtÞ ¼ cn if nTc  2:5t\ðn þ 1ÞTc
Here Tc=1/fc  1 ls and Tb=4,092ÆTc=4 ms denote the
duration of an individual OS code chip and the duration
of the entire OS data code sequence, respectively. The
PRS signal component employs a 15 times higher sub-
carrier frequency and a 2.5 times higher chip rate.
Equation (3) corresponds to BOC(1,1) modulated
OS-signals, and to a BOC(15,2.5) modulated PRS
component. The signals are separated both in frequency
through the different BOC modulations and also mostly
in the IQ-plane through the mapping. The dependence
of the Q-component on sop and sod ensures that all
points of the signal constellation have the same ampli-
tude, which is meaningful from a transmitter design
perspective.
The overall infinite bandwidth spectrum of the signal
as defined through Eq. (2) is readily computed using
results from Betz (1999) and Pratt and Owen (2003), and
is represented in Fig. 2. The same figure shows the L1/
E1 spectrum of GIOVE-A on January 14, measured
using a Rhode & Schwarz FSIQ26 vector analyzer. The
receive- and measurement-chain was calibrated using the
spectrum of Cassiopeia A. The following relationship
for that spectrum (Baars et al. 1977) was used to extract
the transfer function from the measurements:
log S ¼ ð5:745  0:770
log f Þ

ð1  0:0187 þ 0:0030
log f ÞDt : ð5Þ
In this expression S denotes the flux density expressed in
Jansky (1 Jy=10)26 W/m2/Hz), Dt the time in years
since the epoch 1980.0, and f the frequency in MHz.
The general agreement of the measurement with the
theoretical curve is excellent, with two provisions. The
first one is that the actual signal is bandlimited. There is
spectrum allocation of the signal. The second provision
oretical curves at low frequencies and very slightly below
at high frequencies. The latter observation might be
caused by a slight asymmetry in the transmit signal.
However, further measurements and a more sophisti-
cated calibration will be required before a final conclu-
sion on this point can be made.
The mapping defined by Eq. (2) is illustrated in
Fig. 3. Note that the code chips associated with sop=sod
are represented by the same constellation points irre-
spective of their sign. The corresponding signals are
 149

limitation smoothes the trajectories. We expect these

phenomena to develop their main impact in the quad-
-200
rature component, which carries the modulation with
the higher bandwidth.
Flux Density [dBW/(m2Hz)]

A histogram of the actual signal as measured using

-210
-220
-230
1550 1560
Fig. 2 Theoretical infinite bandwidth spectrum in the L1/E1-band
(black upper curve) and spectrum measured on 14 January 2006 (red
curve). The observed spectrum yields an integrated signal power of
about –127 dBm for a 0 dB antenna
separated by the cross-correlation properties of the
associated codes. In case of a limited signal bandwidth,
the phase diagram is no more represented by the ideal-
ized six-point constellation shown in Fig. 3. The tran-
sitions between the stationary points take place in finite
times, and become visible. Furthermore, the bandwidth
sp= + 1
the Agilent 4440 Spectrum/Vector Analyser is shown in
Fig. 4. The signal is concentrated in the constellation
points and the transitions become somewhat smoothed.
Beyond that, two interesting phenomena occur: the first
one is that the central transition develops an eye, and the
second one is that the transitions (sp=+1) M (sp=) 1)
for sop=sod and for sop „ sod show a slight tilt with
respect to each other. The eye can be understood as a
leakage of the quadrature signal into the in-phase
channel and is possibly related to a small offset of the
1570 1580 1590 1600 subcarrier and code. The tilt, on the other hand, is more
f [MHz] likely due to a slight non-linearity. A detailed analysis of
the IQ diagram is in progress and will be presented in a
future report.
Figure 5 shows the signal in the time domain. The
upper graph represents the I-component, with two
different types of transitions. The left-most transition
is associated with the changes 1 fi ) 1, ) 1 fi 1, and
0 fi 0 of the in-phase component. It does not show the
changes 1 fi 1 and ) 1 fi ) 1, which are present in
the next transition. Therefore, this instant must be
associated with a subcarrier transition inside a code
chip. At these timings the subcarrier changes the sign of
both sop and sod, which leads to the stated changes in the
in-phase component and excludes the others. The second
transition is associated with the chip boundary of the
Q
spreading code. The overshoots, at the beginning of the
pulse are a consequence of the bandwidth limitation.
1 Contrary to the classical Gibbs Phenomenon, they are
nearly absent at the end of the pulse.
(2 2+j)/3

