Industrial Instrumentation

and Control
(4024)
By Sachin Verma

Lec 2
Lecture content

➢ Basic Measuring System

➢ Units

➢ Direct and Indirect Measurement

➢ Importance of Measurement
Measuring System

 A measurement refers to the conversion of the process variable

into some corresponding analog of the variable, so that it can be
understand by human.

 It is the conversion of a process variable into some measurable

quantity.

 Process variable can be pressure, temperature, force,

displacement, torque, humidity, etc.
Measuring System

A measurement system consists of:

 A sensor that performs the initial measurement and energy

conversion of a variable into analog value.

 A signal conditioning for further transformation to complete the

measurement function.

 The sensor is also called a “transducer” -a device that converts

any signal from one form to another.
Measuring System
Measuring System
Units

To ensure precise technical communication among individuals

employed in technological disciplines, it is essential to use a well-
defined set of units of measurement.

➢ SI units (International System on Units )

➢ Other units (CGS, English system)

In United States, the English system of units is still common in use.

We should be able to translate between the SI unit to other unit or
vice versa.
Direct and Indirect Measurement

Broadly the measurement can be categorized in to two categories

1. Direct measurement 2. Indirect measurement
1. Direct measurement
 The quantity to be measured is determined directly.
 Example – Measure distance by scale
2. Indirect measurement
 The quantity to be measured is not measured directly. But other
related parameter is measured and inference is drawn from there.
 Example – Measure distance by optical method where we use
telescope to calculate distance.
Direct and Indirect Measurement

 If I want to find out about something that is a little harder to

measure like how quickly the wind is blowing. I may not be able
to measure the wind's actual speed, but if I had a windmill, I
could measure how much power the windmill is making. Then,
using this information, I could work backwards to figure out how
fast the wind must be.
 This would be an example where I have to measure something
'indirectly.'
Importance of Measurement

 On a baseline level, measurements fall into the categories of

weight, area, volume, length and even temperature.
 Measurement has played an important role in day to day life.
1. Taking proper medicine.If you an illness (whether serious or
minor) you need to take your medicine and take it in the proper
amount. If you take too little or too much then you are not going
to get the proper benefit from it.
2. Cooking properly. Cooking of all forms is based on proper
attention to measurement.
Importance of Measurement

3. Purchasing clothes. It is very important to know the correct size

when selecting clothes?
4. Keeping yourself warm or cool. If the temperature outside dips or
increases you have to make an adjustment on your thermostat in
order to remain at a safe and healthy temperature.
5. Understanding weight. Is that object too heavy to pick up by
yourself or do you need to use something to lift it? Some may
think this is not important but it is pretty easy to hurt yourself if
you lift objects that are too heavy.
End Of Lecture 2

Thank You