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Transformadores
Hugo Ribeiro
Fundamentos teóricos
Equações de Maxwell
n ⋅i dΦ
H= v = n⋅
lm dt
B – Densidade Φ ( Wb )
B= 2
( Tesla )
do fluxo magnético Ae ( m )
I
J= ( A / m2 )
Acu
n ⋅i
H=
lm
B = µ⋅H µ = µ r ⋅ µ0
µ r = 10 3 a 10 5 µ0 = 4π ⋅ 10 −7
n⋅i
H=
lm B = µ⋅H ⇔ F ni Lei de Ohm
n⋅i
Φ= m = dos circuitos
⇔Φ = µ Ae Rm Rm
Φ magnéticos
B= lm
Ae V
I=
R
lm
Rm =
µ ⋅ Ae
V
I
R
Fm = ni
Fm Fm Φ Φ
Φ= = B ferro = , Bar =
Rm Rm( ar ) + Rm( ferro ) Ae Ag
lm − l g
Rm = Rm( ferro ) + Rm( ar ) Rm( ferro ) =
µ ⋅ Ae
lg
Φ ⋅ Rm( ar ) + Φ ⋅ Rm( ferro ) = ni Rm( ar ) =
1424
3 14243 µ0 ⋅ Ag
Fm ( ar ) Fm ( ferro )
nΦ = Li
n ⋅ B ⋅ Ae = Li
L ⋅ i2
Ap = Ae ⋅ Aw =
Ku ⋅ Aw > Acu ⋅ n B ⋅ J ⋅ Ku
n ⋅i
Ku ⋅ Aw >
J
Área produto
L ⋅ i2
Ap = Ae ⋅ Aw = Escolha da ferrite / Aw, Ae, Rm=1/AL
B ⋅ J ⋅ Ku
L
n = Rm ⋅ L ou n = Verificação de Bmax
AL
vL = L
di Evolução linear de (i) ∆t
L = vL ⋅
dt ∆i
n 2 ∆i
Rm = ⋅
v L ∆t n2
Rm =
L
)
L ⋅ i2 Escolha da ferrite / Aw, Ae
Ap = Ae ⋅ Aw =
B ⋅ J ⋅ Ku
L⋅i
n=
lg/2 Bmax( ferro ) ⋅ Ae
Ag ≅ Ae n 2 ⋅ µ0 ⋅ Ag
lg ≅ Ku ⋅ Aw > Acu ⋅ n
L
Rm( ar ) >>> Rm( ferro ) → Rm ≅ Rm( ar )
v1 n1 v1 v2 dΦ
Razão de transformação = = rt = =
v2 n2 n1 n2 dt
Φ ≠ 0 → Φ ⋅ Rm = n1i1 − n2i2
dΦ n1 d n
2
di
v1 = n1 = i1 − 2 i2 → v1 = LM LM
dt Rm dt n1 dt
iM max = ∆iM / 2
v1
∆iM = ⋅ ∆t
LM
iM max = ∆iM / 2
v1
∆iM = ⋅ ∆t
LM
v1 ⋅ D
v1 n1 =
n1Φ M max = LM ⋅ iM max ⇔ n1 ⋅ Bmax ⋅ Ae = LM ⋅ ∆t ⇔ 2 Bmax ⋅ Ae ⋅ FS
2 LM
v1
v1 v ⋅ D ⋅ TS v1 ⋅ D n1 =
n1 = ∆t ⇔ n1 = 1 ⇔ n1 = 4 Bmax ⋅ Ae ⋅ FS ( D =0.5 )
2 Bmax ⋅ Ae 2 Bmax ⋅ Ae 2 Bmax ⋅ Ae ⋅ FS
n2 = n1 / rt
• Quedas de tensão
• Problemas de condução simultânea
• Aumento das perdas de comutação
• Sobre-tensões nos dispositivos
LM = k ⋅ L1
n1 L1 LM / rt LM L L
rt = = K= = ⋅ 2 = M
n2 L2 L1 ⋅ L2 L1 ⋅ L2 L1 L1
Perdas no fio
l
RDC = ρ
Acu
PCU = I RMS
2
RDC
Efeito Pelicular
ρ
δ=
πµF Frequency 50 5 20 500
Hz kHz kHz kHz
Skin 10.6 1.06 0.53 0.106
7.5
δ= cm Depth mm mm mm mm
F
β
Pfe = K fe ∆Bmax Aelm “Empiric equation”
PF – Performance factor
f↑ Bacmax↓