sp= - 1
sod= - sop= + 1
sod= - sop= - 1

sod=sop

Fig. 3 Signal constellation in the E1-band in the case of infinite

bandwidth. The bold arrows indicate the frequent transitions of the
PRS signal, the thin arrows, the less frequent transitions of the SOL Fig. 4 Measured distribution of IQ-samples in the E1-band. The
signal color coding indicates the number of IQ-vectors per sampling bin
150
Fig. 5 Measured OS and PRS signal in the time domain. The eye-
diagram shows 100,000 superimposed I- and Q-vector samples
versus time modulo 2/1.023 MHz (i.e. modulo 2 OS chips = 5 PRS
chips)
The same sort of oscillations for the Q-component is
seen in the lower part of Fig. 5 at the code chip
boundaries. In this case, the subcarrier chips are
degenerate and closely resemble a cosine wave. Actually
only one sidelobe is fully reproduced on the outer side of
the spectrum in Fig. 2. In total a significant portion of
the spectrum is still present, however. A pure cosine
subcarrier waveform—resulting in a linear offset carrier
(LOC) modulation—would have led to a different
spectrum in the frequency range considered. Therefore,
although similar, the pulse form should not be identified
with a cosine wave.
Following Eq. (4), the duration of two OS chips
matches that of five PRS chips. In Fig. 5 the in-phase
and quadrature components are synchronized at the
right-most OS and PRS chip transition. The PRS chip
transitions are each separated by 30/2.5 transitions of
the BOC(15,2.5) subcarrier. In addition, an anomalous
pattern in the Q-component can be recognized at the
times of OS chip transitions in the in-phase channel.
Looking at Fig. 3, we see that every transition of the
type (sop=sod) M (sop „ sod) also causes a change in the
amplitude of the quadrature component, which leads to
the anomaly mentioned. This concludes our initial
analysis of the E1 signal modulation of GIOVE-A.
Extraction of the spreading code
The spreading codes of Galileo and of GIOVE-A have
not been published so far. We used the Agilent 4440
Spectrum/Vector Analyser to collect 0.3 s of in-phase
samples in order to determine the code structure. The
measurements provided a nearly error-free sequence of
samples u(t)=sod (t) ) sop (t) of the data and pilot signal
(see Eq. (2)). A short sequence of samples is shown in
Fig. 6.
The general structure of the pilot code is described in
the literature as including a primary code and a sec-
ondary code. The latest period published for the primary
pilot and the OS data spreading codes of Galileo was
4092 (Falcone et al. 2006).
In order to separate the data and pilot spreading
code, we determined the autocorrelation
1XN 1
hun junþk iN :¼ unþi unþkþi ð6Þ
N i¼0
of the combined code sequence u for all delays k and
various offsets n. The length of the correlation N was
chosen to be 1,023 i.e., 1 ms. For most choices of the
chip offset n, we found correlation peaks close to ±1
and ±2, well above a noise floor of approximately 0.1.
As expected, these correlation peaks are spaced by
Dk=4,092 chips. More specifically, different amplitudes
(1 and 2) as well as an unexpected pattern in the
occurrences of ±1 and ±2 values was obtained. The
latter correlation values (±2) exclusively occur in mul-
tiples of 8,184 chips, but are occasionally absent at those
timings. This clearly indicates that at least one of the
codes of GIOVE-A had a longer period on the date of
our data collection (24 January 2006).
Although this might not necessarily be the way these
codes were designed, a careful analysis led us to the
following conclusions: the data code has a period of
4,092 chips, for simplicity the associated code sequence
is denoted by c(od)=D. The pilot code is composed of
two different alternating components A and B, each one
 151

2
1
I/A

0
-1
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2
sod - sop

1
0
-1
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2
1
BOC

0
-1
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2
d.cod - cop

1
0
-1
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2
1
cod

0
-1
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2
1
cop

0
-1
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time [chips]

Fig. 6 Illustration of the L1/E1 open service code. From top to
bottom the individual graphs show: a the measured in-phase
component of the received signal (normalized to unit amplitude); b
the associated value of the combined data and pilot code including
BOC modulation; c the BOC subcarrier; d the combined data and
pilot code after subcarrier removal; e the data code; f the pilot code.
The chosen interval corresponds to the start of the data and pilot
code sequence (cf. Table 1) with a data bit of )1. Time is measured
in OS chips of 1/1.023 ls duration
having period 4,092. The code sequence is then given by
c(op)=(A,B) (see Fig. 7). The quasi-orthogonality of the
three sequences A, B, and D results in possible correla-
tions such as
hD  Aj  D  Bi ¼ hDjDi  ðhDjAi  hDjBi  hAjBiÞ
 1
ð7Þ
hD þ AjD þ Ai ¼ hDjDi þ 2hDjAi þ hAjAi  2 ð8Þ
hD þ AjD  Ai ¼ hDjDi  hAjAi ¼ 0 ð9Þ
where the signs indicate the value of the data bits and the
secondary pilot. Corresponding expressions apply for A
replaced by B. Equation (9) is particularly interesting,
since two segments with k=mÆ8,184, m an integer, and
vanishing autocorrelations, can be used to extract the
codes D and A:
1
D ¼ ððD þ AÞ þ ðD  AÞÞ and
2 ð10Þ
1
A ¼ ððD þ AÞ  ðD  AÞÞ:
2
Similarly, two segments with k=mÆ8,184, and an offset
of Dn=4,092 with respect to the previous choice of n,
uncover the remaining code B. Note that through this
method, we cannot uniquely determine the signs of the
individual codes. Without loss of generality a starting
chip of +1 has therefore been assumed for codes D and
A. Furthermore, the secondary pilot code is ambiguous
regarding its overall sign and start location.
In our analysis we associated the sequence (A,B) with
the pilot code due to the obvious presence of a periodic
152

Time

Open Service
code
0.2s =25·8ms

Data code
4092 chips (=4ms)

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D Data

Data bit

A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B Pilot

Primary pilot code

8184 chips (=8ms)
Secondary
pilot code

Fig. 7 Composition of the Giove-A L1 open service code as
deduced from a data set of 24 January 2006. The data code of 4,092
chips is modulated with a data bit sequence. Positive and negative
data bits are indicated by white and black background, respectively.
The primary pilot code of 8,184 chips comprises two segments (A
and B) that are aligned with the data code. A secondary pilot code
modulates the primary code with a fixed pattern of 25 bits. The
entire pilot code repeats after 200 ms
occurrence. In the acquisition of the Galileo L1/E1 open
service signal, the correlation maximum is typically
33 dB higher than the cross-correlation noise.
Note that codes employed on GIOVE-A may be
changed at any time and are not necessarily identical to
the codes that will be employed on the future Galileo
satellites.

secondary code that modulates the primary code se-

quence (Fig. 7). In contrast, no structure could be found
in the bit sequence associated with D over the short
period considered. The codes derived for the data stream
of 0.3 s collected on 24 January 2006 are summarized
in Table 1. An analysis with the Berlekamp–Massey
algorithm (Massey 1969) provides us with the result
that the primary pilot code and the data code are
generated by polynomials of degree 26, and that the
secondary pilot code is generated by the polynomial
p(X)=1+X3+X11+X12+X13.
Auto- and cross-correlation values of the segments
used for A, B and D are given in Table 2. The correla-
tion values exhibit a near Gaussian distribution with a
standard deviation of about 1.6% (Fig. 8). Despite a low
mean value, the distribution includes extreme cross-
correlations of up to 6% amplitude ()24.6 dB power).
This peak value is roughly comparable to the shorter
GPS C/A code, but has a much lower probability of
Summary and conclusions
The E1/L1 signal transmitted by the first experimental
Galileo satellite—GIOVE-A—was analyzed, based on
measurements performed with a 30 m antenna. The total
signal power, spectra and modulation characteristics
closely match the expectations. Bandwidth limitations
are visible in the spectrum and in the near-sinusoidal
shape of the BOC(15,2.5) subcarrier. The data and pilot
spreading sequences of the BOC(1,1) modulated open
service were determined up to the sign of the component
codes. The codes show a near Gaussian distribution of
auto- and cross-correlation values with standard devia-
tions of about 2%. The analysis of the other frequency
bands is partially dependent on the gathering of addi-
tional measurement data.
The present results underline the benefit of high-gain
antennas for a detailed performance analysis and signal

Table 1 Data and pilot code of the L1/E1 open service signal as derived from high rate IQ vector samples obtained with the 30 m high-
gain antenna on 24 January 2006, 9:30 UTC

Code Length Sequence

Data 4,092 +1,+1,)1,+1,+1,+1,)1,)1,)1,)1, ..., )1,)1,)1,)1,)1,+1,)1,)1,)1,+1

Primary pilot A 4,092 +1,+1,)1,)1,+1,+1,)1,)1,)1,)1, ..., )1,)1,+1,)1,)1,+1,+1,+1,+1,)1
Primary pilot B 4,092 )1,)1,)1,)1,+1,+1,)1,)1,+1,+1, ..., )1,+1,)1,+1,+1,)1,+1,)1,)1,+1
Secondary pilot 25 +1,)1,+1,+1,)1,+1,+1,)1,)1,+1,)1,)1,)1,+1,+1,+1,)1,)1,)1,)1,)1,)1,)1,+1,)1
 153

Table 2 Auto- and cross-correlation values of the data and pilot 120
codes specified in Table 1

Code 1 Code2 Length Correlation 100

RMS (%) Max (%) 80

Frequency
Data Data 4,092 1.5 5.4 60
Pilot A Pilot A 4,092 1.6 6.6
Pilot B Pilot B 4,092 1.5 5.3
Pilot AB Pilot AB 8,184 1.1 3.5 40
Secondary pilot Secondary pilot 25 6.9 12
Data Pilot A 4,092 1.6 5.6 20
Data Pilot B 4,092 1.6 5.9
Pilot A Pilot B 4,092 1.6 6.0
Data Data+Pilot A 4,092 2.2 8.1 0

-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10

0
5
-5

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Data Data+Pilot B 4,092 2.2 8.5
Pilot Pilot 204,600 0.25 12 Autocorrelation [1/1023]

The table provides the root-mean square and maximum absolute Fig. 8 Distribution of non-trivial autocorrelation values for the
value of the correlation for all possible shifts of the two codes GIOVE-A data code of Table 1
(excluding a zero offset for autocorrelations)

Acknowledgements The work presented in this paper has been

quality assessment of navigation satellites. It is planned
to further extend the measurement capabilities in the
Weilheim ground station of DLR, and to automate
some of the procedures for the assessment of future
satellites, including GIOVE-B and the 30 Galileo satel-
lites to come.
enthusiastically supported by F. Büttner, E. Clemens, M. Häusler,
and L. Kolbeck of DLR to whom we extend our sincere thanks.
Special thanks are also due to H. Hagn, G. Metz, and D. Kuhlen of
AMSAT-DL for their preparatory work and valuable contribu-
tions to the early GIOVE-A data collections. Last but not least we
are grateful to N. Junkes, Max-Planck Institut für Radioastrono-
mie, for valuable advice and support in the calibration of the fre-
quency response of the measurement system.

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